Basic Modeling and Analysis Concepts KL Aug 2002

Aug 23-24, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Seminar on
Computer Aided Analysis and Design
Of Building Structures
Institute of Engineers Malaysia
Computers and Structures Inc., USA
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Building Structures
Modeling and Analysis Concepts
Naveed Anwar
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software, ACECOMS, AIT
Overall Design Process
Conception
Modeling
Analysis
Design
Detailing
Drafting
Costing
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings
Integrated
Design
Process
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ACECOMS
Building Systems
Building is an assemblage of various Systems
Basic Functional System

Structural System
HVAC System
Plumbing and Drainage System
Electrical, Electronic and Communication System
Security System
Other specialized systems
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ACECOMS
The Building Structural System - Physical

Building Structure
Floor Diaphragm
Frame and Shear Walls
Lateral Load Resisting System
Floor Slab System

Gravity Load Resisting System
Sub-structure and Member Design
Beams, Columns, Two-way Slabs, Flat Slabs, Pile caps

Shear Walls, Deep Beams, Isolated Footings, Combined Footings
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ACECOMS
The Building Structural System - Conceptual

The Gravity Load Resisting System (GLRS)
The structural system (beams, slab, girders, columns, etc)
that act primarily to support the gravity or vertical loads
The Lateral Load Resisting System (LLRS)

The structural system (columns, shear walls, bracing, etc)
that primarily acts to resist the lateral loads
The Floor Diaphragm (FD)

The structural system that transfers lateral loads to the
lateral load resisting system and provides in-plane floor
stiffness
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ACECOMS
Building Response
Objective: To determine the load path gravity and lateral loads
For Gravity Loads - How Gravity Loads are Distributed

Analysis of Gravity Load Resisting System for:
Dead Load, Live Live Load, Pattern Loads, temperature, shrinkage
Important Elements: Floor slabs, beams, openings, Joists, etc.
For Lateral Loads How Lateral Loads are Distributed

Analysis of Lateral Load Resisting System for:
Wind Loads, Seismic Loads, Structural Un-symmetry
Important elements: Columns, shear walls, bracing , beams
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ACECOMS
Structural Response
To Loads
The Simplified Structural System
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal Changes
pv
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
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ACECOMS
Analysis of Structures
xx yy zz
pvx 0
x
y
z
pv
Real Structure is governed by Partial

Differential Equations of various order
Direct solution is only possible for:

Simple geometry
Simple Boundary
Simple Loading.
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ACECOMS
The Need for Modeling

A - Real Structure cannot be Analyzed:
It can only be Load Tested to determine response
B - We can only analyze a

Model of the Structure
C - We therefore need tools to Model the
Structure and to Analyze the Model
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ACECOMS
The Need for Structural Model

STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal Changes
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
pv
Structural
Model
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ACECOMS
Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool

Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
A discretized solution to a continuum
problem using FEM
Finite Element Method (FEM)

A numerical procedure for solving (partial)
differential equations associated with field
problems, with an accuracy acceptable to
engineers
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ACECOMS
Continuum to Discrete Model
pv
3D-CONTINUM
MODEL
(Governed by partial
differential equations)
CONTINUOUS MODEL
OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by either
partial or total differential
equations)
DISCRETE MODEL
OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by algebraic
equations)
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ACECOMS
From Classical to FEM Solution
Equilibrium
Actual Structure
xx yy zz
pvx 0
x
y
z
Partial Differential
Equations
FEM
Assumptions
Classical
Structural Model
Kr R
Stress-Strain Law
Compatibility
Algebraic
Equations
_
dV p u dV p u ds
t
v
t
s
(Principle of Virtual Work)
K = Stiffness
r = Response
R = Loads
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ACECOMS
Simplified Structural System
Loads (F)
Deformations (D)
Fv
F=KD
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ACECOMS
The Structural System
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
pv
Static
Dynamic
Elastic
Inelastic
Linear
Nonlinear
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ACECOMS
The Equilibrium Equations

1. Linear-Static
Elastic OR Inelastic
Ku F
2. Linear-Dynamic Elastic
Mu(t ) Cu(t ) Ku(t ) F (t )

3. Nonlinear - Static
Ku FNL F
4. Nonlinear-Dynamic
Mu(t ) Cu(t ) Ku(t ) F (t ) NL F (t )

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ACECOMS
Basic Steps in FEA

Evaluate Real Structure
Create Structural Model
Discretize Model in FE
Solve FE Model
Engineer
Interpret FEA Results
Engineer + Software
Software
Physical significance of Results
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ACECOMS
Discretization of Continuums
General Solid
( Orthogonal dimensions)
Z
H, B much less than L
Regular Solid
Beam Element
( T small compared to Lengths )

Y
Solid Element
Plate/ Shell
Membrane/ Panel
In-Plane, Only Axial
Plate/ Slab
Out of Plane, Only Bending
Shell
In-Plane and Bending
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ACECOMS
Global Modeling of Structural Geometry
(a) Real Structure
(b) Solid Model
(c) 3D Plate-Frame
(e) 2D Fram e
(d) 3D Fram e
(f) Grid-Plate
Fig. 1 Various Ways to Model a Real Struture
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ACECOMS
Dimensions of Elements
1 D Elements (Beam type)
Can be used in 1D, 2D and 2D
2-3 Nodes. A, I etc.
Truss and Beam Elements (1D,2D,3D)
2 D Elements (Plate type)

Can be used in 2D and 3D Model
3-9 nodes. Thickness
Plane Stress, Plane Strain, Axisymmetric, Plate and Shell Elements (2D,3D)
3 D Elements (Brick type)

Can be used in 3D Model
6-20 Nodes.
Brick Elements
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ACECOMS
DOF for 1D Elements

