1:1

Introduction:

Power supplies are used in most electrical equipment.

Their applications cut across a wide spectrum of product
types, ranging from consumer appliances to industrial
utilities, from milliwatts to megawatts, from hand-held
tools to satellite communications.
Power supplies, which are used extensively in industrial
application, are often required to meet all or most of
the following specification:1- Controlled direction of power flow.
2- High power density for reduction of size and weight.
3- Isolation between the source and load.
4- High conversion efficiency.
5- Input and output waveforms with allow total
harmonic distortion for small filter.
6- Controlled power factor if the source is ac voltage.
depending on the type of output voltages the power
supplies can be categorized into two type :1- DC power supplies.
2- AC power supplies.

9 2) DC power supplies:-The ac dc converters can provide the isolation

between the input and output through an input
transformer, but the harmonic contents are high.
The switched mode regulator do not provide the
necessary isolation and the output power is low.
The common practices is to use two stage
conversion, ac dc, dc ac and ac to dc

 based on the type of conversion techniques and the

direction of power control , the dc power supplies can
be subdivided into three type :1- Switched mode power supplies.
2- Resonant power supplies.
3- Bidirectional power supplies.

(9 2.1) switched mode power

supplies :There are four common configurations with the
switched - mode:
- fly back.
- Push pull.
- Half bridge.
- Full bridge.
* The circuit topology for the fly back converter is
shown in fig (9 1) a.
When the transistor Q1 is turned on, the supply
voltage appears across the transformer primary and
a corresponding voltage is induced in the secondary.
When the Q1 is off, a voltage of opposite polarity is
induced in the primary by the secondary due to the
transformer action.
the minimum open circuit voltage of the
transistor is :V OC

=2

VS

___________________________________________________
__

 The peak transistor current is :IP

I s/ k

=2

Is

___________________________________________
Where:I s = average input current.
K = duty cycle.
The open circuit voltage of the transistor in fig (91)b is :V oc

Np

V s 1+(
Nr

Np
)
Nr

] _____________________________ (9 1)

are the number of turns on the primary

and reset winding respectively.

The reset turns ratio is related to the duty cycle
as :ar =
Nr / N p
=(1-k)/k
________________________________(9 2)

*the pull push configuration is shown in figure (9 1)c :

-when the Q1 is turned on, vs appear across one-half of
the primary.
When Q1 is turned on, vs. applied across the other half of
the transform.
The voltage of primary winding swings from (-vs to vs)
*the average output voltage is :VO

V2

=(

Ns

Np

V1

=a

Vs

aV 1

____________________(9-3)
*the open circuit voltage is:V OC

=2

VS

_____________________________________________
*the average current of transistor is:Ia

Is

/2

_________________________________________________
*and the peak transistor current is:IP

Is

_______________________________________________

*The half bridge is shown in fig (9 -1)d

When Q1 is on
primary.

V2

/S appears across the transformer

When Q2 is on reveres voltage of

the transformer primary.

Vs

/2 appears across

*the open circuit transistor voltage is:V OC

VS

_____________________________________________
*the peak transistor current is :IP

2Is

_______________________________________________
The average transistor current is :-

Ia

Is

______________________________________________________
The average output voltage is :VO

V2

=(

Ns

Np

V1

= 0.5 a

Vs

aV 1

____________________(9-4)

*The full bridge is shown in fig (9-1) e

When Q1 and Q2are turned on,

Vs

appears the primary

When Q3 and Q4 are turned on the primary voltage

reversed to - V s
*the average output voltage is:VO

V2

=(

Ns

Np

V1

=a

Vs

____________________(9-5)
*the open circuit transistor voltage is :-

aV 1

V OC

VS

_____________________________________________
*the peak transistor current is :IP

Is

_______________________________________________
*the average current of transistor is :Ia

I s /2

__________________________________________________

(9-2.2)-resonant dc power supplies :-

Resonant pulse inverters can be used if the variation

of the dc output voltage is not wide ,the inverter
frequency which could be the same as the resonant
frequency, is very high and the inverter output
voltage is almost sinusoidal.
*the half bridge and full bridge configuration of the
resonant inverters are shown in fig (9-2)

 (9-2.3) bidirectional power supplies

It is desirable to have bidirectional power flow
capability.
The direction of the power flow will depend on the
values of V O , V S and
Turns ratio (a=

Ns

Np

1.2 Linear Series Voltage Regulator:

A Zener diode regulator can maintain a fairly constant

voltage across a load resistor. It can be used to improve
the voltage regulation and reduce the ripple in a power
supply. However, the regulation is poor and the
efficiency is low because of the nonzero resistance in the
Zener diode. To improve the regulation and efficiency of
the regulator, we have to limit the Zener.

