Manual Review2

POWER HOLDING COMPANY
OF NIGERIA PLC
ELECTRICITY HEADQUARTERS
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
REVIEWED TECHNICAL MANUALS
FOR
DISTRIBUTION, TRANSMISSION
AND GENERATION
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
1.
Protection Control And Metering, SCADA

And Communication..
2.
System Electrical Operations.
3.
System Distribution Lines Maintenance &

Cable Jointing..
POWER HOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA PLC

MANUAL REVIEW ON P.C.& M, SCADA & COMMUNICATION
The existing courses in the above Department were critically examined. Presently, we
have the following courses:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
RELAYING PROTECTION P1
ADVANCE PROTECTION P2
BASIC PROTECTION FORE TECHNICIAN PT
SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS C2
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS C3
BASIC COMMUNICATION C8
METERING M1
After a thorough review, the under listed are the courses that were recommended:
1.
Basic System Protection P1
2.
Advance protection P2
3.
Protection for Technician PT
4.
Basic APPLIED Electronics AE
5.
Advance Applied Electronics - AE2
6.
System Metering
7.
Generator Protection and Control P3
8.
Power System Analysis and Planning PSAP
9.
Engineering Project Management EP
10.
Engineering Maintenance Management EM
11.
Energy Management System EMS
12.
SCADA System SCS
13.
Analysis And Protection of Power System APPS
14.
Basic Communication C8
15.
Power System Communication; Principles and Application CPA
16.
Communication Equipments SCE
17.
Protection And Digital Control System P&D
Nos. 1, 2,,3,,6 & 14 are existing courses that were reviewed. Nos 4 & 5 are the new
courses completely developed to replace the former Digital Electronics C3 course
and the Solid State Electronics C2 course. This is done so as to give required sound
knowledge to help the participants to carry out Trouble Shooting easily on both
Communication and Protection Equipments; with increasing demand in
Microprocessor and Programmable Units.
This change will also enable the participants to design or interpret logic-circuits that
are the bedrock of Modern Power Control System.
Courses Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17 Are completely new courses
developed to meet the training demand for both Protection and Communication
Engineers.
NATIONAL ELECTRIC POWER AUTHORITY

BASIC SYSTEM PROTECTION (P1)
COURSE TITLE
Basic System Protection (P1)
DESIGNED FOR:
Engineering And technologists
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:
HND. B.Sc
DURATION:
Three Weeks
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, participants should be able:Design Protection Schemes for Power Transformer
Solve any problem relating to Protection of Power Transformer
Effectively carry out fault study analysis and calculate short circuit currents
in the system.
Correctly select appropriate circuit breakers for particular location.
Effectively set and coordinate relays.
Read control circuits and use it to solve problems.
Provide protection for Lines.
Co-ordinate fuse effectively.
Tests and calibrate relays.
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
INTRODUCTION TO RELAYING PROTECTION AND DEVICE NUMBERS:
1.1
Introduction
1.2
The Relay
1.3
Fault Conditions
1.4
Relay Types and Classification
1.5
Relay Performance
1.6
Relay Operating Time
1.7
Zones of Protection
1.8
Primary and Secondary Relays
1.9
Electrical Power System Device Numbers and Functions
1.10
Devices performing more than one function
1.11
Suffix Numbers/Letters
1.12
Representation of Device Contacts.
2.1
2. CONTROL CIRCUITS:
Introduction
2.2
Control Symbols and Alphabets
2.3
Control Circuit Supplies
2.4
Trip Circuit
2.5
Single Line Diagrams
2.6
AC & DC Schematics
2.7
Reading of Schematic Diagrams.
3.
FAULT STUDY, ANALYSIS AND SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Fault Types and Causes
3.3
Characteristics of faults
3.4
Necessity for fault calculations
3.5
Fault calculations.
4.
RELAY CO-ORDINATION
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Methods of Relay Co-ordination
4.3
Co-ordination Procedure
4.3.1
Time Graded System
4.3.2
Current Graded System
4.3.3
Combination of Time and Current Graded System
4.3.4
Grading Margin
4.3.5
Examples on Relay Co-ordination.
5.
POWER TRANSFORMERS AND CONNECTIONS
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Theory
5.3
Single Phase Units Versus Three Phase Units
5.4
Types of Transformer
5.5
Three Phase Transformer Connection or Vector Groups
5.6
Parallel Operation of Transformer
5.6.1
Phase Shift in Delta-Star/Star-Delta Transformation
5.6.2
Parallel Operation of DY11 and DY1 Transformers
5.6.3
Procedures in Parallel Operation
5.6.4
Using Phasing Sticks
5.6.5
By the methods of External Supply Source
5.6.6
By use of Voltage Transformer
5.7
Case Studies on Paralleling of Transformers
5.8
Three Winding Power Transformers
5.9
Cooling of Transformers and Cost Comparison of the cooling methods
5.10
Requirements and Characteristics of insulating Oil
5.11
Tests on Transformers
5.12
Maintenance of Power Transformer
6.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Classification
6.3
Current Transformers
6.4
Theory of Current Transformer
6.5
Character of Current Transformers
6.6.
Errors in Current Transformers
6.7
Common Definition of Terms Used with CTs
6.8
Selection of the Rated output or Burden
6.9
recommended Accuracy Class of Circuits for instruments and Relays

Application
6.10
Classification of Current Transformer
6.11
Tests on CTs
6.12
How to specify a Current Transformer
6.13
Maintenance of Circuits in Service
6.14
Voltage or Potential Transformer
6.15
Types of Voltage Transformer
6.16
Common Definition of Terms used with VTs
6.17
Errors in Voltage Transformer
6.18
Voltage Factor (Vf)
6.19
Application of Accuracy Class for Various Metering and Protection

Purposes.
6.20
Choice between Magnetic Type Voltage Transformer and Capacitive Type

Voltage Transformer
6.21
Problems associated with CVTs
6.22
Polarity and Connection of VTs
6.23
Tests
6.24
How to specify Voltage Transformers
6.25
Protection of VTs
6.26
Maintenance of VTs in Service
7.
BASIC DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Basic Differential Relaying\
7.3
Types of Differential Protection or Relaying
7.4
Application
8.
GENERATOR PROTECTION
8.1
Introduction
8.2
Types of Generator Faults
8.3
Stator Protection
8.4
Rotor Protection
8.5
Miscellaneous Faults and Abnormal Conditions
9.
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
9.1
Introduction
9.2
Nature of Transformer Faults
9.3
Protection against Internal Faults
9.3.1
Gas Actuated Relays
9.3.2
Over current and Unrestricted Earth Fault Protection
9.3.3
Balanced Earth or Restricted Earth Fault Protection (REFP)
9.3.4
Frame leakage Protection
9.3.5
Differential Protection
9.3.6
Guidelines in the Selection of Current Transformers for Differential

Protection
9.3.7
Examples on providing Differential Protection for Power Transformer
9.4
Fluxing Currents
9.5
Over voltages and overfluxi
10.
BASIC LINE PROTECTION
10.1
Introduction
10.2
Types of Protection
10.2.1 Over current and earth fault protection

10.2.2 Distance protection
10.2.3 Pilot protection
10.2.4 Over current and earth fault protection for single lines
10.2.5 Selection of the inverse nes of a relay characteristic
10.3
Application of Instantaneous o.c. relays
10.4
Protection for parallel line
10.5
Adjustments for Loop and interconnected circuits.
11.
AUTORECLOSING SCHEMES
11.1
Introduction
11.2
Advantages of Reclosing
11.3
Definition of Common terms used in Autoreclose Schemes
11.4
Application of Autoreclose Schemes
11.5
Reclosing System Considerations
11.6
Auto-Reclosures
11.7
Limitation in use of Autoreclose Schemes
11.8
Examples of Autoreclosing Schemes
12.
OVERVOLTAGES AND SURGE PROTECTION
12.1
Introduction
12.2
Overvoltages
12.3
Significance of Overvoltages in Power Systems
12.4
Protection Against Overvoltages in Power Systems.
13.
FUSES AND FUSE CO-ORDINATION
13.1
Introduction
13.2
Types of Fuses
13.3
Fuse Co-ordination
13.4
Methods for Determining Co-ordinated Fusing
14.
SYSTEM STABILITY
14.1
Introduction
14.2
System Instability/frequency Control
14.3
Interconnected Power System
14.4
Load Shedding and Under frequency Relay.
15.
EAR T H I N G
15.1
Introduction
15.2
Objective of Earthing
15.3
Types of Earthing
15.4
Earthing Transformers
15.5
Choice of the method of Neutral Earthing
15.6
Selection of Grounding Materials
15.7
Earthing System
15.8
General Instructions for Laying Earthing Grid.
16.
TESTING AND MAINTENANCE OF RELAYS
16.1
Introduction
16.2
Tests on Relays
16.3
Accessories for Testing, Precautions Giving Testing and Maintenance Tests
16.4
Fault investigation/Relay Operation.
COURSE TITLE
Advance Protection P2
DESIGNED FOR:
Engineering And Technologists
HND. B.Sc
DURATION:
Two Weeks
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, participants should be able:i
Carry out Calibration Procedure on YTG, YTO, R3Z24, DIGITAL

DISTANCE
ii.
RELAYS
OHMEGA DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS
OPTIMHO DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS
SIPROTEC DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS

Analyse Unsymmetrical Faults Using Symmetrical Componet
COURSE CONTENT:
ADVANCE PROTECTION P2
1.
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
1.1
Classification of Electric Power Lines
1.2
Techniques of Line Protection
1.3
Terminologies
1.4
Explanatory Terms used in Protection of Transmission Lines
1.5
Nature and Effects of Transmission Line Faults
1.6.
Typical Analysis of Faults on High Voltage Power Systems
1.6
Factors affecting the Choice of Protection
2.
R-X DIAGRAMS, DISTANCE RELAYS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Principles of R-X Diagram
2.3
Convention for Superimposing Relay and System Characteristics on R-X Diagram
2.4
Distance Relays
2.5
Classification of Electromagnetic Relays based on their Characteristics
2.6
Distance Relays as Comparators
2.7
Static Relays
2.8
Types of Static Relays
2.9
Salient Features of Electromagnetic Distance Relays
2.10
Advantages of Static Relays over Electromagnetic Relays
2.11
Limitation of Distance Relays
2.12
Recent Trends in Distance Protection.
3.
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND FAULT ANALYSIS USING

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
3.1
Introduction\
3.2
Basic Concepts
3.3
The Operator a
3.4
Sequence Impedances in a Three Phase Power System
3.5
Sequence Impedances of Power System Apparatus and Circuits
3.6
Representation of Voltages Generated and terminal Voltages in Respect of an

Alternator
3.7
Zero Sequence Currents in Star and Delta Circuits
3.8
Sequence Networks
3.9
Some Examples on Symmetrical Components
3.10
Unsymmetrical Faults
3.11
Examples on Fault Calculations
4.
APPLICATION OF DISTANCE RELAYS TO LINE PROTECTION
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Types of Faults
4.3
Reach of Distance Relay
4.4
Zones of Protection
4.5
Switched and Non-switched Distance Relaying Scheme
4.6
Relay Response
4.7
System Impedance
4.8
System Faults
4.9
Residual Compensation
4.10
Mutual Inductance
4.11
Desirable Characteristics for Distance Relays
4.12
Power Swings
4.13
Choice of the Characteristics
4.14
A |Complete Distance Protection Scheme
5.
PILOT WIRE PROTECTION
5.1
Introduction
5.2
A Resume of Differential Protection
5.3
General Principles of Pilot Wire Protection
5.4
Restricting Regulations on the Application of Differential Protection by Pilot

Wire
5.5
Practical Application of Pilot Wire Protection
5.6
Additional Notes on Tripping and Blocking Pilot
5.7
Signal Transmission Methods Commonly used with Pilot Wires
5.8
Choice of the signaling method in relation to Pilot Wires
5.9
Protective measures associated with signaling wires and Cables.
6.
POWER LINE CARRIER CHANNEL EQUIPMENT AND RADIO LINKS FOR

PROTECTION OF H.V. AND EHV TRANSMISSION LINES
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Operating Frequency Range
6.3
Line Coupling
6.4
Line Trap or Wave Trap
6.5
Coupling Capacitor
6.6
Drain Coil or Drainage Coil (D)
6.7
Line Tuner or Line Matching Unit (M)
6.8
Co-axial Cable
6.9
Power line Characteristics
6.10
Mode of Operation and Method of Signalling
6.11
Radio Links or Microwave Pilots.
7.
DIRECTIONAL AND PHASE COMPARISON SYSTEMS OF PROTECTION
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Phase Comparison Protection
7.3
Characteristics of Information Links
7.4
Interference and noise
7.5
Reliability
7.6
Application
7.7
Directional; Comparison Relaying
7.8
Comparison between Directional and Phase Comparison System of Protection
7.9
Protection of Multi-Ended Systems
7.10
Phase Combination of Protection Schemes Acting in Co-operation
8.
BUSBAR SCHEMES AND PROTECTION OF BUSBARS
8.1
Introduction
8.2
Busbar Schemes and Layouts
8.3
Faults in Busbars
8.4
Busbar Protection Schemes
8.5
Location of Current Transformers
9.
PROTECTION OF SHUNT REACTORS
9.1
Introduction
9.2
Location
9.3
Types of Reactors
9.4
Faults in Reactors
10.
PROTECTION OF SHUNT CAPACITORS
10.1
Introduction
10.2
Advantages of Shunt Capacitors
10.3
Types of Shunt Capacitors
10.4
Determination of the Bank Rating and Combination of Units to Form Capacitor

Bank
10.5
Location and Installation
10.6
Protection
10.7
Special Shunt Capacitor Problems and Operating Conditions
TELE-PROTECTION
10.8
Pilot Relaying
10.9
Blocking Schemes
10.10 Fundamentals
10.11 Pilot Relaying Transfer Tripping Schemes.
COURSE TITLE
Generator Protection and Control P3
DESIGNED FOR:
B.Sc/B. Eng, HND
DURATION:
Two Weeks
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, participants should be able:-
Effectively carry out Trouble Shooting/Maintenance in Boiler, boiler

Feed Pump
Fuel System, bearing/Shaft System, etc
Economically and efficiently operate Power Plant
Solve Problems Connection with: Field Failure, Overspeed, Motoring

and loss of Synchronism.
COURSE CONTENT:
GENERATOR PROTECTION AND CONTROL P3
1.
Stator Protection
2.
Rotor Protection
3.
Generator Excitation System
4.
Governor System/Control Action
5.
Field Failure (loss of field)
6.
Overspeed/Over Frequency protection
7.
Motoring
8.
Loss of Synchronism
9.
Bearing Overheat
10.
Boiler Logic
11.
Boiler Feed Pump Control
12.
Efficiency And Economic Operation of Generator
13.
Generator Auxiliary System
14.
Fuel System
15.
Turbine/Compressor System
16.
Bearing/Shaft System
COURSE TITLE
Power System Analysis Planning - PSAP
DESIGNED FOR:
B.Sc/B. Eng, HND
DURATION:
Two Weeks
OBJECTIVES:
Participants should be able to apply a variety of modern study tools in analyzing
system behaviours under varied conditions to optimize system resource; maintain
supply quality; ensure system stability, enhance reliability and economic operation
of the grid network.
COURSE CONTENTS:
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND PLANNING - PSAP
1.
Steady State Stability Analysis
2.
Dynamic Stability Studies
3.
Fault Studies And Analysis
4.
Transmission Circuits Reliability Assessment
5.
Active Power Dispatch
6.
Reactive Power Dispatch
7.
Network Compensating Devices
8.
System Load Forecast
9.
Economic Dispatch
10.
Application Of Study Tools As In Power Flow, Short Circuit Studies, Optima

Power Flow.
COURSE TITLE
Basic Protection For Technician (PT)
DESIGNED FOR:
Technicians
OND, C & G Technician I & II
DURATION:
Three weeks
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the participants should be able to:
I. Read both Protection and Control Circuits and use them to solve problems
II. Provide necessary Protection for Power Transformers
III. Correctly connect Instrument Transformers
IV. Complete Earthing System in a Sub-station
V. Carry out Relay Calibration Procedure
VI. Provide Basic Protection for Lines
VII. Correct Set Relays
VIII. Carry out protection Wiring and Pre-commissioning Tests in Distribution
Sub-station
IX. Work on Battery Charger and Battery Storage/Battery Bank.
COURSE CONTENTS:
PROTECTION FOR TECHNICIAN (P1)
1.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTION
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Purpose of Relaying protection
1.3
Basic Elements of Protection
1.4
Relay
1.5
Application of Protection Relay
1.6
A reflection on our System
2.
INSTRUMENT CONNECTION AND USES
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Ammeter
2.3
Voltmeter
2.4
Wattmeter
2.5
Ohmmeters
2.6
Instrument Connections In Relay Calibration
2.7
Checking for Pick Up Value
2.8
Relay Performance Characteristics
2.9
Reading Instrument indications
2.10
Observations Before Connecting Instrument For Use
2.11
Accuracy Rating
2.12
Care of instrument in Usage
3.
CONTROL CIRCUITS
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Supplies of Control Circuits
3.3
Common Convention In Control Circuit
4.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Classification
4.3
Types of Instrument Transformers
4.4.
Current Transformer
4.5
Characteristics of Current Transformer
4.6
Error in Current Transformer
4.7
Common Definition of Terms Used with Current Transformers
4.8
Pre-Commissioning Tests On C.T
4.9
Voltage or Potential Transformers (VTSU/PTS)
4.10
Common definition of Terms used with Voltage Transformer
4.11
Equivalent Circuit of a Voltage Transformer
4.12
Errors in Voltage Transformers
4.13
Application of Accuracy Class for Various Metering and Protection Purposes
4.14
Choice between Magnetic Type Voltage Transformers and Capacitor Type