Dy
Dy
Dy
Dx
2D Truss
Rz
Dz
Dx
3D Truss
2D Beam
Ry
Dy
Rz
Dy
Dx
Rz
Dy
Dz
Rx
Dx
Rx
Rz
2D Frame
2D Grid
3D Frame
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ACECOMS
DOF for 2D Elements

Ry ?
Ry ?
Dy
Dy
Dy
Rz
Rx
Dx
Membrane
Plate
Dz
Dx
Rx
Rz
Shell
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ACECOMS
DOF for 3D Elements

Dy
Dz
Dx
Solid/ Brick
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ACECOMS
Frame and Grid Model

The structure represented by rod or
bar type elements
Does not model the cross-section
dimensions
Suitable for skeletal structures
Sometimes surface type structures
can also be represented by frame
model
The simplest and easiest model to
construct, analyze and interpret
Can be in 2D or in 3D space
3D Frame
2D Grid
2D Frame
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ACECOMS
Membrane Model
Ignore bending stiffness

Tension / Compression
In- plane Shear
For in plane loads
Principle Stresses
suitable for very thin structures
/ members
Thin Walled Shells,
Specially Suitable for Ferro
Cement Structure
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ACECOMS
Plane Stress and Plane

Plain-Strain
Assumptions
x
1 unit
x2
x1
x3
3D Problem
2D Problem
Plane Strain Problem
Plane Stress Problem
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ACECOMS
Plate Bending Model

Primarily Bending mode
Moment and Shear are
predominant
Suitable for moderately thick
slabs and plates
For Out-of-plane loads only
Can be used in 3D or 2D models
Suitable for planks and
relatively flat structures
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ACECOMS
General Plate-Shell Model

Combined Membrane and Plate
Suitable for general application
to surface structures
Suitable for curved structures
Thick shell and thin shell
implementations available
Membrane thickness and plate
thickness can be specified
separately
Numerous results generated.
Difficult to design the section for
combined actions
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ACECOMS
Solid Model
Shear Axial deformation mode in 3D

Suitable for micro-models
Suitable for very thick plates / solids
May not be applicable much to
ferocement structures
Use 6 to 20 node
elements
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ACECOMS
Soil-Structure Interaction
Simple Supports
Fix, Pin, Roller etc.
Support Settlement
Elastic Supports
Spring to represent soil
Using Modulus of Sub-grade reaction
Full Structure-Soil Model

Use 2D plane stress elements
Use 3D Solid Elements
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ACECOMS
Connecting Different Types of Elements

Truss
Truss
Frame
Membrane
Plate
Shell
Solid
OK
OK
Dz
OK
OK
OK
Rx, Ry, Rz
OK
Rx, Ry, Rz,

Dz
Rx ?
Dx, Dy
Rx ?
Rx, Ry, Rz
OK
OK
OK
Dx, Dy
OK
OK
Rx, Rz
OK
Rx, Rz
OK
OK
Rx, Rz
Rx, Ry, Rz
OK
Rx, Ry, Rz,

Dz
Dx, Dz
OK
Rx, Rz
OK
OK
Dz
Dx, Dz
OK
OK
Membrane
Plate
Shell
Frame
Solid
Orphan Degrees Of Freedom:

0
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ACECOMS
What Type of
Analysis should be
Carried Out?
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ACECOMS
Analysis Type
The type of Analysis to be carried out

depends on the Structural System
The Type of Excitation (Loads)
The Type Structure (Material and Geometry)
The Type Response
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ACECOMS
Basic Analysis Types

Excitation Structure Response
Basic Analysis Type
Static
Elastic
Linear
Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static
Elastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static
Inelastic
Linear
Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static
Inelastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Dynamic
Elastic
Linear
Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Elastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Inelastic
Linear
Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Inelastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
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ACECOMS
Some More Solution Types

Non-linear Analysis
P-Delta Analysis
Buckling Analysis
Static Pushover Analysis
Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
Large Displacement Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Steady State Dynamic Analysis
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ACECOMS
Static Vs Dynamic
Static Excitation
When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
When the Load can be assumed to be applied Slowly
Dynamic Excitation
When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
When the Inertial Force becomes significant
Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are considered

Quasi Static
Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to
Equivalent Static Loads
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ACECOMS
Elastic Vs Inelastic
Elastic Material
Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns to initial
state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
Inelastic Material
Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and may not
returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation
Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic behavior

depending upon level of loading.
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ACECOMS
Linear Vs Nonlinear
Linearity
The response is directly proportional to excitation
(Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
Non-Linearity
The response is not directly proportional to excitation
(deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
Non-linear response may be produced by:

Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
Both
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ACECOMS
Linear-Elastic
Action
Action
Elasticity and Linearity
Deformation
Action
Action
Deformation
Linear-Inelastic
Nonlinear-Elastic
Deformation
Nonlinear-Inelastic
Deformation
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ACECOMS
Physical Object Based

Modeling, Analysis and Design
Continuum Vs Structure
A continuum extends in all direction, has infinite
particles, with continuous variation of material
properties, deformation characteristics and stress state
A Structure is of finite size and is made up of an
assemblage of substructures, components and members
Dicretization process is used to convert Structure to
Finite Element Models for determining response
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ACECOMS
Physical Categorization of Structures

Structures can be categorized in many ways.
For modeling and analysis purposes, the overall physical
behavior can be used as basis of categorization
Cable or Tension Structures

Skeletal or Framed Structures
Surface or Spatial Structures
Solid Structures
Mixed Structures
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ACECOMS
Structure Types
Cable Structures
Cable Nets
Cable Stayed
Bar Structures
2D/3D Trusses
2D/3D Frames, Grids
Surface Structures
Plate, Shell
In-Plane, Plane Stress
Solid Structures
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ACECOMS
Structure, Member, Element

