S3 Mech 2015 July Notes PDF

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE
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2014-15
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1)
Be sur e that all machines hav e effectiv e an d properly working guards that ar e
always in place wher e m ac hines are oper ating.
2)
Do not attempt to oil, c lean, adjust or r epai r any m ac hine whi le it is running .
3)
Do not oper ate any m ac hine unless authori zed.
4)
Do not try to stop the m ac hine with y our hand or b ody while r unning .
5)
Always check whether the work and cutting tools properly c lamp ed on the
mac hine b efor e starting.
6)
Keep the f loor c lean of met al chips or c ur ls and waste piec es .
7)
When w orking with anoth er , on ly one should oper ate mac hine or switches.
8)
Concentrate on the work , av oid unnec essar y talks while operating m achin e.
9)
Get first aid imm ediately f or any injur y.
10) Wear saf ety shoes , if heavy w ork has don e.

11) Wear c lothing suit ed for the job , wear s hoes wit h thick soles .
12) Do not wear rings, wat ches , br ac elets or ot her jewellery that c ould get c aught
in moving machinery.
13) Do not w ear n eckties or loose turn c lothing of any kind.
14) Wear shirts or uppers with s leev es c ut off or rolled above the elbows.
15) Always r emove g loves b efore turning on or oper ating a m achin e.
16) Keep the f loor always c lean .
17) Passage should be clear , at all time t o avoi d accident.
18) Do not leav e tools or work on the tab le of a m ac hine even if the m ac hine in
not turning. Tools or work m ay f all off and caus e the f act of injury .
19) Switch off the m ac hine imm ediately when s upply fai ls.
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MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Ther e ar e differ ent types of m easuring instruments ar e used in a workshop; s ome
of them are giv en b elow.
1. Steel rule
2. Calipers
3. Vernier c aliper
4. Micrometer
5. Vernier height gauge
6. Dial test indicator
7. Screw thr ead pitch g auge
8. Screw c utting gauge
Vernier caliper
The Vernier calliper is a precision instrument used for meas uring internal and
external distances between two points ext remely ac cur ately . It has two versions,
manual and digital.
1. Outside jaws: Used to measure external diameter or width of an object

2. Inside jaws: Used to measure internal diameter of an object
3. Depth probe: Used to measure depths of an object or a hole
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4. Main scale: Scale marked every mm (metric scale)

5. Main scale: Scale marked in inches and fractions (imperial scale)
6. Vernier scale: gives interpolated measurements to 0.1 mm or better
7. Vernier scale: gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch
8. Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring of a measurement
9. Locking screw: Used to lock movable jaw with main scale.
Least count ( LC): Least Count is the sm allest value that c an be read directly in
that scale .
Least Count (L.C) = 1 Main Scale Divisi on (MSD) 1 Verni er Sc ale Division (VSD)
1 MSD
= 1mm
1 VSD
= 49/50mm = 0.98mm
Ther efore, L C
= MSD VS D = 1 -0.98mm = 0.02mm
How to take measurem ents
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Eac h division on the main scale is 1mm . The metric Vernier scale is 49mm long and
divided into 50 equal parts . Each division is 49/50, whic h is equal to 0.98mm . T he
difference between one division on the main scale and on e division on the m etric
vernier s cale is 1/50 or 0 .02m m whic h is t he L east Count.
Procedur e:
Note the main sc ale r eading, im mediately prec eding the zero line on
vernier s cale.
Here, zer o of the vernier sc ale im mediately preceding 28mm .
This (28mm) m ust be added with decim al r eading on the v ernier sc ale.
Note the lin e on the vernier sc ale, whic h is coinciding, with a line on the
main sc ale.
31 S T line coincides with a line on the main scale.
So, the r eading is 28mm plus 31 divisions of 0.02mm

TOTAL: 28mm + 3 1 * 0.02 = 2 8.62mm
Micrometer
A micrometer (also known as screw gauge) is used for measuring dimensions smaller than those
measured by the Vernier caliper. A micrometer screw gauge is a small measuring device, which
works on the screw principle. The accuracy of micrometers are varies between 0.01mm and 0.001
mm depending on the type of micrometer. Figure and detailed specifications of micrometers are
given below.
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Zero er ror of m icromet er
Least count (LC)
= Pitch / Number of divisions on the main scale = 0.50mm/50

