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Assignment - MB0050 - Research

Methodology - Set 1
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Sikkim Manipal
University - MBA MB0050 Research
Methodology

Semester: 3 Assignment Set: 1

Statistical
AveragesM a t h e
matical
averagesPo
sitional
a v e r a g e s Arith
metic mean
MedianGeometric

mean
ModeHarmonic
meanArithmetic
mean, geometric
mean and harmonic
mean are
mathematical
averages. Median
andmode are
positional averages.

These statistical
measures try to
understand how
individualvalues in a
distribution
concentrate to a
central value like
average. If the values
of
distributionapproxim

ately come near to

the average value,
we conclude that the
distribution has
centraltendency.
Difference between
Mean and
Median:Mean
(Mathematical
averages)Median

(Positional
averages)
When the sample
size is large and
doesnot include
outliers, the mean
scoreusually
provides a better
measure of central
tendency.The

median may be a
better indicator
of the most typical
value if a set of
scoreshas an
outlier
. An outlier is an
extremevalue that
differs greatly
from

othervalues.The
mean is the most
commonlyusedmeasure of
central tendency.
When wetalk about
an "average", we
usually arereferring
to the mean

The median often is

used when there are
a fewextreme values
that could greatly
influence themean
and distort what
might be
consideredtypical.Th
e mean is simply
the sum of the

valuesdivided by the
total number of items
in the set
The median is
determined by
sorting thedata set
from lowest to
highest values
andtaking the data

point in the middle

of thesequence
Question 5: Select
any topic for
research and
explain how you
will use
bothsecondary and
primary sources to

gather the required

information.Answer:
For performing
research on the
literacy levels
among families, the
primary and
secondarysources of
data can be used
very effectively.

More specifically
the primary sources
of datacollection is
suggested in this
regard. Because
personal data or data
related to human
beingsconsist of:

Bhupinder Singh
Reg. No. 521063004
Page 5 of 15

Sikkim Manipal
University - MBA MB0050 Research
Methodology
Semester: 3 Assignment Set: 1
1. Demographic and
socio-economic
characteristics of
individuals: Age, sex,

race, social
class,religion, marital
status, education,
occupation income,
family size, location
of the household
lifestyle etc.2.
Behavioral variables:
Attitudes, opinions,
awareness,

knowledge, practice,
intentions, etc.3.
Organizational data
consist of data
relating to an
organizations origin,
ownership,
objectives,resources,
functions,
performance and

growth.4. Territorial
data are related to
geo-physical
characteristics,
resource endowment,
population,occupatio
nal pattern
infrastructure degree
of development, etc.
of spatial divisions

like villages,cities,
talluks, districts, state
and the nation.The
data serve as the
bases or raw
materials for
analysis. Without an
analysis of factual
data,no specific
inferences can be

drawn on the
questions under
study. Inferences
based
onimagination or
guess work cannot
provide correct
answers to research
questions.
Therelevance,

adequacy and
reliability of data
determine the quality
of the findings of a
study.Data form the
basis for testing the
hypothesis
formulated in a
study. Data also
provide thefacts and

figures required for

constructing
measurement scales
and tables, which are
analyzedwith
statistical
techniques.
Inferences on the
results of statistical
analysis and tests

of significance
provide the answers
to research
questions. Thus, the
scientific process
of measurements,
analysis, testing and
inferences depends
on the availability of
relevant dataand

their accuracy.
Hence, the
importance of data
for any research
studies
The sources of data
may be classified
into:a.Primary
sources
b.

Secondary
sources.Primary
Sources of Data:
Primary sources are
original sources from
which the researcher
directly collects data
that havenot been
previously collected
e.g.., collection of

data directly by the

researcher on
brandawareness,
brand preference,
brand loyalty and
other aspects of
consumer behaviour
from asample of
consumers by
interviewing them,.

Primary data are

first-hand
information
collectedthrough
various methods such
as observation,
interviewing, mailing
etc.
Advantage of
Primary Data:

It is original source
of dataIt is possible
to capture the
changes occurring in
the course of time.It
flexible to the
advantage of
researcher.Extensive
research study is

based of primary
data
Disadvantage of
Primary Data:

Primary data is
expensive to obtain

It is time consuming

It requires extensive
research personnel
who are skilled.

It is difficult to
administer
Methods of
Collecting Primary
Data:

Primary data are

directly collected by
the researcher from
their original
sources. In this
case,the researcher
can collect the
required date
precisely according
to his research needs,

he cancollect them
when he wants them
and in the form he
needs them. But the
collection of primary
Bhupinder Singh
Reg. No. 521063004
Page 6 of 15