Structure can considered as an assemblage of Physical
Components called Members
Slabs, Beams, Columns, Footings, etc.
Physical Members can be modeled by using one or more

Conceptual Components called Elements
1D elements, 2D element, 3D elements
Frame element, plate element, shell element, solid element, etc.
Modeling in terms Graphical Objects to represent Physical

Components relieves the engineers from intricacies and
idiosyncrasy of finite element discretization
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ACECOMS
Structural Members
Continuum
Regular Solid
(3D)
y
Plate/Shell (2D)
x z
t<<(x,z)
z
x
Beam (1D)
b h
L>>(b,h)
h
z
x
L
b
Dimensional Hierarchy of Structural Members
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ACECOMS
Load Transfer Path For Gravity Loads

Most loads are basically Volume Loads generated due to
mass contained in a volume
Mechanism and path must be found to transfer these loads to
the Supports through a Medium
All types of Static Loads can be represented as:

Point Loads
Line Loads
Area Loads
Volume Loads
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ACECOMS
The Load Transfer Path

The Load is transferred through a
medium which may be:
A Point
A Line
An Area
A Volume
A system consisting of combination of
several mediums
The supports may be represented as:
Point Supports
Line Supports
Area Supports
Volume Supports
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ACECOMS
Graphic Object Representation

Object
Load
Geometry
Medium
Support
Boundary
Point
Point Load
Concentrated Load
Node
Point Support
Column Support
Line
Beam Load
Wall Load
Slab Load
Beam / Truss
Connection Element
Spring Element
Line Support
Wall Support
Beam Support
Area
Slab Load
Wind Load
Plate Element
Shell Element
Panel/ Plane
Soil Support
Volume
Seismic Load
Liquid Load
Solid Element
Soil Support
ETABS uses graphic object modeling concept

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ACECOMS
Load Transfer Path is difficult to Determine

Complexity of Load Transfer
Mechanism depend on:
Load
Vol.
Complexity of Load
Complexity of Medium
Complexity of Boundary
Area
Line
Point Line
Area
Volume
Medium
Line
Area
Volume
Boundary
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ACECOMS
Load Transfer Path is difficult to Determine
Point
Line
Area
Volume
Transfer of a Point Load to Point Supports Through Various Mediums
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ACECOMS
Objects in ETABS
Building Object Specific Classification
Plank One way slabs

Slab One way or Two way slabs
Deck Special one way slabs
Wall Shear Walls, Deep Beams, In-Fill Panel
Frame Column, Beam or Brace
Finite Elements
Shell
Plate
Membrane
Beam
Node
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ACECOMS
The Frame Element

The Actions Corresponding to Six DOF at Both Ends, in
Local Coordinate System
2
+V2
+M2
+P
2
+V3
+V3
+P
+V2
+T
+M3
+M3
+T
+M2
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ACECOMS
Shell Element
General
Total DOF per Node = 6 (or 5)
Total Displacements per Node = 3
Total Rotations per Node = 3
Used for curved surfaces
U3, R3
U3, R3
U2, R2
Node 3
U2, R2
Node 4
U1, R1
Application
For Modeling surface elements carrying
general loads
May be used for modeling of general slabs

systems. But not used generally
U3, R3
1
U3, R3
U2, R2
Node 1
Building Specific Application
U1, R1
U2, R2
Node 2
U1, R1
U1, R1
Shell
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ACECOMS
Plate Element
General
Total DOF per Node = 3
Total Rotations per Node = 2
Plates are for flat surfaces
U3
U3
R2
Node 3
R1
3
Application
out of plane loads
For representing floor slabs for Vertical

Load Analysis
Model slabs
R1
2
U3
R2
Node 1
R2
Node 4
U3
R2
Node 2
R1
R1
Plate
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ACECOMS
Membrane Element
General
Total DOF per Node = 3 (or 2)
Total Rotations per Node = 1 (or 0)
Membranes are modeled for flat surfaces
Application
in-plane loads

For representing floor slabs for Lateral
Load Analysis.
Model Shear walls, Floor Diaphragm etc
R3
U2
U2
Node 4
Node 3
U1
3
U1
2
R3
U2
Node 1
R3
U2
Node 2
U1
U1
Membrane
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ACECOMS
Meshing Slabs and Walls
Zipper
In general the mesh in the slab

should match with mesh in the wall
to establish connection
Some software automatically

establishes connectivity by using
constraints or Zipper elements
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ACECOMS
Selection Of Structural Systems

Basic Concepts and Considerations
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ACECOMS
Knowledge Model for System Selection
En
Ju gine
Co dgem ering
mm en
on t an
Se d
ns
e
g
rin
e
e
gin
n
E
ms
e
t
s
Sy
En
gin
ee
rin
g
Structural
System Selection
Artificial Intelligence
Structural
Engineering
Ec
on
om
ics
Ergo
n
Eng omics
inee
ring
ng
eri
e
gin
En
e
lu
Va
Ae
sth
etic
s
Construction
Engineering
ge
led ing
ow
Kn ineer
g
En
So
ftw
are
Building
Services
Engineering
Architecture
Building Services
Construction Eng.
Value Eng.
Aesthetics
Ergonomics Eng.
Structural Eng.
Knowledge Eng.
Economics
Artificial Intelligence
System Eng.
Common Sense
re
ctu
ite
ch
Ar
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ACECOMS
Determining System Suitability

The Analytical Hierarchy Approach
A weighted importance and suitability value analysis to
determine the comparative value of a system or option
n
p
Vl Ai Si Bij Sij Cijkl Sijk

i 1
k 1
j 1
m
Value of
an Option
Global
Importance
Weights and
Scores
Sub
Importance
Weights and
Scores
Suitability
Value and
Score
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ACECOMS
Evaluating System Suitability