= 0.01 mm
How to take measurements

Total observed reading = main scale reading + (circular scale division coinciding the base line of
main scale) x least count
True diameter = observed diameter zero error
Determination of the diameter of a wire rod

The wire whose diameter is to be determined is placed between the anvil and spindle end, the
thimble is rotated till the wire is firmly held between the anvil and the spindle. The ratchet is
provided to avoid excessive pressure on the wire. It prevents the spindle from further movement.
The diameter of the wire could be determined from the reading as shown in figure below.
Reading = Linear scale reading + ( coinciding

circular sc ale x least c ount)
= 2.5m m + (46 x 0.01 ) = (2.5 + 0.46) m m
= 2.96 mm
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CUTTING TOOLS
Cutting tool is a devi ce with on e or mor e cutting edges used to cr eat e c hips and
remove m etal fr om the work piec e. Gen erally , cutting tools ar e classified as single
point cutting tools and multi point cutting tools . A single point cutting tool (such
as lathe, shaper and planner and boring tool) has on ly one c utting edge, where as a
multi-point cutting tool (such as milling cutter, drill, r eamer , broac h, hack saw
blad e, etc.) has mor e than on e teeth or c utting edge on its periphery .
Cutting tool materials a nd their uses

Tool material
Properties
Carbon Steels
Low cost. Used for low-grade drill bits, taps and dies, hacksaw
blades, reamers.
High Speed Steel (HSS)
Low cost. Used for drill bits, taps, lathe cutting tools.
HSS Cobalt
Expensive. Excellent for machining abrasives, work hardening

materials such as Titanium and Stainless steel. Used for
milling cutters and drill bits.
Cemented Carbide
Expensive. Used for turning tool bits although it is very

common in milling cutters and saw blades.
Ceramics
Fairly low cost. The most common ceramic materials are

based on alumina (aluminium oxide), silicon nitride and
silicon carbide. Used almost exclusively on turning tool bits.
Cermet
Expensive. Used primarily on turning tool bits although

research is being carried on producing other cutting tools.
Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN)
Expensive. Being the second hardest substance in the world, it

is also the second most fragile. Used almost exclusively on
turning tool bits.
Diamond
Very Expensive. The hardest substance in the world. Used

almost exclusively on turning tool bits although it can be used
as a coating on many kinds of tools.
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Single poi nt cutting tools

Single point cutting tools can be divided into two, solid type and tipped tool type.
The solid type cutting tool m ay be m ade from high-speed steel. B raz ed tools are
generally known as tool bits and are used with tool holders . T ool tip may be m ade
of c emented car bide. Figur e b elow shows the det ails of solid and tipped tool.
Nomenclature of si ngle p oint cu tting tool
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Definiti ons:
1. Shank It is main body of tool. The shank used to grip in tool holder.
2. Flank Flank is the surface or surface below the adjacent of the cutting edge.
3. Face It is top surface of the tool along which the chips slides.
4. Base It is actually a bearing surface of the tool, when it held in tool holder.
5. Heel It is the intersection of the flank & base of the tool. It is curved portion at the bottom of
the tool.
6. Nose It is the point where side cutting edge and base cutting edge intersect.
7. Cutting edge It is the edge on face of the tool which removes the material from work piece.
The cutting edges are side cutting edge and end cutting edge.
8. Tool angles -Tool angles have great importance. The tool with proper angle, reduce breaking of
tool, cut metal more efficiently, generate less heat.
9. Nose radius It provide long life and good surface finish. Sharp point on nose produces grooves
in the path of cut and larger nose radius produces chatter.
Tool Signa ture

Convenient way to specify tool angles by use of standardized abbreviated system is known as tool
signature. It specifies the active angles of the tool normal to the cutting edge. The seven elements
that comprise the signature of a single point cutting tool can be stated in the following order:
Tool Signature
Back rake angle ( )
Side rake angle ()
End relief angle ()
Side relief angle ()
End cutting edge angle ()
Side cutting edge angle ()
Nose radius (mm)
10
20
15
1/32
(0.8)
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CUTTING FLUIDS
Introdu cti on
During machining or metal cutting process, enough heat is developed in the cutting zone. To remove
this heat from cutting zone, soluble oils are used as cutting fluid during machining.
Functions or uses of Coolants or Cutting fluids