Voltage Transformers
4.15
Problems Associated with C,V,T.s
4.16
Polarity and Connection of VTs
4.17
Tests
5.
INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE RELAYS
5.1
Introduction\
5.2
Relay Parts
5.3
Method of Achieving Multiple Tappings
5.4
Inverse Time Over Current Relays
5.5
Other Protective Relays
5.6
Relay Circuits
5.7
The use of Relay By NEPA
5.8
Relay Contacts
5.9
Relay Calibration and Scopes of the course
6.
RELAY SETTING
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Reasons for Correct Relay Setting
6.3
Choice of Relay
6.4
Tools in Relay Setting
6.5
Setting Available
6.6
Relay performance Curve
6.7
Example on Relaying Settings
7.
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Basic Differential Relaying
7.3.
Types of Differential Protection or Relaying
7.4.
Biased Differential Protection
7.5
Application.
8.
PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS
8.1
Introduction
8.2
Nature of Transformer Faults
8.3
Protection Against Internal Faults
8.4
Current Transformer Characteristics
8.5
Examples on Providing Differential protection for Power Transformer
9.
GENERATOR PROTECTION
9.1
Introduction
9.2
Fuel Systems
9.3
Turbine/Compressor System
9.4
Bearing/Shaft System
9.5
Governor System
9.6
Excitation and Voltage Regulation Systems
9.7
Generator Itself (Electrical)
9.8
Summary.
10.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS OPERATIONS AND CONTROL
10.1
Introduction
10.2
Fundamentals of Operating Mechanism
10.3
Requirements of Control Circuit. As applied to Circuit Breaker
10.4
Choice of Circuit Breaker Common Trend in NEPA plc.
10.5
Testing and Maintenance of Circuit Breaker
10.6
General Trip Free Mechanism Linkage
10.7
Quick Acting Release Latches
Breaker Power Unit

Requirements of Control as applied to Circuit Breaker.
11.
SYSTEM EARTHING
11.1
Introduction
11.2
System Neutral Ground
11.3
Grounded System
11.4
Ungrounded System
11.5
Advantages of System Neutral Grounding
11.6
Characteristics of ungrounded System
11.7
Methods of Neutral Grounding
11.8
Suggested Grounding Methods For Industrial System
11.9
Ground at Each Voltage Level
11.10 Rating of Grounding Equipments

11.11 Auto-transformers
11.12 Grounding Transformers
11.13 Zigzag Grounding Transformers
11.14 Y-Delta Grounding
11.15 Selection of Grounding Materials
11.16 Operating Experience
12.
EQUIPMENT GROUNDING
12.1
Introduction
12.2
Definition
12.3
Objectives
12.4
Grounding Electrode
12.5
Power Plant And Distribution Equipment
12.6
Lightning And Lighting Arrestor Grounds
12.7
Method of Measuring Resistance to Earth
12.8
Grounds at Sub-station
12.9
General Instruction For Laying Earthing Grid
13
PHASING STICKS
13.1
Objectives
13.2
Introduction
13.3
Phasing
13.4
Grounding
13.5
Testing for Same Phase (Phasing Out)
13.6
Testing For Phase Rotation
14.
TESTING AND MAINTENANCE OF RELAYS
14.1
Introduction
14.2
Tests On Relay
14.3
Accessories For Testing, Precautions During Testing And Maintenance Test
14.4
Fault Investigation/Relay Operation
14.5
Application Of Instantaneous O.C. Relays
14.6
Protection for Parallel Lines
14.7
Adjustment for Loop and Interconnected Circuits
15.
FUSE AND FUSE CO-ORDINATION
15.1
Introduction
15.2
Definition
15.3
Fault Current Magnitude And Fuse Selection
15.4
Characteristics of Fuses
15.5
Total Clearing Time
15.6
Co-ordination of Fuses
15.7
Example of Fuse Co-ordination
16.
BASIC LINE PROTECTION
16.1
Introduction
16.2
Types of Protection
16.3
Over current And Earth Fault Protection.
COURSE TITLE:
Engineering Projects Management EPM
DESIGNED FOR:
Engineers And Technologists
DURATION:
B.Sc/B.Eng. HND
One Week
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the programme the participants should be able to:
-
Apply modern tools and techniques in the planning, implementation and control
of Engineering projects
COURSE CONTENTS:
ENGINEERING PROJECTS MANAGEMENT EP
1.
Project Definition
2.
The Planning Process
3.
Project Risk Management
4.
Implementation Technique
5.
Project Control
6.
Performance Assessment Criteria
7.
Human Resource Management and Leadership
COURSE TITLE:
Basic Applied Electronics AE 1
DESIGNED FOR:
Electrical/Electronics Engineers
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND, B.Eng.

DURATION:
Two Weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1.
This course will serve as a pre-requisite to Advance Applied Electronics Course
2.
Participants should be able to make use of such equipment as Oscilloscopes and

Signal Generators to measure/monitor signal levels in course of carrying out
maintenance tests or commissioning power, control and communication
equipment.
3.
A sound knowledge acquired in this course will help the participants to carry out
Trouble Shooting easily on the equipment this reducing DOWNTIME in course of
any breakdown of such equipment.
COURSE CONTENTS:
1.
Thyristors Principles of Operations
2.
Zener Diodes
3.
Operational Amplifiers
4.
Oscillator
5.
Transistors Gates and Switches
6.
Filters High pass, Band pass, Low pass, etc
7.
Boolean Algebra
8.
Logic Families
9.
Karnaugh Map
10.
Basic Gates
11.
Memory Element Principles of Operations
12.
Registers & counters Introduction
13.
Multivibrators
14.
Signal Generators Introduction
15.
Use of Oscilloscopes
16.
Comparators/Level Detectors Principles of Operation
COURSE TITLE:
Advance Applied Electronics AE 1
DESIGNED FOR:
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND, B.Sc

DURATION:
Two Weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1.
To equip the participants with sound knowledge of Operations of Electronic Subsystems which are the building blocks of Power System Electronics based
equipment
2.
Participants should be able to apply the acquired knowledge to maintenance of

Power, Control and Communication Equipment to ensure efficient Operations and
Control of the GRID
3.
Participants also should be able to design or interpret logic circuit designs that are
the bedrock of modern Power Control System Manufacturing. This again will
enhance his ability to maintain and sustain Operation of Power Control and
Communication Equipment
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
Thyristors - Applications
2.
Logic Circuit Designs
3.
Memory Elements Applications
4.
Registers and Counters Applications
5.
Microprocessors
6.
Signal Generators Introduction
7.
Frequency Counters
8.
Spectrum Analysers
9.
Comparators/Level Detectors Applications
10.
Timing Circuits
11.
Programmable Logic Controllers
12.
Integrated Circuits
COURSE TITLE:
Engineering Maintenance Management - EMM
DESIGNED FOR:
Engineers and Technologists
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: B.Sc/ B.Eng. HND

DURATION:
Two Weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the programme participants would be able to be proficient in applying
reliability Centred Maintenance Approach to minimize equipment failure rate and
outage duration.
COURSE CONTENTS:
ENGINEERING MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT EM
1.
Overview
2.
Classification of Maintenance Function
3.
Maintenance Planning
4.
Failure Characteristics
5.
Reliability Assessment
6.
Human Resource Management and Leadership
7.
Cost Benefit Analysis
COURSE TITLE:
Energy Measurement System - EMS
DESIGNED FOR:

DURATION:
Two Weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the programme, the participants should be able to achieve:
-
Optimal Utilization of On-line Study tools such as Network Analysis, Generation

Control and Scheduling, Resource Optimization, System Load Forecast, etc for
efficient operation of a Stable and Reliable Power System.
COURSE CONTENTS:
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - EMS
1.
Generation Control and Scheduling
2.
Network Analysis
3.
Resource Optimization
4.
Energy Accounting
5.
Hydro Thermal Co-ordination
6.
System load forecast
7.
Economic Dispatch
COURSE TITLE:
SCADA System - SCS
DESIGNED FOR:

DURATION:
Two Weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the programme, the participants should be able to:
-
Master the principle and application of SCADA Hardware and Software

Engineering.
Be able to Maintain the RTUs and the TCI.
Handle the Network Data Base Administration
COURSE CONTENT:
SCADA SYSTEM SCS:
HARDWARE:
1.
Overview of SCADA System
2.
Remote Thermal
3.
Master station/Telecontrol Interface
4.
SCADA Architecture
5.
Telemetry
6.
Information Exchance between Master Station and Remote Terminal Unit
7.
Modular Layout of the SCADA System Software
8.
Unix
9.
Local Area Network/Wide Area Network
10.
Data Modelling
11.
Data Base Administration
12.
Static and Dynamic Data Base Masters
13.
Historical and Future Data Acquisition
14.
Spectrum Basis
15.
Spectrum Administration
16.
Server Functionality and Redundancy Configuration
COURSE TITLE: POWER SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS: PRINCIPLES AND

APPLICATION CPA
DESIGNED FOR:
Electrical/Electonics Engineers
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND; B.Sc.

DURATION:
Two Weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the Course the participants should be able to:
1.
Understand that communication is the Line wire of system operations and

control and hence its importance.
2.
Gain indepth knowledge of the various types of communication media
3.
To carry out adequate maintenance of PLC, optic fibre VSAT, and Radio
Communication equipment with a view to enhancing power system operations
and control.
4.
Carry out maintenance of system communication power supplies:
5.
Programmed PLC and optic fibre terminal equipment for new installations and
hence ready utilization in a given station.
COURSE CONTENTS:
POWER SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS:
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION COURSE CODE: CPA
1.0
Telecommunication as a veritable Tool to Power System Operations and Control.
2.0
Basic Principles of Communication System
2.1
Basic Components and Operation of a Communication System
2.2
Simplex system
2.3
Semi or Half Duplex System
2.4
Full Duplex System
3.0
Communication media
3.1
Pilot wires/cables
3.2
Powerline Carrier (PLC)
3.3
Microwave Radio Links
3.4
Optic Fibre Medium
3.5
VSAT
3.6
Communication Media Classification: Bound and Unbound Medium
4.0
Power System Telecommunication Philosophy
The basic telecommunication System in a Power Industry

(a)
Powerline Carrier (PLC) System
(b)
Telephony Signal
(c)
Teleprinting Signal
(d)
Teleprotection Signal
(e)
SCADA Signals
4.1
Types of PLCE Equipment in NEPA VIZ ETB, ETC, ETL 41, 81, 540, 580 AND
ESB 20002, ESB500
4.2
Teleprotection Signalling Principle and Operations:

-
Direct Trip Scheme
Permissive Trip Scheme
Block Tripping
Different types of Protection Signalling Equipment

NSD30, NSD430, NDD50, NSD60, NSD550.
Areas of application
4.3
Telex System Network
(i)
Voice Frequency Telegraph Equipment viz

(a)
NSK 3
(b)
NSK 5
(c)
NSK 4
(ii)
Frequency Allocation Scheme
(iii)
Telex PAX: Principle and Operations
4.4
NEPA PAX Telephone Network:

Introduction and Illustration with diagrams
Types, principle and operation of PAX Switching Equipment in use in NEPA
-
Synergetic Open
Phillips Office System
(SOPHO)
Microprocessor Controlled Switching Equipment (ECS F)
2 W/4 Wire Telephone Connections
4.5
Party Line System (PLS)

Principle and Operation and Network Diagram
4.6
Radio Communication System Operations and Principle

Types of radios in use and Frequencies of Operation. Limitation.
4.7
HF Radio Connectional
HF Radio CODAN type (Multifunctional)
VHF Radios (base, mobile and walkie talkie)
Backup Telecommunication Facilities

(a)
PSTN Nitel (Telephony and Fax)
(b)
Private Operators GSM, Thuraya Set (base globe connect and handheld).
(c)
E-mails/Internet Servicves
-
through NITEL Lines
through VSAT
Using Optic Fibre
Definition of Terminologies
4.8
4.9
5.0
ISP
Internet
Ethernet, etc
Communication System Power Supplies: Importance

-
50VDC Battery banks and chargers
12VDC Heavy duty Batteries and chargers
Maintenance, Connection Schemes.
Sustenance/Availability of Communication
-
Equipment Handling
Periodic Inspections and Reports
LABORATOR/CLASS DEMONSTRATIONS
-
Alignment Procedures of PLC equipment using signal
Generators signal level monitoring equipment.
Programming: (Downloading Uploading) of ETL PLC
Equipment using customized personal computer.
Programming ECSF PAX equipment using the maintenance

Unit
6.0
PAX/PLC Wiring technique.
4 Wire Telephone installation.
Grounding: Techniques & Importance to Safety of Telecommunication
Equipment in NEPA Stations.

7.0
Optic Fibre Communication System basic Circuit Components

-
Signals borne on Optic Fibre
Types of Fibres
(i)
AD
(ii)
ADSS
(iii)
OPGW
OLTE8 and Accessories Programme of Optic Fibre Line Terminating

equipment using the Personal Computer (PC)
Splicing Technique.
8.0
VSAT Communication Circuit Components.
8.1
Configuration of VSAT System for

(a)
Local Area Networking
(b)
Wide Area Networking
(c)
Telephony: VOIP on VSAT
(d)
Requirements and implementation of maintenance on VSAT

Communication System.
COURSE TITLE: System Communications Equipment Code SCE
DESIGNED FOR:
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: B. ENG. HND

DURATION:
Two Weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of each of the module or specific equipment training the participants should be
able to:
1.
Install, programme or parametise, and maintain the equipment using associated
2.
To enhance a multiplying effect the participant should be able to train other

communication staff in the system.
SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT COURSE CODE (SCE).

1.0
A course on installation commissioning and maintenance of new PLC ETL 5

500/NSD 550/AM x 500. (ABB)
2.0
Course on installation Commissioning and Maintenance of SOPHO PAX (ABB)
3.0
Course on Installation Commissioning and Maintenance of OPTIC Fibre Terminal

Equipment type OLTE 8. and associated equipment
4.0
SCADA RTU
Parametisation and Network Maintennace (SIEMENS)
5.0
Course on Power line Carrier Equipment

Types: ESB 20002
ESB 500
(SIEMENS)
RMARK
The design of the course content should be such that the staff trained will be able to
install commissioning (including Programming/Parametisation) and maintain all the
Above mentioned equipment using the associated Laptop in each case.
It recommended that supplier/manufacturer of each of these equipment be invited to
conduct such an in-depth training. Therefore the few people trained by them can be
organized to train other communication staff. This is a multiplier effect.
COURSE TITLE: System Metering (M1)

DESIGNED FOR:
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND; B.Sc./B. ENG.

DURATION:
Two Weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
-
Carry out Calibrations Procedures and effectively calibrate Grid Meters:
Trouble Shoot and Rapid Energy Meters, etc.
Correctly select appropriate Instrument Transformers.
COURSE CONTENTS:
1.
Instrument Transformers
2.
Panel Metering
Panel Ammeter, Voltmeter, Watthr, Varhr
3.
Recorders
-
Frequency Recorder
Var Recorder
Watt Recorder
4. .
Telemetering
5.
Energy Meter
6.
Meters Classification, Installation and Metering Methods
7.
Calibration Procedures
8.
Universal Matching CT
COURSE TITLE: Analysis And Protection of Power System (APPS)

DESIGNED FOR:
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: B. SC/B. Eng., HND.

DURATION:
Two Weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the programme, the participants should be able to:
-
Effectively analyzed Unbalanced Faults
Calibrate Non-Directional Overcurrent Relays
Provide Earthing System
Provide Effective Protection Protection Schemes for Transformers
Busbar and Lines.
COURSE CONTENTS:
ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEMS (APPS):
1.
Introduction
2.
Analysis of Balance Faults
3.
Analysis of Unbalanced Faults
4.
Faults Analysis
5.
Non-directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection
6.
Directional Overcurrent and Earth fault Protection
7.
System Grading
8.
Differential Protection
9.
Current Transformers
10.
Voltage Transformers
11.
System Earthing
12.
Transformer Protection
13.
Busbar Protection
14.
Network Stability.
COURSE TITLE: Protection and Digital Control System (P&D)
DESIGNED FOR:
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: B. SC/B. Eng., HND.