The Suitability Equation
n
p
Vl Ai Si Bij Sij Cijkl Sijk

i 1
k 1
j 1
m
Using the Suitability Equation

Slab Systems
Criteria Weights and Scores

Main Criteria Ai
Sub Criteria Bij
Item k
Am
Sub Criteria Bin
Item p
Item k
System
Value
(V)
Bmn
Item p
Item p
Wt
Score
Wt
Score
Wt
Score
Wt
Score
Score
Cijkl
Sijkl
Cijnl
Sijpl
Cinkl
Sinkl
Cinnl
Sinpl
Smnpl
System 1
System l
System - q
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ACECOMS
Assigning Suitability Values

Score or Weight
Representation of Suitability
10
Most important, most suitable, most desirable, essential
8,9
Very important, very suitable, very desirable
6,7
Important, suitable or desirable
May be or could be important, suitable or desirable
4,3
May not be important, suitable or desirable
1,2
Not important, not suitable, not desirable
Definitely not required, definitely not suitable, ignore
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ACECOMS
Selection of Structural System

Function has considerable effect on the selection
of structural system
Based on Function/Occupancy of Tall Buildings:
Residential Buildings
Apartments
Hotels
Dormitories
Office and Commercial Buildings

Mixed Occupancy Commercial + Residential
Industrial Buildings and Parking Garages
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ACECOMS
Typical Characteristics of Residential Bldg
Known location of partitions and their load

Column lines generally matches architectural layout
Typical spans 15-22 ft
Tall buildings economy in achieved using the thinnest slab
One way pre-cast or flat slab popular
Lateral load resistance provided by frame or shear walls
More or less fixed M/E system layouts
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ACECOMS
Typical Characteristics of Office and Commercial Bldg
Unknown location of partitions and their load

Typical spans 20-35 ft
Need for flexible M/E layouts
Post-tension or ribbed and flat slab with drop panel
popular
Ideal balance between vertical and lateral load resisting

systems: sufficient shear walls to limit the resultant
tension under gravity plus wind
Lateral load resistance varies significantly
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ACECOMS
Vertical Load
Resisting Systems
The Components Needed to
Complete the Load-Transfer Path
for Vertical Gravity Loads
Gravity Load Resisting Systems

Purpose
To Transfer Gravity Loads Applied at the Floor Levels
down to the Foundation Level
Direct Path Systems

Slab Supported on Load Bearing Walls
Slab Supported on Columns
Indirect Multi Path Systems

Slab Supported on Beams
Beams Supported on Other Beams
Beams Supported on Walls or Columns
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ACECOMS
Vertical Load Resisting Systems

1. Slabs supported on Long Rigid Supports
Supported on stiff Beams or Walls
One-way and Two-way Slabs
Main consideration is flexural reinforcement
2. Slab-System supported on Small Rigid Supports
Supported on Columns directly

Flat Slab Floor systems
Main consideration is shear transfer, moment distribution in various
parts, lateral load resistance
3. Slabs supported on soil
Slabs on Grade: Light, uniformly distributed loads

Footings, Mat etc. Heavy concentrated loads
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ACECOMS
Vertical Load
Behavior and Response
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ACECOMS
Popular Gravity Load Resting Systems

Direct Load Transfer Systems (Single load transfer path)
Flat Slab and Flat Plate

Beam-Slab
Waffle Slab
Wall Joist
Indirect Load Transfer System (Multi step load transfer path)

Beam, Slab
Girder, Beam, Slab
Girder, Joist
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ACECOMS
Conventional Approach
For Wall Supported Slabs
Assume load transfer in One-Way or Two-Way manner
Uniform, Triangular or Trapezoidal Load on Walls
For Beam Supported Slabs

Assume beams to support the slabs in similar ways as walls
Design slabs as edge supported on beams
Transfer load to beams and design beams for slab load
For Flat-Slabs or Columns Supported Slabs

Assume load transfer in strips directly to columns
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ACECOMS
Popular Gravity Load Resting Systems
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ACECOMS
Gravity Load Transfer Paths
Single Path
Single Path
Slab On Walls
Slab on Columns
Dual Path
Slab On Beams,
Beams on Columns
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ACECOMS
Gravity Load Transfer Paths
Mixed Path
Complex Path
Slab On Walls
Slab On Beams
Beams on Walls
Slab on Beams
Slab on Walls
Beams on Beams
Beams on Columns
Three Step Path

Slab On Ribs
Ribs On Beams
Beams on Columns
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ACECOMS
Simplified Load Transfer
To Lines
To Points
To Lines and Points
Transfer of Area Load

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ACECOMS
Load Transfer Through Slab and Beam
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ACECOMS
Slab Deformation and Beams
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ACECOMS
Slab System Behavior
D
B
Slab T = 200 mm
Beam Width, B = 300 mm
Beam Depth, D
a) 300 mm
b) 500 mm
c) 1000 mm
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ACECOMS
Moment Distribution in Beam-Slab

Effect of Beam Size on
Moment Distribution
a) Beam Depth = 300 mm
c) Beam Depth = 1000 mm

b) Beam Depth = 500 mm

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ACECOMS
Moment Distribution in Slabs Only

Effect of Beam Size on Moment Distribution
a) Beam Depth = 300 mm
b) Beam Depth = 500 mm
c) Beam Depth = 1000 mm
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ACECOMS
Modeling and Analysis for

Vertical Loads
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ACECOMS
Modeling for Gravity Loads

Must be carried out for several load cases/ patterns
Does not change much for different floors
1. Use Direct Design Methods
Model, analyze and design Floor by Floor, Without columns
Slab analysis and design by using Coefficients
Beam analysis as continuous beams
2. Use Sub-Frame Concept