FIGURE 1.1

A linear series voltage regulator.

shows a switching regulator in a simplified form. The high

frequency switch converts the unregulated dc voltage
from one level to another dc level at an adjustable duty
cycle. The output of the dc supply is regulated by means
of a feedback control that employs a pulse-width
modulator (PWM) controller, where the control voltage is
used to adjust the duty cycle of the switch . Both linear
and switching regulators are capable of performing the
same function of converting an unregulated input into a
regulated output.
2

Current amplifying properties of the transistor, the

current in the Zener diode is reduced by a factor of
Hence there is a little voltage drop across the diode
resistance and the Zener diode approximates an ideal
voltage source. The output voltage ( Vo ) of the regulator
is

VZ = VZ +VBE

(1:1)

The change in output voltage is :

VO =

IDrd +

VZ +

ILre

VBE

( 1:2 )

Where rd is the dynamic resistance of the Zener diode

and re is the output resistance of the transistor. Assume
that Vi and Vz are constant.
that the series transistor work within the rated SOA and
be protected from excess heat dissipation because of
current overloads. The emitter to collector voltage VCE of
Q1 is given by :

VCE = Vi Vo

(1:3)

Thus, with specified output voltage, the maximum allowable

VCE for

Q1 is determined by the maximum input voltage to

regutator, the power dissipated dy Q1 can be
approximated by
given

PQ1

(Vi -VO)IL
( 1:4 )

FIGURE 1:2

Basic circuit of a linear series regulator.

Consequently, the maximum allowable power dissipated

inQ1 is determined by the combination of the input
voltage Vi and the load current IL of the regulator. For a
low output voltage and a high loading current regulator,
the power dissipated in the series transistor is about
50%of the power delivered to the output .

1.

2 .2 Regulating Control :

The series regulators shown in Figs. 1.2 and 1.3 do not

have feed back loops. Although they provide satisfactory
performance for m -any applications, their output
resistances and ripples cannot be reduced. Figure 20.7
shows an improved form of the series regulator, in which
negative feedback is employed to improve the
performance. In this circuit, transistor Q3 and Q4 form a
single- ended differential amplifier, and the gain of this
amplifier is established byR6 . Here DZ is a stable Zener
diode reference, biased byR4 . For higher accuracy, DZ

can be replaced by an IC reference such as the REF series

from Burr-Brown. Resistors R1 andR2 form a voltage
divider for output voltage sensing. Finally,
transistorsQ1andQ2form a Darlington pair output stage.
The ope- ration of the regulator can be explained as
follows .

FIGURE 1:3

A linear series regulator with Darlington

connected amplifier.

FIGURE 1.4

An improved form of discrete component

series regulator

1.2.2 Current Limiting and Overload

Protection:
In some series voltage regulators, overloading causes
permanent damage to the pass transistors. The pass
transistors must be kept from excessive power dissipation
under current overloads or sho- rt-circuit conditions. A
current-limiting mechanism must be used to keep the
current through the transistors to a safe value as determined by the power rating of the transistors. The
mechanism must be able to respond quickly to protect
the transistor and yet permit the regulator to return to .

FIGURE 1.5

An improved form of op-amp series

regulator.

normal operation as soon as the overload condition is

removed. One of the current-limiting techniques to
prevent current overlo- ad, called the constant currentlimiting method, is shown in Fig. 1.6a. Current-limiting is
achieved by the combined .

6
The voltage developed across the current-limit resistor R3
and the base-to-emitter voltage of current-limit
transistorQ3 is proportio- al to the circuit output current I L
During current overload,IL reaches a predetermined
maximum value that is set by the value of R3 to cause Q3
to conduct. As Q3 starts to conduct, Q3 shunts a portion
of the Q1 base current. This action, in turn, decreases and
limits IL to a maximum value IL(max) . Since the base-toemitter voltage VBE of Q3 cannotexceed 0.7 V, the voltage
across R3 is held at this value and IL(max) is limited to .