1. Cutting fluid washes away the chips and hence keeps the cutting region free.
2. It helps in keeping freshly machined surface bright by giving a protective coating against
atmospheric, oxygen and thus protects the finished surface from corrosion.
3. It decreases wear and tear of cutting tool and hence increases tool life.
4. It improves machinability and reduce power requirements
5. It prevents expansion of work pieces.
6. It cools the tool, work piece, and remove the generated heat from the cutting zone.
7. It decreases adhesion between chip and tool; provide lower friction and wear, and a smaller
built-up edge.
Cutting fluids and area of application

Material
Milling
Drilling
Tapping
Turning
Aluminum
Soluble oil (96%

water) or mineral oil
Soluble oil
(70-90% water)
25% sulfur-based oil

mixed with
mineral oil
Mineral oil with 10%

fat (or) soluble oil
Brass
Soluble oil
(96% water)
Soluble oil
10-20% lard oil with

mineral oil
Mineral oil with 10%

fat
Bronze
Soluble oil
Soluble oil
30% lard with

mineral oil
Soluble oil
Alloy Steels
10% lard oil with

90% mineral oil
Soluble oil
30% lard oil with

70% mineral oil
25% sulfur base oil

with 75% mineral oil
Cast Iron
Dry
Dry
Dry or 25% lard oil

with 80% mineral oil
Dry
Copper
Soluble oil
Soluble oil
Soluble oil
Soluble oil
Low Carbon Steel

and Tool Steels
Soluble oil
Soluble oil
25-40% lard oil with

mineral oil
25% lard oil with

75% mineral oil
S3 MECH
2014-15
LATHE MACHINE
Introduction
The lathe is a machine tool, which holds the work piece between two rigid and strong supports
called centers or in a chuck or face plate which revolves. The cutting tool is rigidly held and
supported in a tool post, which is held against the revolving work. The normal cutting operations
are performed with the cutting tool fed either parallel or at right angles to the axis of the work.
Common types of lathes

1. Speed lathe
a. Woodworking lathe
b. Centering lathe
c. Polishing lathe
d. Metal spinning lathe
2. Engine lathe
a. Belt driven lathe
b. Individual motor driven lathe
c. Gear head lathe
3. Bench lathe
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4. Tool room lathe

5. Semi-automatic lathe
a. Capstan lathe
b. Turret lathe
6. Automatic lathe
7. Special purpose lathe
a. Wheel lathe
b. Gap bed lathe
c. T lathe
d. Duplicating lathe
8. Computer Numeric Control lathe (CNC lathe)
Principal parts of an engine lathe
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1. Bed: The bed is a heavy, rugged casting and it carries the headstock and tailstock for supporting
the work piece and provides a base for the movement of carriage assembly, which carries the tool.
2. Headstock: The headstock is provided in the left hand side of the bed and it serves as housing
for the driving pulleys, back gears, headstock spindle, live centre and the feed reverse gear. The
headstock spindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft that provides a drive from the motor to work holding
devices.
3. Gear Box: The quick-change gearbox is placed below the headstock and contains a number of
different sized gears.
4. Carriage: The carriage is located between the headstock and tailstock and serves the purpose of
supporting, guiding and feeding the tool against the job during operation. The main parts of carriage
are:
a) The saddle is an H-shaped casting mounted on the top of lathe ways. It provides support to
the cross-slide, compound rest and tool post.
b) The cross slide is mounted on the top of saddle, and it provides a mounted or automatic cross
movement for the cutting tool.
c) The compound rest is fitted on the top of cross slide and is used to support the tool post and
the cutting tool.
d) The tool post is mounted on the compound rest, and it rigidly clamps the cutting tool or tool
holder at the proper height relative to the work centre line.
e) The apron is fastened to the saddle and it houses the gears, clutches and levers required to
move the carriage or cross slide. The engagement of split nut lever and the automatic feed
lever at the same time is prevented she carriage along the lathe bed.
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5.
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Tailstock: The tailstock is a movable casting located opposite the headstock on the ways of the
bed. The tailstock can slide along the bed to accommodate different lengths of work piece between
the centers. A tailstock clamp is provided to lock the tailstock at any desired position.
6. Lead screw: A lead screw also known as a power screw is a screw, moves the carriage by a
precise increment for every rotation of the screw. The lead screw is made with square, acme, or
buttress type threads.
Lathe operations
The engine lathe is an accurate and versatile machine, on which many operations can be done on
this machine. These operations are:
1. Facing
2. Centering
3. Turning
4. Parting
5. Drilling
6. Boring
7. Reaming
8. Knurling
9. Forming
10. Chamfering
11. Thread cutting
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Lathe specifications
In order to identify or to purchase a lathe machine, certain standard of specification must be
considered. Following are some of the important required specifications.
1. Length of bed
2. Length between centres
3. Centre height
4. Swing diameter over bed
5. Horse power of the motor
6. Number of spindle speeds
7. Number of feeds
8. Bore diameter of the spindle
9. Width of the bed
10. Type of the bed
11. Pitch value of the lead screw
12. Spindle nose diameter
13. Floor space required
14. Type of the machine
Work holding devices