Model slab/ beam for in-plane loads
Model, analyze and design Floor by Floor, With columns
3. Use Grid, Plate Model for the Floor

Model slab and beams for out-of plane loads
Analyze un-symmetrical loads, geometry, openings etc.
4. Use full 3D Modeling

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ACECOMS
The Design Strip Concept
Column Strip
Middle Strip
Design Strip
Design Strip
Middle Strip
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ACECOMS
Using Equivalent Frame Method Design Strip
Design Strip
Middle Strip
L2
Column Strip
Middle Strip
Drop Panels
L2
Longitudinal Beams
Transverse Beams
L1
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ACECOMS
Lateral Load
Resisting Systems
The Components Needed to
Complete the Load-Transfer Path
for Lateral Loads
Lateral Load Bearing Systems

Purpose
To Transfer Lateral Loads Applied at any location in the
structure down to the Foundation Level
Single System
Moment Resisting Frames

Braced Frames
Shear Walls
Tubular Systems
Dual System
Shear Wall - Frames
Tube + Frame + Shear Wall
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ACECOMS
Lateral Loads
Primary Lateral Loads
Load generated by Wind Pressure
Load generated due to Seismic Excitation
Other Lateral Loads

Load generated due to horizontal component of Gravity
Loads in Inclined Systems and in Un-symmetrical
structures
Load due to lateral soil pressure, liquid and material
retention
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ACECOMS
Sample Lateral Load Resistance Systems

Bearing wall system
Light frames with shear panels
Load bearing shear walls
Fully Braced System (FBS)

Shear Walls (SW)
Diagonal Bracing (DB)
Moment Resisting Frames (MRF)

Special Moment-Resisting Frames (SMRF)
Concrete Intermediate Moment-Resisting Frame (IMRF)
Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame (OMRF)
Dual Systems (DS)

Shear Walls + Frames (SWF)
Ordinary Braced Frame (OBF)
Special Braced Frame (SBF)
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ACECOMS
Moment Resisting Frame

The Load is transferred by
shear in columns, that
produces moment in
columns and in beams
The Beam-Column
connection is crucial for the
system to work
The moments and shear
from later loads must be
added to those from gravity
loads
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ACECOMS
Shear Wall and Frame

The lateral loads is
primarily resisted by the
shear in the walls, in turn
producing bending moment
The openings in wall
become areas of high stress
concentration and need to
be handled carefully
Partial loads is resisted by
the frames
Traditionally 75/25
distribution haws been used
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ACECOMS
Shear Wall - Frame

The Walls are part of the
frame and act together with
the frame members
The lateral loads is
primarily resisted by the
shear in the walls, in turn
producing bending moment.
Partial loads is resisted by
the frame members in
moment and shear
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ACECOMS
Braced Frame
The lateral loads is primarily
resisted by the Axial Force in
the braces, columns and
beams in the braced zone.
The frame away from the
braced zone does not have
significant moments
Bracing does not have to be
provided in every bay, but
should be provided in every
story
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ACECOMS
Tubular Structure
The system is formed by using
closely spaced columns and deep
spandrel beams
The lateral loads is primarily
resisted by the entire building
acting as a big cantilever with a
tubular/ box cross-section
There is a shear lag problem
between opposite faces of the tube
due to in-efficiency of column
beam connection
The height to width ratio should
be more than 5
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ACECOMS
Braced Tube Systems

Diagonal Braces are added to
the basic tubular structure
This modification of the
Tubular System reduces shear
lag between opposite faces
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ACECOMS
Lateral Load
Resisting
System
Behavior, Response
and Modeling
Modeling for Lateral Loads

1. 2D Frame Models
Convert building in to several 2D frames in each direction
Suitable for symmetrical loads and geometry
2. 3D Frame Model
Make a 3D frame model of entire building structure
Can be open floor model or braced floor model
3. Full 3D Finite Element Model

A full 3D Finite Element Model using plate and beam elements
4. Rigid Diaphragm Model

A special model suitable for buildings that uses the concept of Rigid
Floor Diaphragm
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ACECOMS
Modeling as 2D Frame(s)
Convert 3D Building to an assemblage of 2D Frames
Using Independent Frames
Using Linked Frames
Using Sub-Structuring Concept
Advantages
Easier to model, analyze and interpret
Fairly accurate for Gravity Load Analysis
Main Problems:
Center of Stiffness and Center of Forces my not coincide

Difficult to consider building torsional effects
Several Frames may need to be modeled in each direction
Difficult to model non-rectangular framing system
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ACECOMS
Create a Simple 2D Model

2. Select and
isolate Typical
2D Structure
1. Consider the Structure

Plan and 3D View
3. Discretize
the Model,
apply loads
4. Obtain results
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ACECOMS
Using Linked Frames

F1
Linked Elements
Shear Wall
F2
F3
Modeling
Plan
F1
F2
F3
Link Element can allow only to transmit the shear and

axial force from one end to other end. It has moment
discontinuity at both ends
Typical Frame Elevation

Link Element act as a member which links the forces of

one frame to another frame, representing the effect of
Rigid Floor.
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ACECOMS
Full 3D Finite Element Model

The columns and beams are modeled by using
beam elements
The slabs and shear walls are modeled by using
plate elements
At least 9 or 16 elements in each slab panel must be
used if gravity loads are applied to the slabs
If the model is only for lateral analysis, one element
per slab panel may be sufficient to model the inplane stiffness
Shear walls may be modeled by plate or panel or
plane stress element. The out of plane bending is
not significant
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ACECOMS
Full 3D Finite Element Model

Example:
Uses more than 4000
beam and plate elements
Suitable for analysis for
gravity and lateral loads
Results can be used for
design of columns and
beams
Slab reinforcement
difficult to determine
from plate results
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Modeling of Floor Diaphragm