DURATION:
Two Weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the programme, the participants will effectively be able to:
-
Use the test sets OMICRON 156,256; alternative Test Set, etc.
Calibrate the following Digital Relays:
Use Digital Relays Testing Tools and Software, Fault Localizers, etc.
Effectively Protect MV and HV Network.
COURSE CONTENTS:
PROTECTION AND DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS (P&D)
1) Introduction
2) Protecting MV and HV Network
3) Digital Technology Applied In Sub-station
4) MV & HV Network Selectivity
5) Choosing A Digital Control System
6) Digital Distance Relays
7) Digital Relays Testing Tools and Softwares

8) Fault Localizers
9) Disturbance Recorder
10) Sequence of Events Recorder
11) Fault Analysis Softwares Win TPE
12) Use of Test Sets
-
OMICRON 156,256
Alternative Test (By Jiyoda Engineering)

COMMITTEE ON MANUAL REVIEW PROGRAMME
SYSTEM ELECTRICAL OPERATORS PROGRAMME
Electrical industry development worldwide is going through trends and
innovations probably due to the introduction of information technology and
computerisation, which had made power system operations a little bit more
complex to operate.
Again, the upgrading of the entry behaviour of system electrical operators
from WASC/GCE or their equivalents to OND/ND in electrical /Electronic
Engineering by NEPA Management hinged most likely on the above premise of
the rapid changes in the technological world.
It has become pertinent in reviewing this syllabus, to take account of
development in the subjects not only nationally but worldwide. We have
suggested a clear presentation of the syllabus materials, drop some subjects that
are no longer necessary to meet the present day needs of the system, improved
on a lot of subjects with deeper sciences and mathematics that will enhance
better understanding of the systems, but we have not attempted to soften the
blow by taking the easy way out. The trainees have to be exposed to challenges
without which we can never move forward.
Emphasis has been placed on the acquisition of computer knowledge or
its appreciation by every operator through well tailored computer training
programme at each stage of the modularised programmes that span over a
period of 2 years of five (5) modules with field or plant attachment inclusive.
With the improved entry behaviours, we have assumed that they, wouldbe operators, should have covered basic electrical engineering principles and
technology and this has greatly helped us to come out with this new syllabus. We
do not suggest finality on this proposal but a lot of mental energy has been
exerted into this programme for the very good of NEPA for the now and for the
future generations.
SYSTEM OPERATIONS
MODULE I
COURSE CONTENTS:
Course Title:
Module I
Duration:
Three (3) weeks
For whom:
Electrical operation in training
Education qualification: OND/ND electrical

Course objectives:
-
At the end of Module I, the trainees shall be able to:-
Identify major components of NEPA power system and their basic

functions.
Identify operating forms, their designations and uses.
Identify basic protection guarantees and operating tag in use in NEPA.
Use the available communication media available to them effectively.
Appreciate operations action during system disturbances.
Magnetism and Electromagnetism

1.1 -
The origin of natural magnets
1.2 -
The nature of magnets
1.3 -
The magnetic field about a magnet
1.4 -
The magnetic lines of flux
1.5 -
Magnetic field of a solenoid
1.6 -
Force on a current carrying conductor
1.6a
Force determination.
1.7 -
Electromagnetic Induction
1.8 -
Direction of induced e.m.f
1.9 -
Magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
Generation of E.M.F
2.1 -
Alternating current systems
2.2 -
Generation of an alternating e.m.f
2.3 -
Wavenform terms and definitions
2.4 -
Relationship between frequency, speed and poles
2.5 -
Average and r.m.s. values of an a.c
2.6 -
Addition and subtraction of sinusoidal alternating quantities.
Telephone and Radio Techniques

3.1 -
The basic of good telephone practice
3.2 -
The voice on the radio and telephone
3.3 -
Phonetic Alphabet and pronunciation of (numbers)
Operations Actions during disturbances

4.1 -
Likely problem clinics
4.2 -
Discussion
4.3 -
Operations actions and restoration.
4.4 -
NEPA power system and power system personnel - (New).
Conductors and insulations

5.1 -
The Electrical conditions in conductors
5.2 -
The relative merits of conductors
5.3 -
Types of conductors
5.4 -
Current carrying capacities
5.5 -
Insulation described
5.6 -
The purpose of insulators
5.7 -
The materials used for insulator
5.8 -
The types of insulators used for distribution, sub-transmission and

transmission circuits.
6.0 -
Components of Electric power system
6.1 -
A description of power generation
Hydro Generation
Nuclear
Thermal Generation
Steam
Solar etc
6.2 -
A description of transmission equipment.
6.3 -
An illustration of a typical three phase NEPA power circuit.
7.0 -
Series and parallel circuits containing R.
7.1 -
A study of the Relation of current, voltage and resistance in a series at
Gas
circuit.
7.2 -
Series circuit calculation problems
7.3 -
A definition of shorts and opens.
7.4
An explanation of series resistors in voltmeters.
7.5 -
Resistance in parallel
7.6 -
Vector representation of resistances in parallel.
7.7 -
Problems related to parallel circuits.
8.0 -
Operators duties and working conditions discussions.
9.0 -
Series parallel circuits containing resistance only.
9.1 -
Characteristics of the series parallel circuit.
9.2 -
How to calculate the value in a series parallel at circuit.
9.3 -
Kirchhoffs voltage and current laws.
10.0 - Storage battery.

10.1 - Importance of station battery
10.2 - Theory of battery
10.3 - Construction of batteries
10.4 - Battery installations.
11.0 - Components of a Control Room
11.1 - Control panels (Bench/Board)
11.2 - Relay panels
11.3 - AC & DC fuse panels
11.4
Rectifiers and battery charging equipment
11.5 - Communication or telic panels.

12.0 - Grounding
12.1 - Purposes of grounding
12.2 - System of grounding and equipment grounding
12.3 - Charged bodies and equi-potentialization.
13.0 - Inductance and inductive reactance.
13.1 -
Characteristics of inductance and inductive reactance.
13.2 -
Effects of inductance in an alternating current circuit.
13.3 -
Vector representation of voltage and current relationship.
14.0 -
Capacitance and capacitive reactance
14.1 -
Voltage and current relationship in a capacitive cct.
14.2 -
Capacitors and capacitance
14.3 -
Effects of capacitance in A.C. circuits
14.4 -
Vector representation of current and voltage in a capacitive cct.
14.5 -
Effects of capacitive reactance
14.6 -
Series resonance /resonant condition
15.0 -
A.C. parallel at circuit containing R, XL, X XC.
15.1 -
Voltage and current relationship in an a.c. with resistance and

capacitance in parallel.
15.2 -
Voltage and current relationship in an Ac at containing R, XL and

XC in parallel.
15.3 -
Parallel resonance/resonant conditions
16.0 -
Power and Energy
16.1 -
Power and Energy
16.2 -
Relation between power units.
17.0 -
Introduction to computer (New)
SYSTEM OPERATIONS
Course Title:
Module II
Duration:
Three (3) weeks
For whom:
Education qualification:
OND/ND Electrical/Electronics and must have

passed Module I course.
Course objectives:
-
At the end of Module II, the trainee will be able to:
Identify Hyrdo Dams, classification, components and
power house
equipment.
-
Understanding simple voltage generation, Star and Delta connections and

make simple calculations.
Appreciate basic operating principles of the transformer.
Understand the use of protection guarantees O.F.I (Application for P.G).
Identify Hydraulic turbine components and their functions.
Define responsibilities of operators, applicants, master stations and

assisting stations.
To appreciate the use of computers in analysing the power systems.
COURSE CONTENTS:
MODULE II
1.0 -
Dam classification, component and associated

equipment.
1.1 -
Dams concepts
1.2 -
Headworks
1.3 -
Penstock and scroll cases
1.4 -
Discharge flow characteristics.
2.0 -
Single phase power and power factor
2.1 -
Active and reactive power in a.c. circuits
2.2
Power factor
2.3
Calculating power in a c circuit.
3.0 Three phase voltage generation.

3.1 -
Why three phase systems are used
3.2 -
How three phase is generated.
4.0 Three phase systems star and Delta connection.

4.1 -
Current and voltage relationship in the star connected

system.
4.2 -
Vector representation in star connection.
4.3 -
Current and voltage relationship in a delta.
4.4 -
Vector representation of the Delta system.
5.0 -
Hydraulic Theory
5.1 -
Explanation of the hydraulic theory
5.2 -
Liquid at rest
5.3 -
Pressure measurement
5.4 -
Liquids in motion
5.5 -
Flow measurement
6.0 -
Alternating current power measurement
6.1 -
Active, reactive and apparent power in 3 phase

systems.
6.2 -
The measurement of active and reactive power in 3 phase systems.
7.0 -
Transformer basic operating principles.
7.1 -
Basic Transformer principles
7.2 -
Current Relationships transformer capacity.
7.3 -
Polarity and terminal markings
7.4 -
Ratio and tap changing
7.5 Transformer impedance load sharing.

8.0 -
Meter reading and principles of operations.
8.1 -
Reading meter and guage
8.2 -
Principles of operation
8.3 -
Voltmeter and ammeters.
9.0 -
Ohmmeter, frequency meters.
9.1 -
Principles of operation of the ohmmeter.
9.2 -
Frequency meter and working principles.
9.3 -
Thermocouples principles and measurement.
9.4 -
Potentiometers and operating principles.
10.0 - Transformer classification and voltage regulation.

10.1 - Transformer classifications and types
10.2 - Voltage and current regulations.
10.3 - Instrument transformers voltage /current.
10.4 - Grounding transformers etc.
11.0 - Operating Forms
11.1 - Of 1, 2, 3, DNO Tag of 6, 7, 8, OF10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 56,
53, 100, 105A, 105B.
12.0 - Protection code application for P.G
12.1 -
To explain the section of the standard protection code dealing with

the application for the protection guarantee.
13.0 -
Safety rules 100 series
13.1 -
General Draft rules 100 120 for all employees.
14.0 -
Hydraulic Turbine component and performance.
14.1 -
Speed ring
14.2 -
Turbine gates
14.3 -
Turbine bearings
14.4 -
Turbine pit inspection
14.5 -
Runners
14.6 -
Turbine performance
14.7 -
Turbine venting
14.8 -
Cavitation
14.9 -
Draft tubes.
15.0 -
Protection code and responsibilities of operators.
15.1 -
To explain the section of the s.p.c. dealing with responsibility of

operators.
15.2 -
Responsibility of applicants.
15.3 -
Responsibility of master stations
15.4 -
Responsibility of assisting stations.
16.0 -
Rotating Electrical machines
16.1 -
Motor protection and controls
16.2 -
Speed Regulation.
16.3 -
AC & DC Generators and motors.
17.0 -
D.C. Generators
17.1 -
D.C. Generators Electrical components and application.
17.2 -
D.C. Generators control of voltage.
18.0 -
Director current motors and control.
18.1 -
Application of D.C. motors
18.2 -
Construction of D.C. motors
18.3 -
Theory of D.C. motor operation
18.4 -
Starting D.C. motors
18.5 -
Speed control
18.6 -
Power losses in D.C. motors
18.7 -
Checks and inspection.
19.0 -
Hydraulic Turbine Governor
19.1 -
The principles components
19.2 -
Pressure medium supply
19.3 -
Valve arrangement
19.4 -
Servo motors.
20.0 -
20.1 -
Operating rules for station work practice.
21.0 -
Computer appreciation
21.1 -
(New)
Lab work on D.C. Generation

Methodology
By lecture in the classroom, use of Audio Visuals Aids and by Practical work in
the lab.
SYSTEM OPERATIONS
Course Title:
Module III
Duration:
Three (3) weeks
For whom:
Education qualification:
OND/ND Electrical /Electronics and must have

passed Module I & II course.
Course objectives:At the end of the course the Trainee will be able to:-
Appreciate the essence of water control and meteorology.
Determine duties and responsibilities of the station system operations.
Appreciate factors affecting stability.
Prepare, check and make affective protection guarantee certificates.
Determine the function, principle of operation and control of circuit

breakers.
Know the safety for all employees engaged in construction, operations

and maintenance.
Identify components and accessories of power transformers.
Determine procedure for surrender of protection guarantees and releasing

apparatus for service.
Explain the function of electrical and mechanical interlock.
Explain computer programme via packages.
Course contents:
-
Water control and metrology
Protection code 3: operators plan for protection of workmen following

receipt of formal request O.F.I.
Protection guarantee practice : O.F.1, OF2, 3, 4, 14 and 17.
Station
operation
I:
Duties
and
Responsibilities
of
NCC/
Area
controls/distribution dispatch centres.

-
Station operation of: Equipment, Routine operation and problems at

generating and transformer station.
Air switches
System operation I: Organisation and facilities.
Circuit opening Devices.
System operation 2: Factors affecting system stability.
Procedure
associated
with
major
equipment
outage
or
system
disturbance.
-
Introduction to circuit breakers.
Protection code 4: Preparation and checking effectiveness of protection

guarantees. And procedure under work and test permits.
Principles of cct. Breaker control.
Safety rules 200 series for all employees engaged in construction,

operation and maintenance.
Protection guarantee practice :OF1, 2, 3, 4, 14, 17.
Transformer 3: Components and accessories.
Fuses: Classification, types and application.
Switches General
Circuit breakers 1.
Operating forms
Discussion on any new system equipment.
COURSE CONTENT:
MODULE III
1.0 -
Water control (and meteorology)
1.1 -
Water Harvest
1.2 -
Water discharges
1.3 -
Flow measurement and losses.
2.0 -
Protection code 3:
2.1 -
Consideration following acceptance of an OF1
2.2 -
Requirement of protection guarantee
2.3 -
Objects of isolation
2.4 -
Security of isolation.
3.0 -
Protection code 4.
3.1 -
The preparation and checking of protection guarantees.
3.2 -
The making effective of protection guarantees.
3.3 -
The procedure under operating form O.F 14.
4.0 -
Air switches
4.1 -
To describe the different types of air switches
4.2 -
To explain the operation of air switches
4.3 -
To explain the method and ability of air switches to interrupt arc.
5.0 -
Circuit Breakers (Introduction)
5.1 -
Requirement for cct. Breaker
5.2 -
Types of cctr. Breakers
5.3 -
Application of various types of cct. Breakers.
6.0 -
Transformer
6.1 -
6.2 -
Design
6.3 -
Insulation and cooling medium
6.4 -
Load tap changing
6.5 -
Loss evaluation and calculation.
7.0 -
Transformer II
7.1 -
Categories of transformers
7.2 -
Voltage regulation.
8.0 -
Transformer III
8.1 -
Component and accessories
8.2 -
Electrical and magnetic cct.
8.3 -
Off load tap changing
8.4 -
Insulation and cooling.
9.0 -
cct. Breaker I
9.1 -
Arc formation and control.
10.0 - cct. Breaker II

10.1 - Ratings and Terminologies
10.2 - Use of pallet switches.
11. 0 -
Computer Applications New
12.0 - Operating Diagrams

12.1 - Purpose
12.2 - Making up of operating diagrams
12.3 - Explanation of nomenclature on drawings.
12.4 - Station Blue Print.
13.0 - Transformer 4
13.1 - Types and classification
13.2 - Losses
13.3 - Regulation and efficiency.
14.0 - Safety rules 200 series
14.1 - 200 series 1- end.
15.0 - Interlocks
15.1 - Electrical
15.2 - Mechanical
15.3
Applications
16.0 - Computer training

16.1 - Introduction to Hardware/Software.
Methodology
-
By lecture in the classroom, use of Audio Visual Aids, and by practical

work in the lab.
Methodology
By lecture in the classroom, use of Audio Visual Aids, and by practical work in
the lab.
SYSTEM OPERATIONS
Course Title:
Module IV
Duration:
Three (3) weeks
For whom:
Education qualification: OND/ND and must have passed

Module 1, 2, 3.
Read operating diagrams and determine standard symbols for control

circuits.
Determine simple basics of protective relay schemes.
Understand basic operating principles of relays.
Appreciate the operating principles of power line carrier.
Understand basics of electric motor control.
Identify and know the function of A.C. Generator components.
Determine procedure for synchronizing.
Application of general safety rules and other rules for construction,

operation and maintenance employees.
Explain computer programmes via packages.
COURSE CONTENT:
MODULE IV
1.0 -
Operating diagrams
1.1 -
Purpose and make up of operating diagrams
1.2 -
Explanation of nomenclature on drawings
2.0 -
Standard symbols for control circuits
2.1 -
One line diagram symbols.
2.2 -
Static power convectors
2.3 -
Current and voltage transformers
2.4 Other symbols.