IL (MAX) = 0.7V/ R3

(1:5)

Consequently, the value of the short-circuit current is selected by

adjusting the value ofR3 The voltagecurrent characteristic of this
circuit is shown in Fig. (1:6)

(a)
7

(b)
FIGURE 1 .6 Series regulator with constant current
limiting:(a) circuit, (b) voltagecurrent characteristic .

1.3 Linear Shunt Voltage Regulator :

The second type of linear voltage regulator is the shunt regulator.
In the basic circuit shown in Fig. 1.7 the pass transistor Q1 is
connected in parallel with the load. A voltage dropping resistorR3
is in series with this parallel network. The operation of the circuit
is similar to that of the series regulator, except that regulation is
achieved by cont- rolling the current through Q1 The operation of
the circuit can be explained as follows. When the output voltage
tries to increase because of a change in load resistance, the voltage at the noninverting terminal of the operational amplifier also
increases.

8
IR3 =IQ1 + IL
IR3 = (Vi VO) /R3

(1:6)
(1:7)

FIGURE 1 .7

Basic circuit of a linear shunt regulator.

DC DRIVES :-

1:1

Introduction:

Dc drives can be classified in GENERAL INTO THREE

TYPE:1-single phase drives.
2-three phase drives.
3-choppre drives.

*basic characteristic of the dc motor:1- the field current ,if of a separately excited motor is in
depending on the armature current ia.
2-any change in armature current has no effect in the
field current.
3-the field current is normally much less than the
armature current.
*the instantaneous field current, if is described as:-

vf

dif
dt
Rf i f + L f

)__________________________

Under steady state condition the average quantities

are :f = Rf I f
V

___________________________________________(10-1)

g= K v I f
E

__________________________________________(10-2)

a+ E
a= R a I
V
a+ K v I f
Ra I

______________________________________(10-3)

T d=K t I f I

_______________________________________(10-4)

B + T l

V aRa I a
Kv Ia

a
1+cos for 0 a

V
V a= m
2

Vf=

Vm
( 1+csc f ) for 0 f

V a=

2Vm
csc a for 0

Vf=

2Vm
cos f for 0

V a=

2Vm
cos a for 0 a

Vf=

2Vm
cos f for 0 f

( v I f )2 + K 1 K 2 K v I f

Rm B

2( )
S
S
+
+1+
a+ a
( s) K 2 K r I f /(R m B)
=

V r (s )
a

( v I f )2+ K 1 K 2 K v I f

Rm B

2 ( )
S
S
+
+1+
a + a
(s) 1 /(B)(S a +1)
=

Tl
a m

-;Ac drives:_-

The ac motor have anumber of advantages they

are high weight,expensive,and of low maintenance
compared to dc motor ,they regwir control of
frequency,voltage and current for variable speed
application.
There two types of dc drives:
1-induction motor ac drives
2-synchronous motor drives

*induction motor drives

Three phase induction motors are commonly used in
adjustable speed drives and they have three phase stater
and roter winding.
The speed of rotation of the field is called the
synchronous speed.
s

= 2/p

P =number of pole
t

Flux linkage

cos (

(t)+-

(t))

Induce voltage per phase in rotor winding

er

Er

= -s 2

sin(s

(t)-)

-stator and rotor circuit

s

-slip(s)=

-stator copper loss

Pcu

=3

RS
V2

COR LOSS=3

Rm

I 2r

Gap power= 3

Rr

Develop power
Pd

I 2r s

=3
Td

Develop Torqe (

)=

Pd

cos

/ (1-S)
/

-in put power

Pi

=3

V s IS

-output power
Po

Efficiency

Pd

Pnoload

-stator voltage control

PO

Pi

PC

Pcu

Pg

S=

s m
s

p s u=3I sRs
2

P r u=3 I R
2

3V m 3 V s
Pc =

Rm
Rm

Pg =3 I 2r

Pd =p g p ru=p

Rn
s

g(1s)

+T d=

pd P g
=
m s

Pi=3 V s I s cos

Z=

m=P c+ P SU + P g

Po P dP noload
=
Pi P c + P SU + P g

X m ( X S X r ) + J X m (Rs + Rr /S)
R
R s + r + J (X r + X M + X S )
S

3 Rr V a
d=
R
s s [ R S+ r + ( X s + X r ) ]
s

s= k m
V a=b v