Use Plate Elements
Panels, Plane Stress
Use Diagonal
Bracing
Use Diagonals
In 3D Frame Models
Use Conceptual Rigid

Diaphragm
Use Plate
Elements
Link Frames in 2D
Master DOF in 3D
Use Approximately
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ACECOMS
The Rigid Floor Diaphragm

Combines the simplicity and advantages of the 2D Frame
models with the accuracy of the 3D models
Basic Concept:
The building structure is represented by vertical units (2D Frames,
3D Frames and Shear Walls), connected by the invisible rigid
diaphragm
The lateral movement of all vertical units are connected to three
master degree of freedom
This takes into account the building rotation and its effect on the
vertical units.
The modeling and analysis is greatly simplified and made efficient
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Rigid Floor Diaphragm Concept

Modeled as Rigid Horizontal Plane of infinite
in-plane stiffness (in X-Y plane)
Assumed to have a hinge connection with
frame member or shear wall, so flexural
influence of all floors to lateral stiff ness is
neglected
All column lines of all frames at particular
level can not deform independent of each
other
The floor levels of all frames must be at the
same elevation and base line, but they need
not have same number of stories
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ACECOMS
How RFD Concept Works
Building d.o.f.s
F1 , 1
UL
rq
UL3
rY
X
F3 , 3
UL2
rx
UL1
F3 , 2
F2 , 1
Local Frame DOF
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ACECOMS
When Single Rigid Floor Cannot be Used
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ACECOMS
Automatic Floor Meshing

and Auto Load Transfer
(In ETABS)
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ACECOMS
Area Objects: Slab

By default uses two-way load transfer
mechanism
Simple RC solid slab
Can also be used to model one way slabs
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ACECOMS
Area Object: Deck

Use one-way load transfer mechanism
Metallic Composite Slabs
Includes shear studs

Generally used in association with
composite beams
Deck slabs may be
o Filled Deck
o Unfilled Deck
o Solid Slab Deck
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Area Object: Plank

By default use one-way load transfer
mechanism
Generally used to model pre-cast slabs
Can also be simple RC solid slab
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Automatic Floor Meshing

First step to Auto Load Transfer
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ACECOMS
Basic Floor Modeling Object

Points
Columns
Load Points
Boundary Point
Lines
Beams
Areas
Deck: Represents a Steel Metal Deck, One way Load Transfer

Plank : Represents clearly on-way slab portion
Slab:
Represents one-way or two-way slab portion
Opening: Represents Openings in Floor
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing
ETABS automatically meshes all line objects with frame
section properties into the analysis model
ETABS meshes all floor type (horizontal) area objects (deck
or slab) into the analysis model
Meshing does not change the number of objects in the
model
To mesh line objects with section properties use Edit menu
> Divide Lines
To mesh area objects with section properties use Edit menu
> Mesh Areas
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing
Automatic Meshing of Line Objects
Frame elements are meshed at locations where other frame
elements attach to or cross them and at locations where point
objects lie on them.
Line objects assigned link properties are never automatically
meshed into the analysis model by ETABS
ETABS automatically meshes (divides) the braces at the point
where they cross in the analysis model
No end releases are introduced.
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing of Line Objects

Beam 1
Girder A
Beam 2
Beam 1
Piece 1
Piece 2
Beam 2
Piece 3
b) Girders A and B As Modeled in

the ETABS Analysis Model
Girder B
a) Floor Plan
Example showing how beams are automatically divided (meshed) where they
support other beams for the ETABS analysis model
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing of Area Objects

ETABS automatically meshes a floor-type area object up into foursided (quadrilateral) elements
Each side of each element of the mesh has a beam (Real or Imaginary)
or wall running along it
ETABS treats a wall like two columns and a beam where the columns
are located at the ends of the wall and the beam connects the columns.
Each column is assumed to have four beams connecting to it
The floor is broken up at all walls and all real and imaginary beams to
create a mesh of four-sided elements
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Girder B
a) Floor Plan
Beam 3
Beam 2
Beam 1
Girder A
Beam 3
Beam 2
Beam 1
Girder A
Girder B
b) ETABS Imaginary Beams Shown Dashed c) ETABS Automatic Floor Meshing
Example of ETABS automatically generated mesh for floor-type area objects
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

Example of ETABS
automatically generated mesh
for floor-type area objects
a) Floor Plan (No Beams)
b) ETABS Imaginary Beams Connecting

Columns Shown Dashed
c) ETABS Imaginary Beams Extended to

Edge of Floor Shown Dashed
d) ETABS Automatic Floor Meshing
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

For floors that are automatically meshed by ETABS it is
recommended that model beams (or at least null-type line objects)
are connecting columns rather than no beams (or line objects)
This makes the automatic meshing for the analysis model cleaner,
faster and more predictable
Including beams and/or null-type line objects between all

columns in your model makes automatic floor meshing more
predictable
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

C4
C3
C4
C3
C4
C3
C1
a)
C2
C1
C2
C1
C2
C4
C3
C4
C3
C4
C3
C1
d)
C2
C1
C2
C1
C2
C4
C3
C4
C3
C4
C3
C1
g)
C2
C1
C2
C1
C2
Illustration of how ETABS

creates the distribution of
imaginary beams
b)
c)
e)
h)
f)
i)
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Automatic Transformation and