Work holding devices are used to hold and rotate the work pieces along with the spindle. Following
are the different types of work holding devices used in a lathe shop:
1. Chucks
2. Face plate
3. Driving plate
4. Catch plate
5. Carriers
6. Mandrels
7. Centres
8. Rests
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Taper turning
Taper turning is an operation performed on a lathe that feeds a tool at an angle to the length of the
work piece in order to create a conical shape. There are different taper turning methods, which are:
1. Swivelling the compound rest method
2. Form tool method
3. Tailstock set over method
4. Taper turning attachment method
5. Combined feed method
Taper turning by swivelling the compound rest

This method employs the principle of turning taper by rotating the work piece on the lathe axis and
feeding the tool at an angle to the axis of rotation of the work piece. The tool mounted on the
compound rest is attached to a
circular base, graduated in degree,
which may be swiveled and clamped
at any desired angle. Once the
compound rest is set at the desired
half taper angle, rotation of the
compound slide screw will cause the
tool to be fed at that angle and
generate a corresponding taper. This
method is limited to turning a short
taper owing to the limited movement
of the cross slide.
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SHAPING MACHINE
Introduction
Shaping is a process of machining a flat
surface which may be horizontal, vertical,
inclined,
concave
or
convex
using
reciprocating single point tool. A shaping

machine is a reciprocating type of machine
tool.
Common types of shaper

Shapers are classified in many ways, i.e. According to the length of the stroke, type of driving
mechanism, direction of travel of the ram, the type of work they do, the types and design of table etc.
The different types of shapers are,
1. Crank shaper
2. Hydraulic shaper
3. Universal shaper
4. Standard shaper
5. Draw-cut shaper
6. Horizontal shaper
7. Vertical shaper
8. Geared Shaper
9. Contour shaper
10. Travelling head shaper
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Principal parts of a shaper
Shaper operations
A shaper is a machine tool primarily designed to generate a flat surface by a single point cutting tool.
Besides this, it may also be used to perform many other operations. The different operations, which
a shaper can perform, are as follows:
1. Machining horizontal surface
2. Machining vertical surface
3. Machining inclined surface
4. Slot cutting
5. Key ways cutting
6. Machining irregular surface
7. Machining splines and cutting gears
18
Components manufactured by shaper operations
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Shaper specifications
The size of a shaper is determined by the maximum length of cut or stroke it can make. A standard
shaper is usually capable of holding and machining a cube of the same dimensions as the length of
stroke. The length of stroke is always the principal dimension, but a number of other details are also
required for specifying a shaper fully. The complete specification of a typical shaper is given below.
1.
Length of stroke
2.
Maximum horizontal travel of table
3.
Maximum vertical travel of table
4.
Maximum distance from table to ram
5.
Maximum vertical travel of tool slide
6.
Length and width of table top
7.
Length and depth of table side
8.
Power of motor
Work holding devices

Work pieces can be held and supported on the shaper table directly or by having some special
devices. Depending on the size and shape of the work, it may be supported on the table by any one
of the following methods.
1. Shaper vise
2. Clamps and stop pins
1. Angle plate
plate
2. V block
3. T- bolts & step bolts
Tools used in a shaping machine

The materials of the cutting tool used in a shaping machine are as follows:
1. High Carbon Steel
2. High Speed Steel
3. Carbide tipped tool
4. Stellite tool
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1.6.9 Quick return mechanisms

The ram moves at a comparatively slower speed during the forward cutting stroke. During the
return stroke, the mechanism is so designed to make the tool move at a faster rate to reduce the idle
return time. This mechanism is known as quick return mechanism. As the ram moves at a faster rate
during return stroke, the time taken becomes less. The total machining time decreases and the rate
of production increases. The following mechanisms are used for quick return of the ram.
1. Crank and slotted link mechanism
2. Hydraulic mechanism
3. Whitworth mechanism
Stroke length calculation and adjustment