3.0 -
Elementary control circuits
3.1 -
To introduce some fundamental concept of control.
4.0 -
Relay operating principles and philosophy.
4.1 -
Philosophy and purpose of protective Relay.
4.2 -
Components of protective Relays
4.3 -
Basic requirement of good Relay scheme
4.4 -
Zone protection
4.5 -
Device numbers and nomenclature
4.6 -
Different protection schemes.
4.7 -
Fault detectors and failures of Relays.
5.0 -
Metal Rectifiers
5.1 -
To describe copper oxide and selenium rectifiers
5.2 -
To briefly study germanium and silicon rectifiers.
5.3 -
To describe half wave and full wave rectification.
6.0 -
6.1 -
100 series 1 120
7.0 -
Relays - current, voltage etc.
7.1 -
To describe the principles of operation.
7.2 -
Simple applications.
8.0 -
Power line Carrier
8.1 -
Coupling capacitors
Line Traps
Tuning Devices
Methods of coupling
8.2-
Carrier communications
Modulation systems
Calling systems
Single - frequency manual simplex system.
Audio Hybrid unit.
9.0 -
Telemetering
9.1 -
Methods and application systems
10.0 - Electric motor controls

10.1 - Application of D.C. motor
10.2 - Speed controls
10.3 - Construction and operating principles
10.4 - Application of A.C. motor
10.5 -
Construction and operating principles.
11.0 - Current capacities

11.1 - Factors affecting current carrying capacities.
12.0 - Safety Rules for all employees
12.1 - 200 series
13.0 - A.C. Generators
13.1 -
Synchronous A.C Generatormechanical description.
13.2 -
Synchronous A.C. Generator Excitation
13.2 -
Synchronous A.C. operations.
14.0 -
Voltage Regulations
14.1 -
Reasons for close voltage regulation
14.2 -
Types of voltage regulators.
14.3 -
Operation of voltage Regulators.
15.0 -
Synchronizing
15.1 -
Why accurate synchronizing is necessary
15.2 -
Methods of synchronizing.
15.3 -
Possible synchroscope indication.
16.0 -
Auxiliary equipment (New)
7.0 - Advanced hardware/software computer course New.

Methodology:
By classroom lecturers, using visual Aids demonstration in the laboratory.
SYSTEM OPERATIONS
Course Title:
Module V
Duration:
Three (3) weeks
For whom:
Education qualification: ND/OND and must have passed

Module 1, 2, 3 and 4 courses.
Understand transformer and line connection.
Report outages and relay operations effectively.
Appreciate A.C./D.C. Motor controls.
Appreciate line constructions.
Plan and execute programmed outages.
Appreciate power components and their dispatch.
Identify line faults and roles of lighting arresters.
Follows correctly all the procedures from application for P.G. to restoration
of equipment to service.
Understand compressed air systems.
Understanding the workings of battery charging equipments, fuse

coordination and temperature measurements of electrical equipments.
Appreciate data base programme.
COURSE CONTENT:
1. Transformer and line connection.
-
Power system transformers
Parallel single phase transformer
Paralleling three phase transformer
Delta connected windings.
Star connected winding.
Distribution station transformer connections.
2. Relay outage reporting

-
Discussion.
3. D.C motors and control

-
Construction of D C motors
Theory of D C motor operation
Starting D C motors
Speed control.
4. A.C. motors and control

-
Induction motors
Synchronous motors
Starting A C motors.
5. Protection Code I
-
Review
6. Protection Code II
-
Review
7. Battery charging equipment

-
Introduction
Battery charger
Operator responsibility
8. Auxiliary Relays
-
Functions
Principles of operation.
9. Protection code III

10.
-
Review
Protection code - IV
Review
11.
Outages
Forced /emergency
Scheduled
Jurisdiction
Definition of system.
12.
Auto Reclosing
Line faults
Distribution system reclosing
Low tension feeder reclosing
High Tension system reclosing.
13.
Interpretation of fault location and chart reading.
Fault locator.
Chart reading.
14.
Forced outages
Operators action.
15.
Safety Rules (100 series)
Review
16.
Reactive dispatching
Production of VAR
Absorption of VAR
Uses etc.
17.
Frequency and load control
Frequency control
Load control.
18.
D.C. Ground indicators.

-
Ungrounded DC System
Effect of DC Ground on Relay and control cct.
Effect of D.C. Ground on field circuit of synchronous machine.
DC ground indicators.
Field ground relays.
19.
Temperature measurement
Heat and Heat measurement
Why measure temperature
Expansion thermometry
Resistance thermometry
Thermoelectricity
Indicating and recording instrument.
20.
Drying out and Acceptance tests
Transformer and Generators.
Drying out transformer
Transformer Acceptance tests
Drying out Generator windings
Generator Acceptance Test.
21.
Introduction to software and Hardware.
22.
Lighting arresters and rod caps
The theory of lighting
The equipment used to centre the effect of lighting sky wires, arresters.
23.
Line construction.
Commonly used insulators
Methods of giving, poles and steel tower structures.
Methodology 2
Lighting Arresters classroom, use of audio visual aids, by
practical work in the lab.
COURSE TITLE: SENIOR ELECTRICAL OPERATIONS

REVIEW SEOR
DURATION:
2 WEEKS
TARGET AUDIENCE:
NOT BELOW OFFICER 1
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the training session, the

participants will be able to:-
ACQUAINT WITH THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT.
FORECAST SYSTEM LOADS
DISCUSS SYSTEM CONTROL METHODS
APPRECIATE OPERATIONAL DUTIES AT VARIOUS LEVELS.
USE COMPUTERS FOR SYSTEM INFORMATION GATHERING.

REFRESH ON SAFETY RULE PRACTICES.
REVIEW SYSTEM PROTECTION.
CONTENTS:
(1)
NEPA SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL.

-
EXISTING CIRCUIT
ADDITIONAL CIRCUIT UNDER CONSTRUCTION
- ADDITIONAL CIRCUIT ON FUTURE PROPOSAL.

(2)
SYSTEM LOAD FORECASTING

-
AVAILABLE MACHINE CAPACITY
- INSTALLED
- MACHINE LIMITATION FACTORS (FUELS AND
FAILURES)
-
PRESENT DEMAND TRENDS
DEMAND/AVAILABILITY GROWTHS.
IMMEDIATE DEMAND FORECAST
SPINNING RESERVE
LONG TERM FORECAST.
(3)
HYDROLOGICAL DATA FOR GENERATION FORECAST

-
PRECIPITATION AND RAIN FORECASTS.
RAIN HARVEST AND MEASUREMENT
LOSSES AND AVAILABILITY FORECAST.
(4)
POWER SYSTEM VAR CONTROL

-
SYSTEM ELEMENTS (R.L.C)
SYSTEM VAR SOURCES AND EFFECTS
SYSTEM VAR CONTROL AND POWER FACTOR.
(5)
VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY CONTROL

-
EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL VOLTAGE/FREQUENCY
CONTROL METRHODS.
(6)
NCC AND AREA OPERATIONS

-
ROLL OF NCC/SNCC AND CONSTRAINTS
ROLE OF AREA/STATION OPERATORS
LIMITATION OF AREA/STATION OPERATIONS.
(7)
SYSTEM PROTECTIVE RELAYING

-
RELAY COMPONENTS
BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES
RELAY SCHEME
TYPES AND APPLICATION
(8)
SYSTEMS TRENDS/NEW EQUIPMENT

-
(9)
GENERAL DISCUSSION.
ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN SYSTEM OPERATIONS FOR SYSTEM
OPERATION INFORMATION GATHERING FOR CONTROL PURPOSES.
(10)
TEAM BUILDING IN SYSTEM OPERATIONS WORK
WHO ARE THE TEAM MEMBERS
INTERDEPENCE AMONG TEAM MEMBERS
IMPORTANCE OF TEAM WORK.
(11)
STANDARD PROTECTION CODE AND SAFETY RULES REVIEW
RULES 100 SERIES
RULES 200 SERIES
RULES 300 SERIES
RULES 800 SERIES
SPC 2000 2045
DISTRIBUTION SUBTATION ELECTRICAL OPERATORS SULLABUS

1.
Course Title:
DSO 1/T Module I.
Duration:
Three weeks.
For whom:
District substation, electrical

Operators - training .
Educational Qualification: OND, ND (ELECT)

Course Objectives:
At the end of the training

course participants should be able to:
i.
Discuss NEPA system and how question transmission and

distribution relate.
ii.
Explain simple basic electrical circuits and perform related

circuit problems.
iii.
Films -
Use communication media available to them effectively.

How to make ccts
-
Fundamentals of A.C. and D.C. generations.
Methodology
By lecture in the classroom, use of Audio/visual Aids, and by practical work in the
laboratory.
Course Content /Syllabus DSO Module 1
1.
NEPA History & Personnel

-
How electricity industry started in Nigeria.
ECN and NDA
Merger of ECN and NDA
Members of Technical Board
Organisational Structure of NEPA
2.
-
Components of Electrical Power System

Generation
Hydro
- Thermal
- Solar etc
Transmission
- Control Room
- Switch Yard
3.
Distribution System.
Electron theory
Atoms
Protons
Neutrons
4.
-
Elements
Conductor and Insulators
Electron theory of conductor and insulators
Types of conductors and insulator
Good and bad conductors
Current carrying capacities.
5.
Storage battery
Importance of station battery
Theory of battery
Construction of batteries
Battery installation.
6.
D.C. Circuit with resistances.
Series connection
Parallel connection
Series /parallel circuits
Calculations of V.I. and R using alums law.
7.
Magnetism
The origin of natural magnet
The nature of magnet
The magnetic field about a magnet.
8.
Electromagnetism
Principles of electromagnetism
Determining the direction and magnitude of magnetic flux around

conductor and coils.
9.
Practical use of electromagnetism.
Generation of EMF
Principles of electrical generation
Principles of the A.C. generator
D.C. generators
Basic construction of a generator.
10.
A.C. Principles Part 1
The use of A.C. in power systems.
The generation of A.C. in power system.
Calculation of speed in RPM, frequency in cps and no of poles or no of

pairs using the formular
F = rps x p or rpm x p
2
11.
60
Introduction to measuring instruments.
Introduction
Moving iron meters
Moving coil meter
Types of meters.
12.
Telephone and Radio techniques.
The basis of Good telephone and radio practice.
The voice on the telephone and radio.
Receiving a call
Phonetic Alphabet
Pronunciation of numbers.
14.
Introduction of standard protection code
Definitions of terminologies
Use of various operating forms
Use of various DNO tags.
Laboratory work based on
Films
Series /parallel ccts.
A.C principles
How to make a cct.
Fundamentals of
A.C. and D.C. generation.
Methodology
By lecture in the classroom, use of audio visual aids and by practical work in the
lab.
2.
Course Title:
DSO 1/T Module II.
Duration:
Three weeks.
For whom:
District substation, electrical

Operators - in - training

Course Objectives:
At the end of the training

programme the course
participants should be able to
i.
Explain all the basic electrical theories as they relate to their work in
NEPA.
ii.
Identify specific equipment their functions and operating principles.
iii.
Identify various forms of operating tage and operating forms.
Films -
Safety with Electricity

-
Methodology
Dont take chances.
By lecture in the classroom, use of Audio/ DSO- i/t Module II syllabus.

1.
Inductance and inductive reactance
Characteristics of inductance and inductive reactance.
Effect of inductance in A.C cct.
Vector representation of V and I relationship.
2.
Capacitance and capacitive reactance
Capacitor and capacitance
Effect of capacitance in A.C. cct.
Vector representation of I and V in a capacitive cct.
Effect of capacitive reactance.
3.
A.C. Parallel cct containing R, L and C.
Voltage and current relationship in an A.C. circuit with r, and C.
Voltage and current relationship in an A.C. cct with r, L and C in parallel.
Parallel resonance.
4.
A.C. series cct with R., L and C.
Relationship between I and V in a series cct. Containing R, L and C.
Series resonance
- Calculation of Z (impedance)
5.
Single phase power and power factor
Active and Reactive power in a.c. cct.
Power factor.
Calculation of power in a.c cct.
6.
Three phases voltage generation
How three phase power is generated.
7.
-
Three phase systems (Star connection)

I and V relationships in Wye connection
8.
Vector representation in this connection.

Three phase system (Delta connection).
I and V relationships in delta connection.
Vector representation in this connection.
9.
A.C. power and measurement.
Active, reactive and apparent power in 3 phase system.
Measurement of active and reactive power in 3 phase systems.
Wattmeters
10.
types
-
construction
principles of operation.
Transformer - part I
-
Basic principles.
Current relationships
Capacity
Polarity and Terminal markings
Ratio and Tap changing
Transfomer impedance load sharing.
11.
Transformer part II
Categories of transformers
Voltage regulation
12.
Transformer III
Component and accessories
Electrical and magnetic cct.
Off load tap changing
Insulation and cooling
13.
Protection guarantee I
Application for P.G
14.
Protection guarantee II
Responsibilities.
15.
Circuit opening devices
Fuses
Isolators
Circuit Breakers.
16.
Switches
General types
Constructions
17.
Introduction circuit Breakers.
Requirement for circuit breaker
Types of circuit Breakers
Application of various types of C.B.
18.
Circuit Breaker I
Arc formation and control.
19.
Circuit Breaker II
Ratings
Use of pallet switches.
20.
Protection guarantee III
Consideration following acceptance of an OF 1
Requirements of protection guarantee.
Object of isolation
Security of isolation.
21.
Protection guarantee IV
Preparation and checking of P.G
Making effective of P.G
Procedure under OF 14.
22.Computer training applications.

METHODOLOGY
By Lecture in the classroom, use of audio/visual aids, and by practical work in

the laboratory.
3.
Course Title: DSO 1/T Module III.

Duration:
Three weeks.
For whom: District Substation, Electrical Operator-In-Training

Course Objectives: At the end of the training Programme course
participants
will be able to:
i.
Discuss effectively on station equipment.
ii.
Describe the importance, functions and operating principles of a

protective relays.
iii.
Explain the station operations.
DSO i/t Module III Syllabus

1.
Operating Diagrams
Purpose
Make up of operating diagram
Explanation of nomenclature on drawings
Station blue prints.
2.
Symbols for control ccts.
Control drawing
Common symbols for electrical diagrams
Typical control diagrams.
3.
Electromagnets in control ccts.
Features
Purpose and function
Application.
4.
Elementary control cct.
Introduction and definition
Fundamental concept of control ccts.
5.
Relays- Basic principles
Definition of electrical relay.
Basic principles of protective relaying
Types of relays and relay scheme
Failure of protective scheme.
6.
Relays (current, voltage etc)
Simple application
Current voltage, directional relays etcx
7.
Principles of cct Breaker control
Why is control of circuit breaker necessary.
cct. Breaker control circuit
cct. Breaker control circuit
Closing control cct.
Anti- pump
Trip Free.
8.
Current carrying capacities
Factors affecting current carrying capacities.
9.
Station operation
Duties and responsibilities
Distribution operation.
10.
Schedule outage
Defining the system
Jurisdiction
Outage planning
Outage request.
11.
Safety rules
800 series
12.
Interlocks
Electrical
Mechanical
13.
Protection Guarantee practice
OF 1
OF 2
OF 3
OF 4
OF 14
14.
Grounding
Ability of the earth to absorb electric charges, lighting currents, fault

current .
Chanced bodies
Purpose of grounding
grounding of equipment and structures.
Grounding of lines and apparatus.
15.
Fire safety
Fire prevention
Fire protection
Fire fighting
16.
First Aid
Definition
Treatment of wounds
Artificial respiration.
17.
Computer training
Introduction
Components/ Functions
Terminologies /language.
Methodology
By lectures in the classroom, sue of Audio/visuals aids and by practical work in
the laboratory.
4.
Course Title: DSO 1/T Module IV (FINAL)

Duration:
Four weeks.
For whom:
District substation, electrical Operators -in training.
Educational Qualification: OND, ND (ELECTRICAL)