Transfer of Floor Loads to
Appropriate Elements
(Using the Auto Meshed Geometry)
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
The main issue:
How point loads, line loads and area loads that lie on an area
object in your object-based ETABS model are represented in
the analysis model
There are four distinct types of load transformation in
ETABS for out-of-plane load transformation for floor-type
area objects
with deck section properties

with slab section properties that have membrane behavior only
all other types of area objects
In-plane load transformation for all types of area objects
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Area Objects
e2
Edge 3
4
3
a) Quadrilateral Element
b) The r and s Axes
(-1, -1)
(-1, 1)
2
(1, -1)
c) Corner Point r-s Coordinates
(-1, -1)
e4
Edg
(1, 1)
1
The normalization is the key

assumption in this method
Edge 3
Edge 1
Edg
e2
Edge 1
(-1, 1)
It is a perfectly valid assumption if the

quadrilateral is a square, rectangular or
a parallelogram
e4
Edg
ETABS normalizes the coordinates of

the four corner points of the area object
1
Edg
load transformation occurs after any

automatic meshing into the analysis
model
(1, 1)
(r, s)
1
r
P
4
(1, -1)
d) Point Load, P
Example of transfer of out-of-plane loads

for other area objects
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
The load distribution for deck sections is one way, in
contrast to slab sections which are assumed to span in two
directions
ETABS first automatically meshes the deck into
quadrilateral elements
Once the meshing is complete ETABS determines the
meshed shell elements that have real beams along them and
those that have imaginary beams
It also determines which edges of the meshed shell elements
are also edges of the deck.
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Rectangular Interior Meshed Element with Uniform Load
x/2
Edge 3
x/2
wx / 2
Edge 3
Edge 2
Edge 4
Edge 2
Direction of deck span

Edge 4
If the supporting member

at the end point of an
imaginary beam is itself
imaginary, then the load
from the imaginary beam
tributary to that end point
is lost, that is, it is
ignored by ETABS
c) Loading on Edges 2 and 4
Uniform load = w
Edge 1
a) Rectangular Interior Element
of Meshed Floor
Edge 1
b) Distribution of Uniform Load
Example of rectangular interior meshed

element with a uniform load
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Rectangular Interior Meshed Element with Point Load
ETABS distributes the point load to the appropriate edge beams
(based on the direction of the deck span)
If the beams along edges are real beams ETABS transfers the load onto
adjacent beams
x1
x2
P * x1
x1 + x2
Point load, P
Edge 1
Edge 2
a) Rectangular Interior Element

of Meshed Floor
Edge 3
Edge 4
If the supporting
member at the end point
of an imaginary beam is
itself imaginary, then the
load from the imaginary
beam tributary to that
end point is lost, that is,
it is ignored by ETABS
Edge 4
x1
Edge 2
x2
c) Loading on Edge 2
P * x2
P * x2
P * x1
x1 + x2
x1 + x2
b) Distribution of Point Load
x1 + x2
d) Loading on Edge 4
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Rectangular Interior Meshed Element with Line Load
A line load is transformed in a similar fashion to that for a point load
using a numerical integration technique
The line load is discredited as a series of point loads which are

transformed to surrounding beams
The series of point loads is then converted back to a line load on the
surrounding beams
An area load that does not cover the entire element is also transformed in
a similar fashion to that for a point load using a numerical integration
technique.
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
General Interior Meshed Element

4
3
Edge
Line 3 P3
a) General Interior Element of

Meshed Floor Deck
Line 1
b)
Edge 1
d)
Edge
Edge
Edge 1
Edge 1
c)
Edge
P1
Edge
Edge
P1
Midpoint
Edge 1
b)
Line 2
P2
Edge 1
a) General Interior Element of

Meshed Floor Deck
Edge
Edge
P2
Edge
Edge
P3
Edge 1
Midpoint
Edge
Edge
2
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Uniform load
Edge
Edge
2
Edge
Edge
Edge 1
e) Transformation of Uniform Load
f) Loading on Edge 1
Example of general interior meshed

element with a point load
g) Loading on Edge 2
h) Loading on Edge 3
i) Loading on Edge 4
Example of general interior meshed element with a
uniform load
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Exterior Meshed Element

D
Beam 2b
Beam 2a
Beam 3b
D
Beam 3a
Beam 4a
a) Floor Plan
Imaginary Beam 5
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
Beam 1a
Beam 3b
No beam at
edge of deck
Imaginary
Beam 6
Beam 3a
Beam 1b
No beam at
edge of deck
b) Deck Meshing
Beam 2b
Beam 1b
a) Floor Plan
Example of exterior meshed elements

with cantilever beams extending to
edge of deck
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Edge of deck is at
center of spandrel
beam, typical in this
example
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Example of exterior meshed

elements with real beams on all sides
Beam 4b
b) Deck Meshing
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

am 8
ary Be
am 7
ImaginaryBeam 6
Imagin
Beam 3b
Imaginary Beam 5
Beam 3a
Beam 2a
No beam at
edge of deck
a) Floor Plan
b) Deck Meshing
D
am 8 E2
ary Be
m7
Imagin
Beam 2b
ry Bea
a
Imagin
Beam 1b
Example of exterior
meshed elements
with cantilever
beams extending to
edge of a skewed
deck
Beam 3a
E1
ImaginaryBeam 6
Beam 2a
Beam 1a
Beam 3b
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Beam 3a
Beam 1a
Beam 1b
No beam at
edge of deck
Beam 2b
ary Be
Imagin
Beam 3b
c) Condition at Skewed Deck

Edge (Areas D and E)
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

Edge of deck
D
Beam 1
Beam 1
a) Floor Plan
Column 1
Beam 2
Beam 2
Column 1
b) Deck Meshing
Example of exterior meshed elements with overhanging slab
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
a) Floor Plan
Beam 1b
Beam 3b
I
J
Beam 3a
Beam 1a
Beam 2b
Beam 1b
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
Beam 1a
Beam 2b
b) Deck Meshing
Example of exterior meshed elements with overhanging slab
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Effect of Deck Openings