The length of the stroke is
calculated to be nearly 30mm
longer
than
the
work.
The
position of stroke is so adjusted

that the tool starts to move from
a distance of 25mm before the
beginning
of
the
cut
and
continues to move 5mm after the

end of the cut. Figure shows the
adjustment
required
stroke length calculation.
21
for
the
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2014-15
LATHE WORK- PLAIN TURNING
Ex. No.1
Date:
Aim
To make a mode l as per t he given sketch and dimens ion

by using P lain Turning operat ion.
Material Requ ired
Mild Stee l Rod of 25mm and Length 1 25mm.
Tools Required
Steel Rule , Ve rnie r Calipe r, Chuck Key, Surface Gauge ,

Centre Bit , Powe r Hack S aw, Single Point V HSS
Cutting Tool, Tailstock Spanne r.
Lathe Op erations
Facing, Cente ring, Work Pie ce Setting, Tool Setting and

Plain Turning .
Procedure
Cut Mi l d St eel Rod of 25mm di am et er i n 1 25mm l engt h f rom l ong st eel bar
av ai l abl e i n t he Machi ne Shop by u si ng Po we r Hack Sa w or ordi nary H ack Sa w.
Arrange t h e t ool s a s sp eci f i ed abov e f rom t he st or e bef ore st art t he work.
Hel d t he work pi ece i n t he t hree l at he ch uck i n t he l at he m achi ne.
Hel d t he si ngl e p oi nt cut t i ng t ool (HSS) i n t he t ool po st wi t h a n i ncl i nat i on
con si deri ng t he t ool t i p po si t i on i n l i ne wi t h t he dead c ent re poi nt i n t he t ai l st ock
and cl am ped ri gi dl y f or norm al l at he work.
Make a f i ne f ace on ri ght si de of work pi ece by f aci ng operat i on .
Rem ov e t he dead c ent re f rom t he t ai l st ock and f ix cent re bi t wi t h h ol der i n t he
t ai l st ock and m ake a coni cal cent eri ng hol e i n ri ght si de f ace of t he work pi ece.
Bri ng t he t ool post i n norm al posi t i on; i . e. t he V t ool t i p m ust be per pen di cul ar t o
t he work pi ece ax i s and i n l i ne wi t h t he dea d cent re an d cl am ped ri gi dl y.
Hel d t he l ef t end of t he work pi ece i n t he f our j aw chuck ce nt ral l y by adj ust i ng
chuck j aws a nd h el d ot her en d of t he work pi ece i s i n l iv e cent re i n t he t ail st ock.
Ri gi dl y f ix t ai l st ock on l at he bed by t i ght eni n g t he re spect iv e nut an d bol t .
St art t he l at he m achi ne by t urn t he rot ary swi t ch handl e f ix ed on t he l at he bed.
Make t he m odel as per t he i n st ruct i on s giv en by t he i nst ruct or s.
Check di m ensi on s wh en doi n g t he work con secut iv el y and com pl et e t he j ob.
Cl ean t he Lat h e m achi ne and rem ov e all scraps f rom t he t ray.
Result
Completed and make t he mode l as pe r g iven draw ing and dimens ions.
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Ex. No.2
Date:
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LATHE WORK- STEP TURNING
Aim
T o m ake a m odel a s pe r t he giv en sk et ch a nd di m ensi on by u si ng

Pl ai n and St ep T urni ng ope r at i ons.
Materi al Req u i red Mi l d St eel Rod of 25mm and Lengt h 1 25m m .

T o o l s Requ i red
St eel Rul e, Verni er Cal i per, O dd l eg cal i per (Jenny cal i per), Chuck
Key, Surf ace G auge, Cent re Bi t , Power Hack Saw, Si ngl e Poi nt V
HSS Cut t i ng T ool , Parti ng T ool , and T ai l st ock Spanner.
L ath e O p erati o n s
F aci ng, Cent eri ng, W ork Pi ece Set t i ng, Tool Set t i ng and Pl ai n
T urni ng & St ep T urni ng.
Pro ced u re
Cut Mi l d St eel Rod of 25mm di am et er i n 125mm l engt h f rom l ong st eel bar
av ai l abl e i n t he Machi ne Shop by u si ng Po we r Hack Sa w or ordi nary H ack Sa w.