Course Objectives: At the end of the training Programme course
participants will be able to:
i.
Discuss effectively power outages and emergencies.
ii.
Perform switching effectively in the control room and switch yard.
iii.
Carryout out all formalities relating to protection guarantees.
iv.
Monitor the Battery charging equipment.
v.
Use the on load tap changer facilities.
vi.
Perform his duties and functions as District substation electrical

operators.
Methodology
By lecture in the classroom, use of Audio visual aids, case study.
DSO 1/t Module IV (FINAL)
1.
Transformer and line connection
Power system transformers
Paralleling single phase transformer.
Paralleling 3 phase transformer
Delta connected winding.
Star connected winding.
Distribution station transformer connections.
2.
A.C. power and measurement
Active power, reactive power and apparent in 3 phase systems.
Measure of active power and reactive power 3 phase system.
Power factor.
3.
Rotating machines part I
A.C. Generators Electrical component and application.
Large Alternators
Voltage control.
D.C. Generators
Electrical Components
Control of voltage
Voltage regulation.
4.
Rotating machines part II
A.C. Motors
D.C. motors -
Induction motors
Synchronous motors
Starting
Speed control
Construction
-
Theory of DC motors
Starting
Speed control
Application.
5.
Temperature measurement
Theory of heat and heat measurement
Why measure temperature
Measuring instruments
Thermoelectricity
6.
Battery charing equipment
Introduction
Battery charges
Operator responsibility.
7.
Safety rules (800 series)
8.
Protection guarantees review.
Operating forms
DNO tags
Standard protection Code
Safety rules.
9.
Automatic Reclosing
Line faults
Low tension feeder reclosing
Tension system reclosing
10.
Lightening Arrester and Rod Gaps
Theory of lighting
Sky wires
Lighting arresters & Types .
Principles of operation of lighting arresters.
Purpose.
11.
Line faults.
Natural (Weather)
Manmade
12.
Protection guarantee (practice) review
OF 1
OF 2
OF 3
OF 4
13.
Problem Clinic (Discussion)
Power outages and emergencies
Relationship with the Department and customers
New equipment
General.
Methodology
By lecture in classroom use of audio-visual aids and by practical work in the lab.
TITLE:
SENIOR DSO REVIEW
DURATION: QUALIFIED DSOS NOT BELOW OFFICER IV RANK

OBJECTIVE: At the end of the training period, the participants should be able
to:-
Process and effect safe working condition for workmen;
Enforce safety rules at work place.
Practice fire fighting
Appreciate the roles of NCC/Regional system operators
Interprete protective relay operations.
Prepare dependable station reports.
Acquaint with Area Network development .
COURSE CONTENT:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Network protection relaying

-
Relay operating principles
Relay components
Relaying terms
Types and application.
Area Network development

-
Existing Network
Upcoming extension/new equipment.
Need for Network upgrading.
Standard protection code/safety rules review

-
SPC 2000 - 2045
Rules 100 series
Rules 200 series
Rules 300 series
Rules 800 series.
(4)
Computer Appreciate
(5)
Safety at work place
(6)
(7)
Good House keeping
Types of fire
Demonstration/Fire fighting
Safety inspection /tour
SUBSTATION WORK
-
Routine inspection and remedial actions
Report writing
Equipment switching precaution
Transformers - General
-
Components
Tap changing
(8)
(9)
(10)
Line/Bus connection
Buchdz Gas /Bleeding
Cooling
Circuit Breakers
-
Indoor type
Outdoor
Operational precaution
Isolators
-
Types
Operational precaution
Management training
-
(11)
Developing leadership skill
Firs Aid
-
Wounds Treatment
SAFETY MANAGEMENT COURSE FOR DISTRIBUTION STAFF

COURSE TITLE: SMC (Safety Mgt. Course)
DURATION:
Two weeks
FOR WHOM:
Officer 4, to officer 1 in Construction, operation and

maintenance of electrical equipment.
QUALIFICATION: WASC, OND, NCE (Tech) card G final.

USER DEPT:
Distribution and marketing
COURSE OBJECTIVES: At the end of the training programme participants will

be able to:
(i)
Identify causes of minor and major accident.
(ii)
Carry out adequate operations to prevent accident.
(iii)
Use the overall safety devices and appliances provided.
(iv)
Follow strictly procedures for guidance against errors,

mistake and blunder.
(v)
Apply all rules and procedure for general human and

equipment safety.
Course Content /Syllabus

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Station Operation.
-
Station blue print
Station equipment and functions
Method of switching
Identification of hazards in operation.
Transformers
-
Definition
Classification
Types
Efficiency and loses
Cooling.
Introduction to SPC
-
Definition
Use of various DNO tags
Safety rules
-
100 series general rules
200 series tools, equipment care
300 series
800 series operating work practice.
Introduction to circuit Breakers

-
Types of cct. Breaker
Requirement to cct. Breaker
Application for various types of C.B.

-
Fuses
Isolators
(7)
Protection Guarantee I
-
(8)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(4)
Application
Protection Guarantee II
-
(9)
Circuit Breakers
Responsibilities
Fire Safety
-
Fire prevention
Fire Protection
Fire fighting
Protection Guarantee III

-
Action plan following receipt of OF 1
Preparation for issuance of OF 2, OF 3, OF4.
First Aid
-
Treatment of wounds
Causes of Accidents
-
Unsafe Act
Unsafe condition
Safety management
-
Introduction
Safety environments
Safety obligation
Battery
-
Care of battery
Important of battery
Constituencies of loss of DC supply on a station.
(15)
(16)
(17)
Outages
-
Types forced, scheduled and emergency
Definition of system
Jurisdiction
Protection Guarantee IV
-
Preparation and checking of P.G
Making effective of P.G
Protection Guarantee V
-
Surrender of protection - Guarantee
Releasing apparatus for service
Issuance and surrender of P.G. in special and

exceptional cases.
(18)
Switches
-
Types
Application
Methodology
By lecture in the classroom, and use of Audio visual aids.
MODULE ONE
SYSTEM ELECTRICAL OPERATIONS ENGINEERS IN- TRAINING .
TRAINING SYLLABUS
(1)
COURSE TITLE:
SEO (Engr) Module I
DURATION:
Three weeks
FOR WHOM: System Electrical operations Engineers in training.

QUALIFICATION:
B.Sc. B. Eng, HND
COURSE OBJECTIVES: At
the
end
of
the
training
programme

i.
Identify major components of NEPA power system and their

functions.
ii.
Explain and perform the duties of system operators.
iii.
Discuss general rules applicable to all employees of the NEPA

system.
iv.
Carry out cares and inspection of station battery.
v.
Perform simple electrical calculation.
Course Content/Syllabus
(1)
Introduction to power system components

-
Generation
- Hyrdo power
Station
- Thermal power
- Solar power
Transmission - 330/132KV lines

Station
Distribution
Station
cct. Breaker
Disconnect
Switches
33/11/KV
-
network
415 KV
Service lines
(2)
(3)
(4)
Conductors and Insulators

-
Electrical (Atomic) conditions in conductors and insulators.
Nature of conductors and insulators
Types
Current carrying capacities.
Telephone and Radio techniques

-
The basis of Good telephone practice
The voice on the radio and telephone
Phonetic Alphabet and pronunciation of number.

-
Employee knowledge of the rules
Personal conduct
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
General Precaution etc.
Station tour
-
Power House
Control Room
Switch yard
D.C. Supply
-
Battery charging equipment
Care and inspection.
Circuit Elements and calculations

-
Inductance
Resistance
Inductive Reactance
Capacitive Reactance
Impedance
Resonance.
System Disturbance
-
Definition
Operator action
Restoration.
Grounding
-
Introduction
System Grounding
Solidly grounded systems
Reactance grounded system
Lightening, protection grounding
Connection to earth.
Dams -
Introduction
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
Classification
Component parts
Uses/Applications.
3 phase voltage generation

-
Introduction
How three phase power is generated.
3 phase connection
-
Star connected system
Delta connected system
Star Delta.
A.C. power measurement

-
Introduction to measurement
Watt meter design, construction
Principles of operation and calibration.
Protection Guarantee I
-
Introduction to standard protection code
Use of various DNO tags.
Fire and Safety

-
Fire protection
Fire prevention
Fire fighting
First Aid
-
Definition
Treatment of wounds
(17)
(18)
(19)
Safety management
-
Introduction
Protection of life
Adequate equipment, tools and clothing.
Safety obligation.
Transformer I
-
Elementary theory
Design
Insulation
Cooling
Load tap changing
Loss evaluation and calculation
Power system communication

-
The importance of communication in power systems.
Basic principles of communication e.g simplex , half duplex and full

duplex.
Communication media e.g. Pilot wires, power line carrier,

microwave/radio, optic fibre and VSAT.
(20)
Computer Appreciation
-
Introduction to computers
Component identification and functions.
CPU, monitor, keyboard etc.
ROM, RAM etc.
Methodology
By lecture in the classroom, use of audio visual aids and practical work in the
laboratory.
MODULE TWO
(2)
COURSE TITLE:
SEO (Engr) Module II
DURATION:
Three weeks
FOR WHOM: System Electrical operations Engineers in training.

QUALIFICATION:
B.Sc. B. Eng, HND
the
end
of
the
training
programme

(i)
Identify and
explain causes of system collapse and carryout
restoration processes.
(ii)
Perform the duties and responsibilities of operators in relation to

safety.
(iii)
Perform switching in the hi yard.
(iv)
Coordinate the station activities with National control centre.
(v)
Analyse the working principle of protective relays.
Course content/ syllabus

(1)
(2)
Water control and meteorology

-
Water Harvest
Water discharges.
Flow measurement and losses.
System Operations I
-
(3)
Duties and responsibilities of the operator
of the Area control
of the SNCC Shiroro
of the NCC - Oshogbo

-
Rules for staff engaged in construction maintenance and operation

of electrical equipment.
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Rotating machines
-
A.C. machines
D.C machines
Turbine
-
Hydraulic turbine
Thermal turbine
Transformer II
-
Classification
Types
Capacity of transformer
Duty of transformer
Protection Guarantee 1, 2 and 3,

-
Application for prof. guarantee
Responsibilities
Action plan following receipt of OF 1, OF 4
Preparation for issuance of OF 2, OF 3, OF4.

-
Fuses
Isolators
Circuit breakers
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Interlocks.
-
Mechanical interlock
Electrical interlocks
Applications.
Relays
-
Basic principles
Operating principles
Relay terminologies
Relay functions and requirements
Relaying protection schemes

-
Transformers protection
Generator Protection
Bus Bar
Lines etc.
Station Operation I
-
Duties and responsibilities
Routine inspection and operating problem at

generation and transformer station.
(13)
(14)
(15)
Protection Guarantee Practice

-
OF 1
OF 2
OF 3
OF 4
Introduction to circuit Breakers

-
OCB
ABB
SF6
Principles of cct. Breaker control.
System Operation II
-
Factors affecting stability
Equipment Outage
System Disturbance
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
Switches
-
Introduction
Disconnect switch
Circuit switchers
Auto ground switch
Ground switch
Principles of operations.
RMU
-
Operation
Components and connection.
Transformer II
-
Components
Accessories

-
(20)
Tools, and safety equipment.
Power system telecommunication philosophy

-
PLC System, Telegraphy, Telex and Tele protection signals.
Radio communication system operations and principles, HF radio,

VHF radio.
Back up telecommunication facilities PSTN NITEL, Private

operators GSM and E-mails/internet services.
(21)
Communication system power supplies
SOVDC and 12VDC and chargers.
Computer Application
-
MS -Word
Corel word perfect
Word perfect
Lotus AMI pro
Corel Draw
Auto card etc.
MODULE THREE (FINAL)

(3)
COURSE TITLE:
SEO (Engr) Module III FINAL
DURATION:
Three weeks
FOR WHOM:
System Electrical operations Engineers in training.
QUALIFICATION:
B.Sc. B. Eng, HND
the
end
of
the
training
programme

(i)
Report outages and relay operations effectively.
(ii)
Explain
and
analyse
A.C.
and
D.C
motor
control
and
characteristics.
(iii)
Be familiar with frequency and system voltage control.
(iv)
Practice the full aspect of safety rules and standard protection

code.
(v)
Man the system 330 KV and 132 KV sub stations.
(vi)
Know about SCADA/EMS.
Course content/Syllabus
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Transformer (4)
-
Types
Loses
Efficiency
Equivalent ccts.
Synchronizing
-
Why accurate synchronizing
Methods of synchronizing
Selector scheme for synchronizing
Possible synchoscope defect.
Automatic synchronizing of Generators.
Auto - Reclosing
-
Line faults
Low Tension feeder Reclosing
High-tension system reclosing
Protection Guarantees IV and V

-
The preparation and checking of P.G.
The making effective of P.G.
The procedure under of 14.
Releasing apparatus for service.
The issue and surrender of P.G. in special and

exceptional cases.
(5)
(6)
Governor control
-
Hydraulic
Thermal
Outages
-
Scheduled
(7)
(8)
Forced/emergency
Jurisdiction
System definition
Electrical safety and maintenance

-
Introduction to electrical safety
Electricity and body.
Forcating
Planning and scheduling.
Lightning arresters
-
The theory of lightening
The equipment used to control the effect of

lightening e.g wires, arresters gaps etc.
(9)
(10)
Line construction
-
Method of guying
Dead ends on conductors
Corners and angles
Anchors
Steel tower and wood pole construction.

-
(11)
(12)
Tools and safety materials.
Voltage regulation
-
Reasons for close voltage regulation
Types of voltage regulators.
Operation of voltage Regulators.
SCADA/EMS
-
Overview of existing SCADA and EMS facilities.
Local Area Network /Wide Area Network
DPCM and SCADA message address codes
Remote or outstation components
SCADA Software architecture
(13)
(14)
Introduction to energy management system
Introduction to system administration functions.
Transformer and line connection

-
Power system transformer
Paralleling single phase transformer
Paralleling three phase transformer
Delta connected winding.
Star connected winding
Distribution substation transformer connection.
Drying out and acceptance Tests (transformer and

generators).
(15)
Drying out transformer windings
transformer acceptance test.
Drying out generator winding
Generator acceptance tests.
D.C. Ground indicator

-
Ungrounded D.C. system
Effects of DC grounds on Relay and control circuit.
Effects of DC grounds on field ccts of synchronous

machines.
DC ground indicators.
Field ground Relays

SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION LINES MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME
This programme is divided into 3 Basic Stages

SLD
M1 System Lines Distribution Module 1
SLD
M2 - System Lines Distribution Module 2
SLD
M3 - System Lines Distribution Module 3
Each Module is of 3 Weeks Duration

There is also an Updating Course SLD-UPD. The Basic Course are designed
primarily for holders of WASC or its equivalent. We suggest that the above
category of staff should be recruited Distribution Lines Maintenance Trainees Staff
I and on successful completion of the basic courses (M1-M3) which may be for a
period of 2 years be upgraded to Officer IV.
The updating course is designed for Officer Grade III and above.
BASIC STAGE 1
LINES DISTRIBUTION MAINTENANCE
1.
Historical background of Electricity Development in Nigeria
2.
Electrical Terminology
3.
Electrical Power System
4.
Electron Theory
5.
Sighting and mapping out Positions for Structures
6.
Digging and Pole Erection Techniques
7.
Knots, Bends and Hitches
8.
Safe Working Loads of Rigging Materials
9.
Guys and Guying
10. The Weight of a Conductor on a straight line structure

11. Clamps and Connectors
12. Overhead Distribution System Medium and Low Voltage
13. Identification, care and use of linesman hand tools
14. Industrial Safety
15. Safe distance for work near live electrical equipment
16. Ground Precautions
17. Safe climbing practices
18. Components of Distribution Power Line
19. Itemization of L/T Materials/Equipments
20. Itemization of 11KV Materials/Equipments
21. Itemization of 13kv Materials/Equipments
22. Line Conductors and Insulators
23. Ladders.
COURSE OUTLINE:
DISTRIBUTION LINES MAINTENANCE:
BASIC STAGE I
1.0
TOPIC:
Electricity Development in Nigeria
OBJECTIVE:
to discuss the History of Power Generation in Nigeria
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Electricity Supply under the jurisdiction of
1.3
(i)
P.W.D.
(ii)
Native Authorities
(iii)
Municipal Authorities
Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) reference to act of Parliament of

1962
1.4
Niger Dams Authority
1.5
Merger of ECN and NDA reference to Decree 24 of 29th June, 1972
1.6
Present day management of NEPA
3.0
TERMINOLOGY (ELECTRICAL)
OBJECTIVE: To clearly explain the meaning of some terminologies that the trainee
may come across during the course of his studies.
2.1
Ampere
2.2
Volt
2.3
Coulomb
2.4
Ohm
2.5
Watt
2.6
Resistance
2.7
Current
2.8
EMF
2.9
Conductor
2.10
Stranded Conductor Cable
2.11
Strand
2.12
Stranded Wire
2.13
Cord
2.14
Concentric Lay Conductor
2.15
Duplex Cable
2.16
Twin Cables
2.17
Triplex Cables
2.18
Sector Cables
2.19
Shielded Conductor Cable
2.20
Sectional Area of Cable
2.21
Lay
2.22
Transformer
2.23
O. C. B.
2.24
RMU
2.25
Feeder
2.26
Fuse
2.27
Earth Wire
2.28
Neutral Wire
2.29
Condenser
2.30
Lightning Arresters
2.31
Pot Head
2.32
Hydro Electric Generation
2.33
Thermal Electric Generation
2.34
Grid System
2.35
Sky Wire
2.36
Current Transformer (C.T)
2.37
Isolator
2.38
Grounding Isolator
3.
TOPIC:
1.
OBJECTIVE:
2.
3.1.
3.2
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM:
(i)
To describe Power Generation
(ii)
To describe Transmission Equipment

