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Ib hi Sezai
Ibrahim S i
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
Fall 2010-2011
Introduction
The convection of a scalar variable φ depends on the
magnitude and direction of the local velocity field.
How to find flow field?
Momentum equations can be derived from the
general transport equation (2.39)
∂ ( ρφ )
+ div( ρφ u) = div( μ grad φ ) + Sφ (6.1)
∂t
by replacing the variable φ by u, v and w.
Let us consider the equations governing a two-
dimensional, steady flow:
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics 2 I. Sezai – Eastern Mediterranean University
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Introduction
X-momentum equation
∂ ∂ ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞
( ρ uu ) + ( ρ vu ) = ⎜ μ ⎟ + ⎜ μ ⎟ + su (6.2)
∂x ∂y ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠
Y-momentum equation
∂ ∂ ∂ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂v ⎞
( ρ uv) + ( ρ vv) = ⎜ μ ⎟ + ⎜ μ ⎟ + sv (6.3)
∂x ∂y ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠
Continuity equation
∂ ∂
( ρ u ) + ( ρ v) = 0 (6.4)
∂x ∂y
su = −∂p / ∂x for x-momentum equation
q
sv = −∂p / ∂y for y-momentum equation
The convective terms contain non-linear quantities.
All three equations are intricately coupled.
There is no equation for pressure.
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics 3 I. Sezai – Eastern Mediterranean University
A checker-board
pressure field
2
⎛ pE + pP ⎞ ⎛ pP + pW ⎞
∂p pe − pw ⎜⎝ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= =
∂x δx δx
p − pW
= E
2δ x
∂p pN − pS
=
∂y 2δ y
The pressure at the central node (P) does not appear in above
equations. This gives zero pressure gradients at all nodal points
indicating uniform pressure field. Not realistic.
Solution: Use a staggered grid system for the velocity components.
That is: evaluate scalar variables (p, ρ, T) at ordinary nodal points.
But calculate velocity components (u, v) at cell faces which are
staggered relative to nodal points.
∂p pP − pS
=
∂y δ yv
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Non-staggered (Collocated) Grid System
The non-staggered grid system is complicated for unstructured or
body-fitted mesh systems.
Also, the storage of u,v,w and Pressure to four different locations is
inefficient.
In non-staggered grid system all variables are stored at the same
location (point P).
Γe Δy Γ wΔy
aE = + max [ − Fe , 0] , aW = + max [ Fw , 0]
Δxe Δxw
Γ n Δx Γ s Δx
aN = + max [ − Fn , 0] , aS = + max [ Fs , 0]
Δyn Δys
aP = aE + aW + aN + aS − sP ΔxΔy + ΔF ,
ΔF = Fe − Fw + Fn − Fs ,
S = sc ΔxΔy + Sdc
Sdc = − max [ + Fe , 0] (φe − φP ) + max [ − Fe , 0] (φe − φE ) (6.6)
− max [ − Fw , 0] (φw − φP ) + max [ + Fw , 0] (φw − φW )
− max [ + Fn , 0] (φn − φP ) + max [ − Fn , 0] (φn − φN )
− max [ − Fs , 0] (φs − φP ) + max [ + Fs , 0] (φs − φS )
Fe = ( ρu )e Δy, Fw = ( ρu )w Δy, Fn = ( ρ v )n Δx, Fs = ( ρ v ) s Δx,
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The momentum equations
bP = SM momentum source term
The coefficients aP, aE, aW aN and aS may be
calculated by upwind, hybrid or QUICK methods.
Sdc is the source term resulting from the adoption of
the deferred correction method when any high order
convection scheme, such as QUICK, is used in
estimating the cell face value φf.
The coefficients aE, aW etc. contain:
1) Convective flux per unit mass F
2) Diffusive conductance D
at control volume faces.
