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WALL
INTERACTION
C O
SPRAY
GAS
HYPOTHESIS
Boundary-layer approximation
Laminar Flow
Incompressible Flow
Newtonian Fluid
The equations
q
of mass, momentum and energy
gy are written and integrated
g
following a finite volume approach.
Because of the variation of mass inside a control volume these equations
resemble a virtual compressibility.
r
Sd
V f n i li =
i
Aw
Nside
i
IIn order
d to
t underline
d li
th variable
the
i bl film
fil height
h i ht used
d in
i the
th numerical
i l solution,
l ti
th
the
equation is divided by Aw
The time derivative of film height in a control volume is related to the convective
fluxes and to the interaction with gas and spray through the source terms Sd
s
d
Spray-film interaction
Sd
t
d
Film evaporation
p
SPRAY--WALL INTERACTION
SPRAY
The impingement regime is a function of the Weber number
((According
g to Stanton et. al SAE 960628))
d dU
We =
2
nd
d
5<We 10
We 5
1
2
10 <We 18.0 dd f
2
1
4
3
4
1
2
18.0 dd 4 f 4 <We
2
The wall film model does not distinguish between different impact regimes.
The droplets are supposed to adhere to the wall.
( )+ 1
t
r r
1 Nside
1 Nedge r
r 1 r
Vf Vf n ili =
pn )ili + g +
Mtan +
(
(i Ai )
i
Aw i
Aw i
Aw
Aw i
Nside
z
y
A relative system of
coordinates has been
created
t d
( )+ 1
t
g
r r
1 Nside
1 Nedge
r 1 r
r
Vf Vf n ili =
( pn)ili + g + Mtan +
(i Ai )
i
Aw i
Aw i
Aw
Aw i
Nside
p = pg + pd
3U
r
4
ini
=
1
pd
3 Aw i=1 ti
( )+ 1
t
r r
1 Nside
1 Nedge r
r 1 r
Vf Vf n ili =
( pn )ili + g + Mtan +
(i Ai )
i
Aw i
Aw i
Aw
Aw i
Nside
pg
p
The pressure gradient contribution to momentum of the j-th cell involves the
valuation of pressure at the boundary faces. The different film heights between
neighbour cells must be taken into account by appling the film pressure only over
the common contact area, while the gas pressure is applied over the remaining
boundary area
+
t
Aw i
cp Aw cp Aw cp Aw
i
L L = n n + SL t
During the Lagrangian phase the computational cell moves with fluid and source
terms are accounted for
EULERIAN PHASE
n +1 n +1
Nside
= + t
L
i =1
L
i
uur
L
V f n i li
In the Eulerian phase the flow is frozen and remapped onto the computational
grid
Real gas-film
gas film interface of
boundary edge
Computed gas-film
interface of boundary
edge
This scattering of liquid film causes high numerical diffusion and an
overextimation of evaporation, which is proportional to the area of contact
with gas.
Real interface
Yes
Computed
p
with threshold
No
Min Height
The area at the interface with gas is calculated by supposing that all the fluid
inside the control volume has the minimum film height, avoiding the
overextimation of wall film evaporation
evaporation.
KIVA3
The wall film model has been implemented
p
in our customized version of the
KIVA3 code.
VALIDATION
The wall film model has been tested against two cases
that are representative of different wall film formation
and dynamics :
Diesel Engine (Single injection DI Engine)
Pipe with pulsed injection (PFI-like condition)
Both cases are choosen because the impact regime is
prevalently sticky
150 mm
Stroke
225 mm
Number of cylinders
Engine speed
Compression ratio
14
Diesel
Wall temperature
673 K
2.94 bar
Injected mass
12.3 mg/cycle
-19 ATDC
Duration of injection
19 C.A.
Injection pressure
174 bar
750 rpm
Fuel
Start of injection
Sensor 1
Sensor 5
Sensor 3
90m
Droplet Velocity
16m/s
30
Injection Duration
6.7ms
Angle injector/tube
45
Injection
j
frequency
q
y
40Hz
21.5mm3
0.42m3/min
The experimental
Th
i
t l data
d t has
h been
b
compared
d with
ith the
th result
lt obtained
bt i d by
b
Foucart et al. (SAE 980133) and by our model
Sensor 1
View
Sensor 2
FIRE v8.4
Semi-implicit eulerian model
Dynamic Mass and Energy equation
Momentum equation with quasi stationary hupothesis
KIVA
FIRE
Momentum equation
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