(iv)
To illustrate a Typical Three Phase NEPA Power Circuit
(v)
To illustrate a Typical Distribution Station
Introduction
(i)
To describe Power Generation
(ia)
Hydro generation
(ib)
Thermal Generation
(ii)
To describe transmission equipment
(i)
To illustrate a typical Distribution Station
4.
TOPIC: Electron Theory

OBJECTIVE:
(i)
To consider the nature of matter
(ii)
To explain the electron theory
(iii)
To explain the electric current according to the electron theory.
INTRODUCTION:
4.1
The nature of matter
4.2
Electron theory
4.3
Electric current
4. TOPIC: SIGHTING AND MAPPING OUT POSITION FOR STRUCTURE

OBJECTIVE:
(i)
To determine the most cost effective rout of lines
INTRODUCTION:5.1
Materials Requirement
5.2
Tools
5.3
Procedures
5.4
Symbols For:
(a)
Pole
(b)
R.M.U
(c)
Isolator
(d)
R.M.U. Extension
6.
(e)
Circuit Breaker
(f)
Line rout
(g)
Underground Cable Joint
(h)
Underground Cable Slab
(i)
Transformer
(j)
Cable rout
TOPIC: DIGGING AND POLE ERECTION TECHNIQUES

OBJECTIVE:
(i)
To explain the correct method of digging holes
(ii)
To explain how to erect pole using;

(a)
Manual Labour
(b)
Hiab Crane.
INTRODUCTION
6.1
TOOLS REQUIRED FOR:

(a)
Hole Digging
6.2
Method for Digging Holes
6.3
Depth of Holes
6.4
Pole Erection with Manual Labour

a.
Requirement
b.
Procedure
Pole Erection with Hiab Crane
7.1
Requirements
7.2
Procedure
7.3
Safety Precautions
8.
TOPIC: Knots, Bends and Hitches

OBJECTIVE:
To describe how to tie various Knots and Hitches used for Line track.
(i) To tie and explain the use of square knot
(ii) To tie and explain the use of single bowline
(iii)
To tie and explain the use of Double
(iv)To tie and explain the use of Double on a bight

(v) To tie and explain the use of Running bowline
(vi) To tie and explain the use of Bowline tie away from you
(vii) To tie and explain the use of Figure 8 Knot
(viii) To tie and explain the use of Single Sheet Bend
(ix) To tie and explain the use of Double sheet Bend
(x) To tie and explain the use of Becket Bend
(xi) To tie and explain the use of Clove Hitch with two half inches
(xii) To tie and explain the use of Snobbing Hitch
(xiii) To tie and explain the use of Timber Hitch
(xiv) To tie and explain the use of Tout Line Hitch
(xv) To tie and explain the use of Double Black Wall Hitch
(xvi)
To tie and explain the use of Stirrup Hitch squire knot
TOPIC: Safe Working Loads of Rigging materials

OBJECTIVE:
1.
To explain the Safe Working Load of

c.
Nylon Rope
d.
Poly Ropes
e.
Wire Slings
f.
Wire Chains
2.
9.
INTRODUCTION
ia)
Nylon ropes
ib)
Poly Ropes
ic)
Wire Slings
id)
Wire Chain
TOPIC: GUYS AND GUYING

OBJECTIVE:
To explain various types of Guys and Guying for Distribution Lines.
INTRODUCTION
Digging Anchor or Slug Holes

The use and preparation of Span Guy
The use and preparation of Strut Guy
The use and preparation of Single Down Guy
10.
TOPIC:
Weight of a Conductor on a Straight Line Structure
OBJECTIVE:
To explain how to find the weight of a conductor supported on a straight line
structure
INTRODUCTION
Weight formula with illustrative sketch
Special conditions where the above method does not work
Worked examples
11.
TOPIC:
OBJECTIVE
i)
To define the different between Mechanical and Electrical

Connectors
ii)
To point out the cleaning and anti-oxide protection required of

electrical connections
iii)
To illustrate and describe various kinds of mechanical purpose

clamps in use.
iv)
To illustrate and describe various kinds of electrical purpose

clamps in use
v)
To discuss the insulation for connections of covered conductors.
INTRODUCTION
Difference between mechanical and electrical connectors
Cleaning and protection of connectors
Various types of connectors and their field of applications for Distribution Lines.\
12.
TOPIC:
O/H Distribution System Medium and Low Voltage
OBJECTIVE:
i)
To explain the meaning of some terminologies used in Line Construction
ii)
To explain conductor sizes and their current carrying capacities
iii)
To describe the arrangements of Line Conductors
iv)
To specify the minimum height of distribution line conductors and their

length of spans
v)
Precautions for crossing and clearances over other objects.
INTRODUCTION:
12.1
Meaning of:
12.1.1 Span
12.1.2 The Wind Loading of Span
12.1.3 Sag
12.1.4 Intermediate poles
12.1.5 Section poles
12.1.6 Terminal poles
12.1.7 Intermediate pole (Angle position)
12.1.8 Angle/Section pole
12.1.9
Section
12.1.10
12.1.11
Factor of safety
Bunding Wire
12.1.12
Earthing Wire
12.2
Conductor sizes and their current carrying capacities
12.3
Arrangement of conductors
12.4
Minimum height of conductors/length of span
12.5
Precautions for crossing and clearances over other objects
12.5.1 Poles and Telegraph Lines

12.5.2 Joint Construction with P & T
12.5.3 Crossing over Railways
12.5.4 Crossing over Rivers
12.5.5 Crossing over Roads
12.5.6 Crossing over other Power Lines
12.5.7 Clearance to Building
13.
TOPIC:
IDENTIFICATION, CARE AND USES OF LINESMAN

HAND TOOLS
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To list and describe the hand tools which NEPA must

provide for a linesman
(ii)
To outline the care of hand tools
INTRODUCTION:
13.1
Linesman hammer description and care
13.2
2m folding rule description and care
13.3
Measuring tape rule description and care
13.4
Side Cutting Plier - description and care
13.5
Screw Driver description and care
13.6
Adjustable Wrenches description and care
13.7
Skinning Knife description and care
13.8
Ratchet Wrench description and care
14.
TOPIC:
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
OBJECTIVE:
(i)
To explain the meaning of Safety
(ii)
To explain the reasons for industrial safety
(iii)
To explain the meaning of safety consciousness and the need for safety policy
(iv)
To explain the importance of good house keeping
(v)
To explain the meaning of accident
(vi)
To outline some factors that may lead to accident
(vii)
To explain how accident could be prevented
(viii)
To explain the effects of accident.
INTRODUCTION
14.1
To explain the meaning of Safety
14.2
To explain the reasons for industrial safety
14.3
To explain the meaning of safety consciousness and the need for safety policy
14.3.1 Safety consciousness explained

14.3.2 Factor inimical to safety consciousness
14.3.3 Safety Policy.
14.4
Good House-keeping
14.5
The meaning of accident
14.6
Factors that may lead to accident
14.6.1 Immediate Conditions

14.6.2 Supervisory Safety Performance
14.6.3 Mental Condition of Persons
14.6.4 Physical Condition of persons
14.6.5 Type of accidents
14.6.6 Result of accident
14.7
Accident prevention
14.7.1 Safeguard the work area
14.7.2 Safeguard the work method

14.7.3 Safeguard the worker
14.8
Effects of accident
14.8.1 Cost to the firm

14.8.2 Cost to the supervisor
14.8.3 Cost to the nation
15. TOPIC:
Safe Distances For Work near Live Electrical Equipment
OBJECTIVE:
(i)
To explain the meaning of Limit and absolute limit of approach
(ii)
To outline the limit of approach and absolute limit of approach for various
voltage ranges.
15.1
INTRODUCTION:
15.2
Limit of approach explained
15.3
Table of limit of approach explained
15.4
Absolute limit of approach explained
15.5
Table of absolute limit of approach
16.
TOPIC:
Grounding Precautions
OBJECTIVE:
(i)
To explain the procedure for grounding an isolated O/H line
INTRODUCTION
16.1
Outline of grounding procedure
17.
TOPIC:
Safe Climbing Practices
OBJECTIVE:
17.1
INTRODUCTION:
17.2
Climbing precautions outlined
18.
TOPIC: Components of Distribution Power Line

OBJECTIVE:
(i)
To outline the component parts and uses
18.0
INTRODUCTION:
18.1
Conductors
18.2
Poles
18.3
Crossarms
18.4
Stays and Anchors
18.5
Insulator and Insulator Pin
18.6
Tie Straps
19.
TOPIC:
ITEMIZATION OF LT MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
INTRODUCTION:
19.1
L/T materials and equipments itemized
20.
TOPIC:
Itemization of 11KV Materials and Equipments
OBJECTIVE:
(i)
To familiarize the tradesman with the list of 11KV material
INTRODUCTION
20.1
11KV materials and equipments itemized
21
TOPIC: Itemization of 33KV Materials and equipment

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To familiarize the tradesman with the list of 33kv materials
INTRODUCTION:
21.1
33KV Materials and equipment itemized.
22.
TOPIC: Line Conductors And Insulators

OBJECTIVES:
To explain the common materials used for overhead distribution lines
(i)
To explain the materials used in making insulators
(ii)
To explain why pin insulators are designed with skirts
(iii)
To explain the meaning of Dry and Wet arc-over
(iv)
To compare glass insulator to porcelain insulators
INRODUCTION:
Materials used for line conductors
22.1.1 Description of Copper Conductor
22.1.2 Description of Aluminium Conductor
22.1.3 Comparison of Aluminium and Copper Conductors
22.1.4 Steel Conductors
22.1.5 Practical areas of use of Aluminium, Steel and Copper Conductors.
23
OPIC: LADDERS
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the type of ladders used in NEPA
(ii)
To explain the purpose ladders
(iii)
To explain the various types of ladders
(iv)
To illustrate the inspection of extension ladders
(v)
To illustrate the inspection of sectional
(vi)
To illustrate care and maintenance of ladders
(vii)
To illustrate how to use extension ladders
(viii)
To illustrate how to use sectional ladders
(ix)
To illustrate Fiberglass ladders
(x)
To illustrate self-check instruction.

INTRODUCTION:
23.1
Types of ladders
23.2
Purpose of ladders
23.3
Various types of ladder
23.4
Inspection of extension ladders
23.5
Inspection of sectional ladders
23.6
Care and maintenance of ladders
23.7
Practical uses of extension ladders
23.8
Practical uses of sectional ladders
23.9
Practical uses of Fiberglass ladders
23.10 Self-check instruction.
DLM BASIC STAGE II

COURSE CONTENTS:
1.
Magnetism And Electromagnet
2.
Generation of EMF
3.
Fundamentals of Mutual Induction
4.
General classification of Transformers
5.
Distribution Transformers
6.
Electrical Energy and Power
7.
Nature of Electricity
8.
Series, Parallel And Series-Parallel Circuits.
9.
Distribution Network Fuses
10.
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
11.
Earthing (Permanent And Temporary)
12.
Feeder Pillar
13.
Ring Mains Unit (RMU)
14.
Lightning Arresters And Rod Gaps
15.
Pulling Forces On A Conductor Intension
16.
The Combine Forces Exerted By An Angle
17.
The Additional Weight Developed By Raising The Conductor
18.
The Increase Weight Or tension Force Developed by Block Or Traveler Friction
19.
Application of Factor of Safety on Line Construction
20.
Simple Pulley
21.
The Recoiling of Tackle Blocks
22.
Pole Mounted Transformer Installation And Connection
23.
Lightning arresters Installation And Connections
24. J & P Fuses Installation And Connection

DISTRIBUTION LINE MAINTENANCE BASIC STAGE II:
1. TOPIC: MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
OBJECTIVES:
To explain the origin of natural magnet
To study the nature of magnets
To explain the magnetic field about a magnet
To learn the basic principles of electromagnetism
To explain the rules for determining the direction and magnitude of magnetic flux
around conductors and coils
To see how electromagnetism is used in the electrical industry.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Origin of natural magnet
1.2
The nature of magnet
1.3
The characteristic of magnetic flux
1.4
Basic principles of electromagnetism
1.5
Rules for determining the direction and magnitude of magnetic flux around
conductors and coils
1.6
Practical uses of electromagnetism in the electrical industry like NEPA
2.
TOPIC: GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL PRESSURE (EMF)

OBJECTIVE:
(i)
To explain the principles of electrical generation
(ii)
To illustrate the principles of the alternating current generator
(iii)
To illustrate how direct current is obtained
(iv)
To describe the basic construction of a generator.
INTRODUCTION:
Principles of electrical generation
2.1
Alternating current generator principles
2.2
Generation of direct current (D>C)
2.3
Basic construction of a generator.
3.
TOPIC: FUNDAMENTAL OF MUTUAL INDUCTION

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the principle of mutual induction or transformation
(ii)
To explain direct current (DC) Transformation and its application
(iii)
To illustrate Alternating current (AC) Transformation and its application
(iv)
To describe single-phase and three-phase transformation
INTRODUCTION:
4.
3.1
Principle of mutual induction or Transformation
3.2
Direct Current (DC) transformation and its application
3.3
Alternating current (AC) transformation and its application
3.4
Single-phase and three-phase Transformation.
TOPIC: GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS

OBJECTIVES:
1.
To name the types of Transformers common to the Power Industry
2.
To identify the importance of transformers in an electrical industry.
INTRODUCTION:
Types of Transformers
4.1
The importance of Transformer
5. TOPIC: DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain basic knowledge of transformation and the transformation process
(ii)
To illustrate the construction details of distribution transformers
(iii)
To discuss Protection, Taps, Polarity, Ratings and other designs of Distribution

Transformers
(iv)
To explain how to secure transformer ratio using volt-meters
(v)
To explain how to check polarity by the alternating current and the direct
current methods
(vi)
To explain the measurement at impedance.

INTRODUCTION:
Basic knowledge of transformers and the transformation process

5.1
Construction details of distribution transformers
5.2
Protection, Taps, Polarity, Ratings and other designs of distribution Transformers
5.3
Transformer ratio using volt-meters
5.4
Polarity by the alternating current and the direct current methods
5.5
Measurement of impedance.
6. TOPIC: ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER

OBJECTIVE:
1.
To explain the fundamentals of power and energy
2.
To illustrate the relationship between various power units
3.
To describe the alternative expression for power
6.0
INTRODUCTION
6.1
Fundamentals of power and energy
6.2
Relationship between various power units
6.3
Alternative expression for power
7. TOPIC: NATURE OF ELECTRICITY

OBJECTIVE
(i)
To explain the nature of matter
(ii)
To discuss electron theory
(iii)
To explain electric current
(iv)
To explain the basic precautions for safety operation
7.0
INTRODUCTION:
7.1
The nature of matter
7.2
The electron theory
7.3
The electric current
7.4
Basic precautions for safety operation.
8. TOPIC: SERIES, PARALLEL AND SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance
(ii)
To explain series circuit calculation problems
(iii)
To explain the relationship between Current, Voltage and Resistance in a

Parallel Circuit
(iv)
To explain parallel circuit calculation problems
(v)
To illustrate the effect of electrical quantities connected in series, parallel and

series parallel.
INTRODUCTION
8.1
Relationship between current, voltage and resistance in a series circuit
8.2
Series circuit calculations
8.3
Relationship between current, voltage and resistance in a parallel circuit
8.4
Parallel circuit calculations
8.5
Effect of electrical quantities connected in series, parallel and series-parallel.
9.
TOPIC: DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FUSES
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the meaning of Fuse
(ii)
To explain the nature of fuse
(iii)
To explain the various types of fuses
(iv)
To discuss the ratings of fuses

INTRODUCTION:
9.1
Meaning of fuse
9.2
Nature of fuse
9.3
Types of fuses
9.4
Various rating of fuses.
10. TOPIC: MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the working principles of a miniature circuit breaker
(ii)
To illustrate the advantage of MCB over cut out fuse
(iii)
To describe various ratings of MCB
INTRODUCTION:
Miniature circuit breaker working principles
10.1
Advantages of MCB over cut-out fuse
10.2
Miniature circuit breaker ratings.
11.
TOPIC EARTHING
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the meaning of earthing
(ii)
To explain the reasons for earthing
(iii)
To differenciate temporal earthing.
(iv)
To describe the procedure for HT and LT earthing
(v)
To describe the procedure for temporary earthing

INTRODUCTION
11.1
Earthing
11.2
Reasons for earthing
11.3
Difference between temporary earthing and permanent earthing
11.3.1 Procedure for HT Earthing
11.3.2 Procedure for LT Earthing

11.3.3 Procedure for Temporary Earthing.
12.
TOPIC: FEEDER PILLAR

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the types of feeder pillar
(ii)
To describe the construction detail of feeder pillar
(iii)
To explain the basic precautionary measures to be taken when working in the

feeder pillar
INTRODUCTION:
12.1
Types of Feeder Pillar
12.2
Construction details of Feeder Pillar
12.3
Basic Safety precautions when working in Feeder Pillar.
13.
TOPIC: R. M. U.
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the meaning of RMU
(ii)
To discuss types of RMU
(iii)
To explain the construction details
(iv)
To illustrate the switching and operation of R.M.U.