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics 9 I. Sezai – Eastern Mediterranean University
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Separating the pressure gradient term from the source term,
S = b + Pφ
where
b = source term excluding the pressure gradient term
∂p
Pφ = − ΔV = −[( pe − pw ) / Δx]ΔV = −( pe − pw )Δy ffor x-momentum
t equation
ti
∂x
∂p
Pφ = − ΔV = −[( pn − ps ) / Δy ]ΔV = −( pn − ps ) Δx for y-momentum equation
∂y
Equation (6.8) becomes
αφ αφ Pφ
φP = ( aEφE + aW φW + aNφN + aSφS + bP ) + (1 − αφ ) φPn−1 +
aφP aφP
αφ αφ Pφ (6.9)
(6 9)
= φ ( aEφE + aW φW + aNφN + aSφS + BP ) +
aP aφP
BP = bP +
(1 − α ) a φ
φ φ n −1
(6.10)
αφ P P
(a )u
P P (a )
u
P P
α u ( ∑i ai ui + B p ) E α u Δy ( pe − pw ) E (6 12)
(6.12)
uE = −
(a )
u
P E (a )
u
P E
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Momentum interpolation method (MIM)
⎛ ∑i ai ui + B p ⎞ +⎛
∑i ai ui + B p ⎞ + ⎛
∑i ai ui + B p ⎞
⎜
a u ⎟ = fe ⎜
a u ⎟ + 1 − fe ⎜ (
aPu
⎟ ) (6.14)
⎝ P ⎠e ⎝ P ⎠E ⎝ ⎠P
1 1 1
= f e+ (
+ 1 − f e+ )
( ) aPu
e
(a )u
P E ( )
aPu
P
(6.15)
Δ y ( e w )P
p − p
E
⎬ (6.16)
(6 16)
⎪
linear interpolation term ⎪ + 1 − f e
+ u
( )
⎩14444444
aPu
P
4244444444
( ) 3
⎪
⎭
correction term
The correction term has the function of smoothing the pressure field
(remove the unrealistic pressure field).
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics 13 I. Sezai – Eastern Mediterranean University
Fe = ( ρ uA)e , Fw (i, j ) = Fe (i − 1, j )
ue = from MIM, ρe = f e+ ρ E + (1 − f e+ ) f P
Γ e = f e+ Γ E + (1 − f e+ )Γ P Γ n = f n+ Γ N + (1 − f n+ )Γ P
Γ e Ae Γ e Ae
De = , Dn = , Dw (i, j ) = De (i − 1, j ), Ds (i, j ) = Dn (i, j − 1)
δ xe δ xe
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If a property is unknown at a cell face then a suitable two-
point average is used.
ue,vn, … etc. in fluxes Fe, Fn,…at cell faces are calculated
using MIM
MIM.
The variables φe, φn, …etc. at cell faces in the deferred
correction term Sdc (Eqn.(6.6) ) are calculated using a
convection scheme such as UPWIND or QUICK.
During each iteration the u and v velocity component in F
are those
th obtained
bt i d ffrom previous
i iteration.
it ti
Hence, coefficients “ae, an,…” are calculated using the u and
v values from previous iteration.
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The SIMPLE Algorithm
SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked
Equations)
For a guessed pressure field p* the corresponding face
Eq (6.13)
velocity can be written using Eq. (6 13) as
α u ( ∑i ai ui* + B p ) α u Δy ( pE* − pP* )
u =
* e
− + (1 − α u )uen −1 (6.17)
e
(a ) u
P e (a )
u
P e
Let p', u', v' be the correction needed to correct the guessed pressure
and velocity fields, i.e.