Make a f i ne f ace on ri ght si de of work pi ece by f aci ng operat i on.
Rem ov e t he dead c ent re f rom t he t ai l st ock and f ix cent re bi t wi t h h ol d er i n t he

Hel d t he l ef t end of t he work pi ece i n t he f our j aw chuck ce nt ral l y by adj ust i ng

Ri gi dl y f ix t ai l st ock on l at he bed by t i ght eni n g t he re spect iv e nut and bol t .
St art t he l at he m achi ne by t urn t he rot ary swi t ch handl e f ix ed on t he l at he bed.
Resu l t
24
Com pl et ed and m ake t he m odel as per giv en dra wi ng an d di m ensi on s.
25
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Ex. No.3
Date:
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LATHE WORK- PLAIN, STEP, TAPER, CURVE TURNING
Aim
T o m ake a m odel a s pe r t he giv en sk et ch a nd di m ensi on by u si ng

Pl ai n T urni ng, St ep T urni ng, T aper T urni ng & C urv e T urni ng
operat i on s.
Materi al Req u i red Mi l d St eel Rod of 25mm and Lengt h 1 25m m .

T o o l s Requ i red
St eel Rul e, Verni er Cal i per, Chuck Key, Surf ace G auge, Cent re
Bi t , Power H ack Sa w, Si ngl e Poi nt V HSS Cut t i ng T ool , Part i ng
T ool , Round f orm t ool , T ail st ock Spann er.
L ath e O p erati o n s
F aci ng, Cent eri ng, W ork Pi ece Set t i ng, Tool Set t i ng and Pl ai n
T urni ng.
Pro ced u re
Cut Mi l d St eel Rod of 25mm di am et er i n 125mm l engt h f rom l ong st eel bar
av ai l abl e i n t he Machi ne Shop by u si ng Po we r Hack Sa w or ordi nary H ack Sa w .

Make a f i ne f ace on ri ght si de of work pi ece by f aci ng operat i on.
Rem ov e t he dead c ent re f rom t he t ai l st ock and f ix cent re bi t wi t h h ol der i n t he

Hel d t he l ef t end of t he wor k pi ece i n t he f our j aw chuck ce nt ral l y by adj ust i ng

Ri gi dl y f ix t ai l st ock on l at he bed by t i ght eni n g t he re spect iv e nut and bol t .
St art t he l at he m achi ne by t urn t he rot ar y swi t ch handl e f ix ed on t he l at he bed.
Resu l t
26
Com pl et ed and m ake t he m odel as per giv en dra wi ng an d di m ensi on s.
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MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

Do not oper ate any m ac hine unless authori zed.

Keep the f loor c lean of met al chips or c ur ls and waste piec es .

Get first aid imm ediately f or any injur y.

10) Wear saf ety shoes , if heavy w ork has don e.

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

1. Outside jaws: Used to measure external diameter or width of an object

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

4. Main scale: Scale marked every mm (metric scale)

= MSD VS D = 1 -0.98mm = 0.02mm

How to take measurem ents

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

So, the r eading is 28mm plus 31 divisions of 0.02mm

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

Zero er ror of m icromet er

Least count (LC)

= Pitch / Number of divisions on the main scale = 0.50mm/50

How to take measurements

Determination of the diameter of a wire rod

Reading = Linear scale reading + ( coinciding

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

Cutting tool materials a nd their uses

High Speed Steel (HSS)

Expensive. Excellent for machining abrasives, work hardening

Expensive. Used for turning tool bits although it is very

Fairly low cost. The most common ceramic materials are

Expensive. Used primarily on turning tool bits although

Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN)

Expensive. Being the second hardest substance in the world, it

Very Expensive. The hardest substance in the world. Used

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

Single poi nt cutting tools

Nomenclature of si ngle p oint cu tting tool

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

Tool Signa ture

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

Functions or uses of Coolants or Cutting fluids

Cutting fluids and area of application

Soluble oil (96%

25% sulfur-based oil

Mineral oil with 10%

10-20% lard oil with

Mineral oil with 10%

30% lard with

10% lard oil with

30% lard oil with

25% sulfur base oil

Dry or 25% lard oil

Low Carbon Steel

25-40% lard oil with

25% lard oil with

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

Common types of lathes

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

4. Tool room lathe

Principal parts of an engine lathe

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

Work holding devices

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE

Taper turning by swivelling the compound rest