INTRODUCTION
13.1
Definition of R..M. U.
13.2
The types of R.M.U.
13.3
The construction details of R.M.U
13.4
Mode of Operation.
TOPIC:
Lightning Arresters and Rod Gaps
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the theory of Lightning
(ii)
To explain the equipment used to control the effect of lightning
(iii)
Describe the construction details of lightning arresters and rod gap
(iv)
Illustrate the connection and working principles of lightning arrester and rod gap
INTRODUCTION
14.1
The theory of lightning
14.2
Controlling the effect of lightning
14.3
Construction details of lightning arrester and rod gaps
14.4
Connection and working principles of lightning arresters and rod gaps
15.
TOPIC: Pulling Forces On A Conductor Intension

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To discuss determination of Conductor Tension

INTRODUCTION:
15.1
Determination of Conductor Tension
16.
TOPIC:
The Combine Forces Exerted By An Angle
OBJECTIVES:
To explain the combination of the conductor weight and the bisect tension
INTRODUCTION:
16.1
Calculate the weight of a conductor supported by an angle pole
17.
TOPIC: The Additional Weight Developed By Raising The Conductor

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To discuss additional weight developed by raising the conductor

INTRODUCTION:
17.1
Additional weight developed by raising the conductor.
18.
TOPIC: The Increased weight Or Tension Force Developed By Block Or

Traveller Friction
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the increased weight or tension force developed by Block or Traveller

Friction.
INTRODUCTION:
18.1
Practical used of rope blocks in the line trade to ease tension
19.
TOPIC: Application Of Factor Of Safety On Line Materials

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain tensil stress
(ii)
To explain compressive stress
(iii)
To explain shear stress
(iv)
To explain ultimate tensil stress
(v)
To illustrate factor of safety
(vi)
To illustrate working stress of the materials
19.1
Tensil stress
19.2
Compressive Stress
19.3
Shear Stress
19.4
Ultimate Tensil Stress
19.5
Factor of Safety
19.6
Working Stress of the material
20
TOPIC:
Simple Pulley
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the principle of Pulley
(ii)
To determine the efficiency of pulley
(iii)
To state the practical application of pulley machines.

INTRODUCTION:
20.1
Principle of pulley
20.2
Determining the efficiency of pulley
20.3
Practical application of simple pulley machines in the line trade
21.
TOPIC: The Reeving of Tackle Blocks

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain how to reeve tackle blocks
(ii)
To illustrate the method of reeving a set of triple blocks

INTRODUCTION:
21.1
Reeving of Tackle Block
21.2
Reeving a set of triple block.
22.
TOPIC: Pole Mounted Transformer installation and connection

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the procedures for pole mounted transformer installation.

INTRODUCTION
22.1
Itemization of standard Procedures for Pole Mounted transformer.
23.
TOPIC: Ligbtning arrester Installation and connection

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain what lightining arrester is
(ii)
To explain the reason for the use of lightning arrester in electrical distribution
system
(iii)
To illustrate how it operates and the various ratings
(iv)
To explain how its installed and connected
(v)
To explain various types of lightning arrester.

INTRODUCTION:
23.1
The nature of lightning arrester
23.2
The reason for lightning arrester
23.3
How it operates and the various ratings for each voltage
23.4
Basic installation and connection
23.5
Various types of lightning arrester
24.
TOPIC:
J & P Fuses Installation And Connection
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the connection details of J&P Fuse Installation.

INTRODUCTION:
24.1
Installation details of connection of J & P Fuses
BASIC LINES MAINTENANCE STAGE III

COURSE CONTENTS:
1.
Systematic approach to fault clearing on O/H Lines
2.
Procedure for changing a broken cross-arm
3.
Precautions for the replacement of blown fuses on Feeder Pillars and RMUs
4.
Procedure to replace damaged poles
5.
Load reading and balancing
6.
Introduction to electrical meters
7.
Construction and operation of a Galvanometer
8.
DC Meters
9.
AC Meters
10.
Wattmeter Instrument
11.
Energy Meter
12.
Meters for Residential Premises
13.
Clip-on Ammeter.
BASIC LINES MAINTENANCE STAGE III

1.
TOPIC: Systematic Approach To Fault Clearing On O/H Lines

OBJECTIVE:
To describe the approaches to be followed to clear over head line faults

INTRODUCTION:
Categorization of Faults
1.1
Approaches
2.
TOPIC: Procedure for Changing A Broken Cross-Arm

OBJECTIVES
(i)
To state some causes of wooden cross-arm failure
(ii)
To list the materials required to change a broken X-arm
(iii)
To state the tools required for the job
(iv)
To describe the procedure
INTRODUCTION
2.1
Causes of Wooden X-Arm Failure
2.2
Materials
2.3
Tools
2.4
Procedure
3.
TOPIC: Precautions for the Replacement of Blown Fuses on F.Ps & RMUS
OBJECTIVES
To explain the necessary procedure to be adopted before replacing a blown fuse
INTRODUCTION
3.1
Checks and Inspections To be carried out
3.2
Precautions To Be Observed
4.
TOPIC: Procedure To Replace Damaged Poles

OBJECTIVES
(i)
To state some of the reasons for pole failure
(ii)
To list the materials and tools required for the job
(iii)
To describe the procedure

INTRODUCTION
4.1
Reasons for Pole Failure
4.2
List of Tools and Materials Required
4.3
Procedure
5.
TOPIC: Load Reading And Balancing

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain the importance of load reading and balancing
(ii)
Loading reading with Clip-On Ammeter
(iii)
Voltage reading with Avometer

INTRODUCTION
5.1
Importance of Load Reading and Balancing
5.2
Load Reading with Clip-on Ammeter
5.3
Voltage reading with Avometer
6.
TOPIC: Introduction to Electrical Meters

OBJECTIVES
To explain the basic concept of electrical meters as an introduction to the series of
lessons in the meter and metering course.
INTRODUCTION
6.1
A list of various Meters and the Quantities the measure.
7.
TOPIC: Construction and Operation of A Galvanometer

OBJECTIVES:
To describe the construction and principles of operation of a Galvanometer
INTRODUCTION
7.1
Construction Details of A Galvanometer
7.2
Principles of Operation.
8.
TOPIC: D. C. Meters
OBJECTIVES
To explain the difference in construction between a Galvanometer, an Ammeter
and a Voltmeter.
INTRODUCTION
8.1
Functions of Shunts and Multipliers
8.2
Reasons for Uniform Scale
8.3
Why D. C. Meters are unsuitable for A. C
9.
TOPIC: A. C. Meters
OBJECTIVES
To explain the construction details and the principle of operation of A. C. Meters
INTRODUCTION
9.1
Moving iron instrument repulsion type
9.2
Moving iron instrument attraction type
10.
TOPIC: Wattmeter instrument

OBJECTIVES
To explain the basic construction and principles of operation of a Wattmeter.
INTRODUCTION
10.1
Construction details
10.2
Principles of Operation
11.
TOPIC: Energy Meter

OBJECTIVES
To describe the construction and principles of operation of an induction type of
energy meter.
11.1
Construction Details
11.2
Principles of Operation
12.
TOPIC: Meters for Residential Premises

OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To describe the basic connections of KWH Meters
(ii)
To describe the installation of Kwh Meters
(iii)
Basic connections of 30 4 wire Kwh meter
(iv)
To explain how to replace damaged meters
(v)
To explain how to estimate consumers load

INTRODUCTION
12.1
Connections of Kwh Meters
12.2
Practical demonstration on how to install Kwh Meters
12.3
Connections of 30 4 wire meters
12.4
Description of the procedure of replacing a damaged Kwh meter
12.5
Method of load estimation
13.
TOPIC: Clip-On Ammeter

OBJECTIVES
To describes how to use the Clip on Ammeter
INTRODUCTION
13.1
Practical demonstration of the use of Clip-on Ammeters.
DISTRIBUTION LINES MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM

COURSE TITLE: Updating course
DURATION:
Two (2) weeks
DESIGNED FOR: Officer Grade III and above

COURSE CONTENT:
1.
Generation of Single Phase Voltage
2.
Generation of Single Phase Voltage
3.
Generation of 3 Phase Voltage
4.
Resistive, Inductive and Capacitance Loads
5.
Power factor
6.
Power in a Single Phase Circuit
7.
Power in a 3 Phase Circuit
8.
Simple machines for Line Work
9.
Circuit Breakers
10.
Air Switches
1.
TOPIC: Transformer
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
To explain transformer losses
(ii)
To explain transformer cooling methods
(iii)
to show how the efficiency of a transformer can be determined

INTRODUCTION
Losses in a Transformer
1.1
Cooling Methods
1.2
Efficiency of a Transformer
2.
TOPIC: Genertion of Single Phase Voltage

OBJECTIVE
To describe the Generation of a Single Phase Voltage
INTRODUCTION
2.1
Single Phase Generation
3.
TOPIC: Generation of 3 Phase Voltage

OBJECTIVE
To describe the generation of 3 Phase Voltage
INTRODUCTION
3.1
3 Phase Generation
4.
TOPIC: Inductive, Resistive and Capacitive Loads

OBJECTIVES
(i)
To show the behaviour of Current and Voltage on:

(a) Inductive Loads
(b) Resistive Loads
(c) Capacitive Loads
(ii)
To define impedance
(iii)
To find the value of Current in:

(a) a series connected R, L, C.
(b) a parallel connected R, L, C.
(iv)
To explain and define P.F.

INTRODUCTION
4.1a
Effect of Current and Voltage in Inductive Loads
4.1b
Effect of Current and Voltage in Resistive Loads
4.1c
Effect of Current and Voltage in Capacitive Loads
4.2
Impedance
4.3a
Series Connected R. L and C.
4.3b.
Parallel Connected R.L and C
5.
Power Factor
5.1
Effects of Low P.F.
5.2
P.F. improvement
6.
TOPIC: Power in A Single Phase Circuit

OBJECTIVE
To explain how to calculate power in a 30 circuit.
Method
7.
TOPIC: Power in 3 Phase Circuit

OBJECTIVE
To explain how to calculate power in a 30 circuit.
Method
8.
TOPIC: Simple Machines for line Work

OBJECTIVE
(i) To describe the principle of operation of the screw jack and its field of
application
(ii) To describe the principle of operation and the field of application of
Hydraulic Jack .
Description of the Screw Jack
KA, VR and Efficiency of the Screw Jack
Field of Application
Description of the Hydraulic Jack
Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio and the Efficiency of the hydraulic Jack
Field of application
9.
TOPIC: Circuit Breakers

OBJECTIVE:
(i) To describe the construction and principles of operation of A. C. 3s
(ii) To describe the construction and operation of O.C. 3s
(iii) To describe the construction and operation of SF6

INTRODUCTION
Construction of an Air Circuit Breaker
9.1.2
Operation of an Air Circuit Breaker

Construction of an Oil Circuit Breaker
Operation of an Oil Circuit Breaker
Construction of an SF6
Operation of an SF6
Maintenance details of an SF6
10.
TOPIC: Air Switches

OBJECTIVES:
(i) To highlight the type of air switches in use by NEPA
(ii) To describe the principle of operation of arc switches
(iii) to describe arc interruption principles of air switches.
INTRODUCTION
10.1
Types of Air Switches
10.2
Operation of Air Switches
10.3
Arc interruption in Air Switches

CABLE JOINTING SECTION
Course Title:
Cable Jointing Basic Course Stage 1
Duration:
Four (4) Weeks
Entry Behaviour: WASC/GCE

Designed for:
Cable Jointers Mate learner/Staff III
Methodology:
Lectures and Practical Work
Objective:
At the end of the course, participants should be able to:
Appreciate their roles as Cable Jointers
Apply and observe various safety measures
Care and maintain tools used in jointing
Identify various Electrical Equipments, parts of cables and their functions
Carryout various low voltage termination and joints with minimal supervision
Make use of jointings and soldering materials.
COURSE CONTENT:
CABLE JOINTING STAGE 1
1.0
Introduction Cable Jointing
2.0
Care and uses of Cable Jointing tools
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Instruction on caring for tools
2.3
Use of tools
2.4
Cleanliness
2.5
Orderliness
3.0
Jointing Metals and soldering materials
3.1
Introduction
3.2
To solder a cable socket
3.3
Diagram
3.3 Fig. 1
Inserting prepared cable into cable socket
3.3 Fig. 2
Making up level of socket
3.4
Procedure
4.0
Technique of soldering Electrical component
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Tinning
5.0
Cable laying techniques
6.0
Basic safety rules and rules on underground cable
7.0
Standard protection code (SPC)
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Agent
7.3
Alive
7.4
Approval
7.5
Apparatus
7.6
Authorized
7.7
Caution Tag
7.8
De-energise
7.9
District
7.10
Ground or Earth
7.11
Hold-off
7.12
Isolated
7.13
Lines
7.14
Protection Guarantee
7.15
Qualified
7.16
Rules
7.17
Station
7.18
Station Guarantee
7.19
Work-permit
7.20
Work and Test permit
8.0
Duties and responsibilities of cable 3.
9.0
Electrical Devices & Equipment
9.1
Transformer
9.2
O. C. B
9.3
R.M.U
9.4
Feeder Pillar
9.5
Fuse
9.6
Earth wire
9.7
Neutral wire
9.8
Condenser
9.9
Pot head
9.10
Lightening Arrester
9.11
Hydro Electric generation
9.12
Thermal Electric generation
9.13
Grid system
9.14
Isolator
9.15
Ground Isolator
9.16
Sky wire
9.17
Generator
9.18
Schematic Diagrams
9.18 Fig. 1
Transformer
9.18 Fig. 2
O. C. B
9.18 Fig. 3
R. M.U
9.18 Fig. 4
R.M.U with extension
9.18 Fig. 5
R.M.U with two extension
9.18 Fig. 6
Feeder Pillar
9.18 Fig. 7
Oil Fuse Switch
9.18 Fig. 8
D Fuse
9.18 Fig. 9
Line Isolator
9.18 Fig 10
O.C.B
9.18 Fig. 11
Switch Fuse
9.18 Fig. 12
Earth
9.18 Fig. 13
Underground Cable
9.18 Fig. 14
Overhead line
9.18 Fig. 15
Fuse Switch
9.18 Fig. 16
Generator
9.18 Fig. 17
Batteries
9.18 Fig. 18
Capacitor
9.18 Fig. 19
Delta
9.18 Fig. 20
Star
10.0
Circle
10.1
Introduction
10.2
Diameter
10.3
Radius
10.4
Constant
10.5
Parallel line
10.6
Horizontal straight line
10.7
Angle
10.8
Isosceles triangle
10.9
A riladrant
10.10
A Sector
10.11
An Arc
10.12
A cord
10.13
A segment
10.14
A tangent
10.15
Diagrams
10.15 Fig. 1
Circle
10.15 Fig. 2
Diameter and Radius
10.15 Fig. 3
Parallel line
10.15 Fig. 4
Horizontal and vertical line
10.15 Fig. 5
Circle showing point of content, tangent, Quadrant, Radius

Diameter Cord, sector and segment.
11.0
Fundamental of Cables and Application
11.1
Introduction
11.2
Shapes of Conductor
11.3
Concentric Round
11.4
Compact concentric round
11.5
Annular concentric
11.6
Segmental
11.7
Sector conductor
11.8
Hollow core
11.9
Diagram
11.9 Fig. 1
Concentric
11.9 Fig. 2
Segmental
11.9 Fig. 3
Annular concentric
11.9 Fig. 4
Sector
11.9 Fig. 5
Hollow care
12.0
Preparation of Cable Ground
12.1
Tools Recommended for use
12.2
Material Recommend
12.3
Procedure
12.4
Diagram
12.4 Fig. 1
Cable Gland
12.4 Fig. 2
Procedure of Cutting Cable Gland
13.0
Types of Cable fault
14.0
Things that can lead to the failure of the joint during construction
15.0
Application of connectors
15.1
Introduction
15.2
Types of connectors and sizes
15.3
Application
15.4
Diagrams
15.5 Fig. 1-7

16.0
Limit of Approach
16.1
Introduction
16.2
Normal voltage range and distance
16.2
Absolute limit of approach
16.3
For qualified personnel
17.0
Types of Cable used in NEPA
17.1
Introduction
17.2
PILC
17.3
PVC
17.4
CLPE
17.5
Diagrams
17.5 Fig 1
PILC 3 Core
17.5 Fig. 2
PILC 3 Core double screen belted
17.5 Fig. 3
PILC 3 Core type H cable
17.5 Fig. 4
PVC Cable 4 core
17.5 Fig. 5
XLPE simple core
17.5 Fig. 6
XLPE (Thermoteen) single core
17.5 Fig. 7
XLPE (Thermoteen) three core
17.5 Fig. 8
XLPE (Silicon carbride) cable single core
18.0
Definition of electrical terms
18.1
Current
18.2
Voltage
18.3
Resistance
18.4
Ampere
18.5
Volt
18.6
Ohm
18.7
D1 Electric
18.8
Skin Effect
18.9
Corona
18.10
Birdcaping
18.11
Capacitance
18.12
Electric Stress
19.0
Insulating Tapes
19.1
Introduction
19.2
White Cotton Tape
19.3
Lassovic Tape
19.4
Ozokerite Tape
19.5
Holborn Tape
19.6
Adhensive Tape
19.7
Densotape
19.8
Kaleories Tape
20.0
Application of insulating tape
20.1
Instruction
20.2
Method
20.3
Diagram
21.0
Impregnation of insulating tapes
21.1
Materials required
21.2
Tools Required
21.3
Method
21.4
Diagram
22.0
Striping of Cable (PILC, PVC, XLPE)
23.0
Standard sizes of common cables and their current carrying capacity
23.1
Overhead
23.2
Underground Cable
24.0
Electric Cable Conductors
24.1
Introduction
24.2
Conductor
24.3
Stranding
24.4
Working examples
25.0
Low voltage termination
25.1
Outdoor termination PVC 4 Core
25.2
Indoor termination to feeder pillar/LV Switch Gear with PVC 4-Core

Cable.
26.0
Good House Keeping.