p = p* + p′ (6.19)
ue = ue* + ue′ ((6.20))
vn = vn* + vn′ (6.21)
Subtraction of eqn. (6.17) from (6.13) gives
α u ( ∑i ai ui′ + B p )e α u Δy ( pE′ − p′P )
ue′ = − (6.22)
(a )
u
P e (a )u
P e
As an approximation,
approximation in SIMPLE method the first term in the above
equation is neglected giving
ue′ = deu ( pP′ − pE′ ) (6.23)
where α u Ae
d eu = , Ae = Δy (area of CV at face e)
(a )
u
P e
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics 18 I. Sezai – Eastern Mediterranean University
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Similarly
α v An
vn′ = d nv ( pP′ − p′N ) d nv =
(a )
v
P n
(6.24)
Then the corrected velocities become
ue = ue* + deu ( p′P − pE′ ) (6.25)
vn = vn* + d nv ( pP′ − p′N ) (6.26)
Discretizing the continuity equation (6.4) gives
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Similarly the nodal velocities are corrected using
uP = uP* + d Pu ( pw′ − pe′ ) (6.31)
vP = v + d
*
P
v
P ( ps′ − pn′ ) (6.32)
where
α u Ae α v An
d Pu = and d Pv =
(a )
u
P P (a )
v
P P
The pressure corrections at the cell faces appearing in Eqs. (6.31) and
(6.32) are calculated by linear interpolation from the nodal values as
pw′ = f w+ pP′ + (1 − f w+ ) pW′ (6.33)
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Boundary Conditions for Pressure Correction Equation
When the velocities at the boundaries are known, there is no need to
correct the velocities at the boundaries in the derivation of the
pressure correction equation. For example if the velocity at the west
boundary is known then for a control volume near the west boundary:
ue = ue* + deu ( p′P − pE′ ) uw = uwall
vn = vn + d n ( pP′ − p′N )
* v vs = vs* + d sv ( pS′ − pP′ )
Substituting above equations into the discretized continuity equation
(6.27) we obtain the following pressure correction equation for a
control volume near the west boundary
aP pP′ = aW pW′ + aE p′E + aS pS′ + aN p′N + b (6.37)
where aE = ( ρ Ad )e aW = 0 aN = ( ρ Ad ) n aS = ( ρ Ad ) s
( ) ( ) (
b = ( ρ uA )wall − ρ u * A + ρ v* A − ρ u * A
e sn
)
(6.38)
This formulation corresponds to Neuman b.c. (∂p /∂n = 0) where n is
normal to boundary.
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics 23 I. Sezai – Eastern Mediterranean University
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The SIMPLE Algorithm
Step 1: Solve the discretized momentum equations
u
aP
v
(1 − α ) aP (1 − α )
u P = ∑ i ai ui + bp + ( Pw − Pe ) Ax + aPu u n −1 vP = ∑i ai vi + bp + ( Ps − Pn ) Ay + aPv v n −1
α α α α
Step 2: Calculate interface velocity ue (Eqn’s (6.16)) and similarly calculate vn
⎪⎧ α Δy ( pE − pP ) α u Δy ( pe − pw ) E α u Δy ( pe − pw ) P ⎪⎫
( )
ue = ⎡⎣ f e+ u E + 1 − f e+ u P ⎤⎦ + ⎨− u + f e+ (
+ 1 − f e+ ) ⎬
⎪⎩ ( )
aPu
e
( )
aPu
E
( )
aPu
P ⎪⎭
Use this velocity to find flux terms, Fe, Fw, etc…
However, φe corresponding to ue in Sdc term (Eqn. 6.6) is found from a convection
scheme such as upwind or QUICK.
Step3: Solve pressure correction equation (6.28)
aP pP′ = aW pW′ + aE p′E + aS pS′ + aN p′N + b
Step 4: Correct pressure and velocities at points P using Eqn’s (6.30), (6.31), (6.32)
p = p* + α p p′ uP = uP* + d Pu ( pw′ − pe′ ) vP = vP* + d Pv ( ps′ − pn′ )
Step 5: Correct face velocities using equations (6.25) and (6.26):
ue = ue* + d eu ( pP′ − p′E ) vn = vn* + d nv ( p′P − p′N )
Step 6: Solve all other discretized transport equations (i.e. temperature)
aP φP = aEφE + aW φW + aNφN + aSφS + bP
Step 7: Repeat step 1 to 7 until convergence.
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