6'
14'
Note: Assume floor loading is 100

psf. Opening is either loaded or
unloaded as noted in c, d, e and f
which are loading diagrams for
Beam 1.
Example of effect of openings

on distribution of load over
deck sections
6'
4'
6'
14'
4'
4'
0.6 klf
2'
0.2 klf
Beam 1
c) Unframed, unloaded opening

a) Floor Plan with Unframed Opening
4'
6'
14'
d) Unframed, loaded opening
0.7k
0.7k
0.1 klf
0.6 klf
6'
0.6 klf
2'
4'
e) Framed, unloaded opening
Beam 1
b) Floor Plan with Framed Opening
(Beams on all Sides)
0.6 klf
1.5k
1.5k
0.1 klf
0.6 klf
f) Framed, loaded opening
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Vertical Load Transformation for Floors with Membrane
Slab Properties
only applies to floor-type area objects with slab section
properties that have membrane behavior only
The load distribution for membrane slab sections is two way
The actual distribution of loads on these elements is quite
complex
ETABS uses the concept of tributary loads as a simplifying
assumption for transforming the loads
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
3 3
1
midpoints
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties

1
h) Real beams on two
adjacent sides plus
one vertical support
element at corner point
g) Real beam on one side

plus one vertical
support element at
corner point
4 4
2 2
1
1
a) Real beams on all sides
3 3
2 2
1
b) Case 1 of real beams on
three sides
3
4
3 3
1
1
c) Case 2 of real beams on
three sides
1
d) Real beams on two
adjacent sides
1
e) Real beams on two
opposite sides
2
midpoint
1
2
2
2
3
1
m)Vertical support
elements at two
opposite corner points
(no real beams)
1
2
k) Vertical support
elements at three
corner points (no real
beams)
1
2
l) Vertical support
elements at two
adjacent corner points
(no real beams)
1
f) Real beam on one side
Real beam at shell edge

1
n) Vertical support
elements at one
corner point (no
real beams)
No beam at shell edge

Tributary area dividing line
Vertical support element
Legend
3 3
1
1
h) Real beams on two
adjacent sides plus
one vertical support
element at corner point
g) Real beam on one side

plus one vertical
support element at
corner point
4
1
2
j) Vertical support
elements at all corner
points (no real beams)
1
1
2
2 2
1
i) Real beam on one side
plus two vertical
support elements at
corner points
midpoints
1
i) Real beam on one side
plus two vertical
support elements at
corner points
Tributary areas for various

conditions of a membrane slab
3
3 and Design of Buildings
Modeling,4 Analysis
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties

3
4 4
2 2
4 4
2 2
1
1
a) Full uniform load
transformation
1
b) Partial uniform load
transformation
4 4
Example of load distribution on a

membrane slab
2 2
4 4
2 2
1
c) Line load transformation
1
d) Point load transformation
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Type of Slab Systems in SAFE
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
The 5-Story Walkup Flats

A
6
5
6.0
4
6.0
3
2
1
2.8
2.8
4.0
4.0
5.5
5.5
4.0
4.0
Column Layout Plan

AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

A
6
5
C2
C1
C1= 0.3 x 0.8

C2 = 0.3 x 0.4
6.0
4
B1 = 0.25 x 0.4
B2 = 0.25 x 0.5
B1
6.0
B2
S1 = 0.15
3
2
1
2.8
2.8
4.0
4.0
5.5
5.5
4.0
4.0
Slab and Beam Layout

AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.5
2.0
6
Section
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
35 Story Office Building

5
7.0
4
8.0
3
8.0
2
7.0
Plan
Typical Floor
(B1, B2, 4-35)
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
G
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

5
7.0
4
8.0
3
8.0
2
7.0
Plan
Floor 1-2
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
G
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

5
7.0
4
8.0
3
8.0
2
7.0
Plan
Floor 3
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
G
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
32 @ 3.5
2 @ 5.0
2 @ 2.8
Section at
C and D
5
1
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
32 @ 3.5
2 @ 5.0
2 @ 2.8
Section at
B and E
5
1
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
32 @ 3.5
2 @ 5.0
2 @ 2.8
Section at
A and G
5
1
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

Basic Modeling and Analysis Concepts KL Aug 2002

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Basic Modeling and Analysis Concepts KL Aug 2002

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Aug 23-24, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Overall Design Process

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Basic Functional System

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

The Building Structural System - Physical

Floor Slab System

Sub-structure and Member Design

Beams, Columns, Two-way Slabs, Flat Slabs, Pile caps

The Building Structural System - Conceptual

The Lateral Load Resisting System (LLRS)

The Floor Diaphragm (FD)

For Gravity Loads - How Gravity Loads are Distributed

Important Elements: Floor slabs, beams, openings, Joists, etc.

For Lateral Loads How Lateral Loads are Distributed

Important elements: Columns, shear walls, bracing , beams

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

The Simplified Structural System

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Real Structure is governed by Partial

Direct solution is only possible for:

The Need for Modeling

B - We can only analyze a

The Need for Structural Model

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool

Finite Element Method (FEM)

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Continuum to Discrete Model

From Classical to FEM Solution

(Principle of Virtual Work)

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Simplified Structural System

The Structural System

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

The Equilibrium Equations

Mu(t ) Cu(t ) Ku(t ) F (t )

Mu(t ) Cu(t ) Ku(t ) F (t ) NL F (t )

Basic Steps in FEA

Interpret FEA Results

Physical significance of Results

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

H, B much less than L

( T small compared to Lengths )

Global Modeling of Structural Geometry

(a) Real Structure

(b) Solid Model

Fig. 1 Various Ways to Model a Real Struture

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

2 D Elements (Plate type)

3 D Elements (Brick type)

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

DOF for 1D Elements

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

DOF for 2D Elements

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

DOF for 3D Elements

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Frame and Grid Model

Ignore bending stiffness

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Plane Stress and Plane

Plane Strain Problem