Course Title:
Cable Jointing Basic Course Stage II
Duration:
Four (4) Weeks
Entry Behaviour:
WASC/GCE
Designed for:
Cable Jointers Staff II who have completed Stage 1
Methodology:
Lecture and practical work in the field
Objective:
Carryout all low voltage joints and termination without supervision
Perform insulation Resistance test
Have Basic understanding on the fundamentals of cable and their application
Carryout various high voltage joints and terminations using thermosetting,

premoulded and prestreched materials with minimum supervision.
Trace Cable fault
Appreciate Generation of E.M.F
Explain the meaning of Dielectric field and shielding.
COURSE CONTENT:
CABLE JOINTING STAGE II
1.0
Fundamental of Cables and Application
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Shapes of conductor
1.3
Concentric round
1.4
Compact concentric round
1.5
Annular concentric
1.6
Segmental
1.7
Sector conductor
1.8
Hollow core
6.5
Main requirements of a joint
6.6
Tools/materials required to prepare tee joint
6.7
Preparation
6.8
Jointing procedure
6.9
Diagram
6.10
Fig. 1 7
7.0
High Voltage Cable Termination
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Improving the Electrical characteristic
8.0
Raychem premolded/prestressed component and function
8.1
Parts of Elastimold and functions
8.2
Contents of 3m pole mounted termination and function
9.0
Test on Cable Jointing
9.1
Head Test
9.2
Moisture Test
9.3
Potential test
9.4
Insulation Resistance test
9.5
Capacitance test
9.6
High potential test/acceptance test (Hipo 1) continuity test
10.0
Techniques of soldering Electrical component
10.1
Introduction
10.2
Tinning
11.0
Application of insulation materials
11.1
Heat shrinkable material
11.2
B.I.C.C Bundy
11.3
Elastimold
11.4
3M
11.5
Raychem
11.6
B.I.C.C
12.0
Elastimold Elbow termination
12.1
Introduction
12.2
Preparation
12.3
Installation of Adaptor
12.4
Installation of the Elbow on bushing
12.5
Content of the kits Elbow Housing
12.6
Diagram
3.0
3m pole mounting terminating
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Content of the kit
3.3
Preparation of the Cable
3.4
Application of Material
13.5
Diagram
4.0
Raychem Indoor and Outdoor termination
4.1
General Instruction
14.2
Contents of the kit
14.3
Terminating Instruction
14.4
Application of Jointing Materials
14.5
Diagram
15.0
Raychem Straight Through Joint for Belted 3 core MIND paper insulated cable
12KV.
15.1
General Instruction
15.2
Cable Preparation
15.3
Size of conductor (mm2 )
15.4
Location of part in crutch Area
15.5
Dimensions of connection Area
15.6
Dimension in (mm2 )
15.7
Location of parts in complete joint
15.8
Completion of joint
16.0
Feeder pillar
16.1
Definition
16.2
Types of feeder pillar
16.3
Parts of Feeders
16.4
Description
16.5
Causes of faults on feeder pillar
17.0
Earthing
17.1
Introduction
17.2
Reason for earthing
17.3
Earthing tool and material
17.4
Earth procedure
17.5
Earth terms
18.0
Limit of Approach
18.1
Introduction
18.2
Normal voltage range and distance
18.3
Absolute limit of approach
18.4
For qualified personnel
19.0
Electric Cable Conductor
19.1
Introduction
19.2
Conductor
19.3
Stranding
19.4
Working examples
20.0
Grounding of Cables and sub-station equipments
20.1
Tools and materials
20.2
Earthing of grounding
20.3
Diagrams
20.3 Fig. 1
High voltage cable end box
20.3 Fig. 2
Feeder pillar showing earthing point
21.0
Electic device and equipment
22.0
Application of connector
22.1
Introduction
22.2
Types of connectors and sizes
22.3
Application
22.4
Fig. 1 7

Course Title:
Updating (Basic Course 3)
Duration:
Three (3) weeks
Entry Behaviour:
WASC/STAFF 1 (Cables)
Objectives:
i.
Carryout all high voltage joints and terminations without supervision
ii.
Plan and construct an outdoor distribution sub-station
iii.
Carryout improvisation in Cable Jointing
iv.
Be conversant with all distribution electrical equipments and their operations.
COURSE CONTENT
1.0
Electric Cable Conductor
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Conductor
1.3
Stranding
1.4
Cross sectional area
2.0
Insulating materials for wire and cable
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Thermoplastic
2.2.1
Polyvinyl Chloride
2.2.2
Polythylene
2.3
Thermosetting
2.3.1
Natural rubber
2.3.2
Styrene Butadiene Rubber
2.3.3
Isobutylene Isoprene Rubber
2.3.4
Chloroprene rubber
2.3.5
Silicon Rubber
2.4
Mineral
2.4.1
Mica
2.4.2
Asbestos
2.4.3
Magnesium oxide
2.5
Miscellaneous
2.5.1
Paper
2.5.2
Vanish Cambric
3.0
Test on Cable Jointing
3.1
Moisture Test
3.2
Insulation resistance test
3.3
Capacitance test
3.4
High potential acceptance test
4.0
High voltage cable termination
4.1
Improving the electrical characteristic
5.0
Transition joint
5.1
General instruction
5.2
Jointing Instruction
5.3
Cable preparation
5.4
Completion of joint
6.0
Improvisation of material in Cable Jointing
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Data on basic elements of power cables and material equivalent
6.3
Points to be noted in improvisation
6.4
Practical guides
6.4.1
Differentiating HV Cables from LV Cable/Maerial
6.4.2
Use of HV Cable/Material for low voltage
6.4.3
Use of combination of substituting of premoulded, prestretched, thermosttting

(etc) materials in single or multicore cable.
6.4.4
Use of Raychem materials (Angle Bushing) on single or multicore cable in

absence in Elbow Housing vit on Plug in transformer.
6.4.5
Straight jointing of large size single core cables
6.5
Conclusion
7.0
33KV Termination (Out-door)
7.1
Contens of Jointing Kit
7.2
General Instruction
7.3
Termination Instruction
7.4
Application of Jointing materials
8.0
33KV Straight through joint
8.1
Contents of Jointing Kit
8.2
General instruction
8.3
Kit size (Table one)
8.4
Cable preparation
8.5
Maximum dimensions of connectors before installation (Table two).
8.6
Completion of Joint
9.0
Definition electrical devices and equipment with symbols
9.1
Transformer
9.2
Oil circuit breaker
9.3
RMU
9.4
Feeder Pillar
9.5
Fuse
9.6
Earth
9.7
Neutral wire
9.8
Condense
9.9
Lighting arresters
9.10
Pot head
9.11
Hydro electric generation
9.12
Thermal electric generation
9.13
Grid System
9.14
Sky wire
9.15
Current transformer
9.16
Isolator
9.17
Grounding Isolator
9.18
Symbols
10.0
Electrical Power System
10.1
Objective
10.2
Information
10.3
Hydro electric generation
10.4
Thermal electric generation
10.5
To describe transmission equipment
10.6
A typical 3 phase NEPA power circuit.
11.0
Electrical energy and power
11.1
Objectives
11.2
Introduction
11.3
Power and energy
11.4
Alternative expression for power
12.0
Magnetism
12.1
Objectives
12.2
Introduction
12.3
Natural magnets
12.4
The nature of magnets
12.5
Poles
12.6
Magnetic field
13.0
Electromagnetism
13.1
Objectives
13.2
Introduction
13.3
Principles of electromagnetism
13.4
Magnetic lines around conductors
13.5
Practical uses of electromangnetism
14.0
Transformers (Distribution) principles of operations
14.1
Introduction
14.2
Essential parts
14.3
Operation
14.4
Turn ratio
14.5
Losses
14.6
Summary
14.7
Transformers for voltage transformation in power circuits
14.8
Transformer for regulation of voltage
14.8.1
Regulating transformer
14.8.2
Step-voltage regulator
14.8.3
Induction voltage regulator
14.9
Transformer for regulation of current
14.10
Transformer for metering and protection
14.10.1
Instrument transformers
14.10.1.1
Current transformer
14.10.1.2
Potential transformer
14.10.1.3
Grounding transformers
14.11
Accessory transformers
15.0
Fundamentals of mutual induction (Transformation).
15.1
Objectives
15.2
Introduction
15.3
Principle of mutual induction or transformation
15.4
Direct current (DC) Transformation and application
15.5
Alternating current (AC) transformation and its application
16.0
Ohms law
16.1
Application
17.0
Sub-Stations
17.1
Functions
17.2
Types
17.2.1
Injection
17.2.2
Distribution
17.3
Factors influencing location
17.4
Distribution Sub-Station equipments
17.4.1
Ring main unit
17.4.2
J & P D Fuse
17.4.3
Transformer
17.4.4
Feeder Pillar
17.4.5
HV Cable
17.4.6
LV Cables
17.5
Trenching and Cable laying
17.6
Fencing
17.7
Commissioning
18.0
Fuses
18.1
Definition
18.2
Types
18.3
Advantages
18.4
Disadvantages
19.0
Earthing
19.1
Introduction
19.2
Reasons for earthing
19.3
Earthing tools and materials
19.4
Earthing procedure
19.5
Earthing terms
20.0
Electric Circuit
20.1
Electrical safety and First Aid
22.0
First Aid
22.1
Introduction
22.2
Aim
22.3
Responsibilities of First Aider
22.4
Summary and essential of First Aid.
CABLE JOITING SECTION

Course Title:
Distribution Maintenance Workshop
Duration:
Three (3) weeks
Entry Behaviour:
WASC/OND
Designed for:
Cable Jointers, Electrical Filters and Linesmen (Officer IV

Officer 1)
Methodology
Objective:
Lectures and Practical Work

Supervie and ensure safety for various crew members
Carryout switching operation on outdoor equipments
Manipulate various testing equipments within a minimal interval
Locate and clear underground and overhead fault
Know the distribution network of his locality and obtain a reliable and minimal
fault free Distribution network.
COURSE CONTENT
1.0
Distribution Maintenance Workshop
1.1
Definition
1.1.1
Distribution
1.1.1
Maintenance
1.1.3
Workshop
1.2
Introduction
1.3
Objectives of Maintenance
1.4
Preventive Maintenance
1.5
Clue to preventive maintenance application
2.0
Ring Main Unit
2.1
Definition
2.2
Types
2.2.1
Long and Crawford
2.2.2
R3
2.2.3
J3
2.2.4
GF3
2.3
Lucy Oxford
2.3.1
DEOS
2.3.2
EOS
2.3.3
EFS
2.4
Construction Features
2.4.1
Internal arrangements
2.4.2
Oil
2.4.3
Fuses
2.5
External Features
2.5.1
Switch and its operation
2.5.2
R3 and J3
2.5.3
GF3
2.5.4
DOES
2.5.5
EOS
2.5.6
EFS
2.6
Lid or Cover
2.6.1
GF3
2.6.2
EFS
2.7
Cable end boxes
2.8
Padlocking
2.9
Test chamber
2.10
Installation and applications
2.11Advantages of a ring main unit

2.12
Switching procedure/precaution
2.13
Causes of faults/damage
2.14
Routine maintenance
3.0
Feeder pillars
3.1
Definition
3.2.0
Types of feeder pillars
3.2.1
Henley
3.2.2
Siemens
3.2.3
Lucy Oxford
3.3.0
Parts of feeder pillars
3.3.1
Cubicle
3.3.2
Incoming
3.3.3
Solid link
3.3.4
Bus bar
3.3.5
Outgoing Units
3.3.6
Fuses
3.3.7
Fuse handle
3.4.0
Description
3.5.0
Cause of faults on feeder pillars
3.6.0
Feeder pillar protection
3.7.0
Installation of feeder pillar
4.0
Network operation
4.1
Operating weapons
4.2
Sources or causes of HT and LT breakdown
4.3
Systematic approach to fault clearing
4.4
Load reading, shifting and back feeding
5.0
Clip-on Ammeter
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Principles of operations
5.3
Measurement
6.0
Fuses and circuits
6.1
Types of Fuses
6.2
Advantages
6.3
Disadvantages
7.0
Underground Cable Maintenance
7.1
To prove a cable isolated
7.2
To prove a cable insolated
7.3
Repair procedures
7.4
Armour
7.5
Lead Sheath
7.6
Protection from corrosion
7.7
Sheath inspection
7.8
Repairs
8.0
Hi potential acceptance test
8.1
Labelled Diagramme of Tester
8.2
Connection for testing of transformer
8.3
Connection for test between cable core and earth
8.4
Connection for test between conductors of cable
8.5
How to connect set for test
8.6
Voltage test
9.0
Electrical safety and first aid
9.1
Introduction
9.2
Objective
9.3
Causes of accident
9.4
Factors involving Electrical shock
9.5
Danger Associated with Electricity
10.0
Magnetism
11.0
Mutual induction (Transformation)

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POWER HOLDING COMPANY

Protection Control And Metering, SCADA

System Electrical Operations.

System Distribution Lines Maintenance &

POWER HOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA PLC

Basic System Protection P1

Protection for Technician PT

Basic APPLIED Electronics AE

Advance Applied Electronics - AE2

Generator Protection and Control P3

Power System Analysis and Planning PSAP

Engineering Project Management EP

Engineering Maintenance Management EM

Energy Management System EMS

SCADA System SCS

Analysis And Protection of Power System APPS

Power System Communication; Principles and Application CPA

Communication Equipments SCE

Protection And Digital Control System P&D

NATIONAL ELECTRIC POWER AUTHORITY

Basic System Protection (P1)

Engineering And technologists

INTRODUCTION TO RELAYING PROTECTION AND DEVICE NUMBERS:

Relay Types and Classification

Relay Operating Time

Primary and Secondary Relays

Electrical Power System Device Numbers and Functions

Devices performing more than one function

Representation of Device Contacts.

Control Symbols and Alphabets

Control Circuit Supplies

Single Line Diagrams

Reading of Schematic Diagrams.

FAULT STUDY, ANALYSIS AND SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

Fault Types and Causes

Necessity for fault calculations

Methods of Relay Co-ordination

Time Graded System

Current Graded System

Combination of Time and Current Graded System

Examples on Relay Co-ordination.

POWER TRANSFORMERS AND CONNECTIONS

Single Phase Units Versus Three Phase Units

Three Phase Transformer Connection or Vector Groups

Parallel Operation of Transformer

Phase Shift in Delta-Star/Star-Delta Transformation

Parallel Operation of DY11 and DY1 Transformers

Procedures in Parallel Operation

Using Phasing Sticks

By the methods of External Supply Source

By use of Voltage Transformer

Case Studies on Paralleling of Transformers

Three Winding Power Transformers

Cooling of Transformers and Cost Comparison of the cooling methods

Requirements and Characteristics of insulating Oil

Maintenance of Power Transformer

Theory of Current Transformer

Character of Current Transformers

Errors in Current Transformers

Common Definition of Terms Used with CTs

Selection of the Rated output or Burden

recommended Accuracy Class of Circuits for instruments and Relays