Sikkim Manipal
University - MBA MB0050 Research
Methodology
Semester: 3 Assignment Set: 1
data is costly and
time consuming.
Yet, for several
types of social

science research
requireddata are not
available from
secondary sources
and they have to be
directly gathered
from theprimary
sources. In such
cases where the
available data are in

appropriate,
inadequate
orobsolete, primary
data have to be
gathered. They
include:
socioeconomic
surveys,
socialanthropologic
al studies of rural

communities and
tribal communities,
sociological studies
of social problems
and social
institutions.
Marketing research,
leadership studies,
opinion
polls,attitudinal

surveys, readership,
radio listening and
T.V. viewing surveys,
knowledgeawarenesspractice
(KAP) studies, farm
managements
studies, business
management studies
etc. Thereare various

methods of data
collection. A
Method is different
from a Tool while
a methodrefers to the
way or mode of
gathering data, a tool
is an instruments
used for the method.
Forexample, a

schedule is used for

interviewing. The
important methods
are (a) observation,
(b)interviewing,
(c)mail survey,
(d)experimentation,
(e) simulation and
(f) projective
technique.Each of

these methods is
discussed in detail in
the subsequent
sections in the later
chapters.
Secondary Sources
of Data:
These are sources
containing data
which have been

collected and
compiled for
anotherpurpose. The
secondary sources
consists of readily
compendia and
already compiled
statisticalstatements
and reports whose
data may be used by

researchers for their

studies e.g.,
censusreports ,
annual reports and
financial statements
of companies,
Statistical statement,
Reportsof
Government
Departments, Annual

reports of currency
and finance
published by the
ReserveBank of
India, Statistical
statements relating to
Co-operatives and
Regional Banks,
publishedby the
NABARD, Reports

of the National
sample survey
Organization,
Reports of
tradeassociations,
publications of
international
organizations such
as UNO, IMF, World
Bank, ILO,WHO,

etc., Trade and

Financial journals
newspapers
etc.Secondary
sources consist of
not only published
records and reports,
but also
unpublishedrecords.
The latter category

includes various
records and registers
maintained by the
firms
andorganizations,
e.g., accounting and
financial records,
personnel records,
register of
members,minutes of

meetings, inventory
records etc.
Features of
Secondary Sources:
Though secondary
sources are diverse
and consist of all
sorts of materials,
they have
certaincommon

characteristics. First,
they are readymade
and readily
available, and do not
requirethe trouble of
constructing tools
and administering
themSecond, they
consist of data
which a researcher

has no original
control over
collection
andclassification.
Both the form and
the content of
secondary sources
are shaped by
others.Clearly, this
is a feature which

can limit the

research value of
secondary sources.
Finally,secondary
sources are not
limited in time and
space. That is, the
researcher using
them neednot have
been present when

and where they were

gathered
Use of Secondary
Data:
The second data
may be used in three
ways by a
researcher. First,
some specific
informationfrom

secondary sources
may be used for
reference purpose.
For example, the
generalstatistical
information in the
number of cooperative credit
societies in the
country,

theircoverage of
villages, their
capital structure,
volume of business
etc., may be taken
frompublished
reports and quoted
as background
information in a
study on the

evaluation
of performance of
cooperative credit
societies in a selected
district/state.
Bhupinder Singh
Reg. No. 521063004
Page 7 of 15

Sikkim Manipal
University - MBA MB0050 Research
Methodology
Semester: 3 Assignment Set: 1
Second, secondary
data may be used as
bench marks against
which the findings

of researchmaybe
tested, e.g., the
findings of a local
or regional survey
may be compared
with thenational
averages; the
performance
indicators of a
particular bank may

be tested against
thecorresponding
indicators of the
banking industry as a
whole; and so
on.Finally,
secondary data may
be used as the sole
source of
information for a

research
project.Such studies
as securities Market
Behaviour, Financial
Analysis of
companies, Trade in
creditallocation in
commercial banks,
sociological studies
on crimes, historical

studies, and the

like,depend
primarily on
secondary data.
Year books,
statistical reports
of
governmentdepartm
ents, report of public
organizations of

Bureau of Public
Enterprises, Censes
Reportsetc., and
serve as major data
sources for such
research studies
Advantages of
Secondary Data:

Secondary sources
have some
advantages:

Secondary data, if
available can be
secured quickly and
cheaply. Once their
source of documents
and reports are

located, collection of
data is just matter of
desk work. Eventhe
tediousness of
copying the data
from the source can
now be avoided,
thanks toXeroxing
facilities.

Wider geographical
area and longer
reference period
may be covered
without muchcost.
Thus, the use of
secondary data
extends the
researchers space
and time reach.

The use of secondary

data broadens the
data base from which
scientific
generalizationscan be
made.

Environmental and
cultural settings are

required for the

study.

The use of secondary

data enables a
researcher to verify
the findings bases on
primarydata. It
readily meets the
need for additional

empirical support.
The researcher
needsnot wait the
time when additional
primary data can be
collected.
Disadvantages of
Secondary Data:

The use of a
secondary data has
its own limitations.

The most important

limitation is the
available data may
not meet our specific
needs.
Thedefinitions

adopted by those
who collected those
data may be
different; units
of measure may not
match; and time
periods may also be
different.

The available data

may not be as
accurate as desired.
To assess their
accuracy we needto
know how the data
were collected.

The secondary data

are not up-to-date

and become obsolete

when they appear in
print,because of
time lag in
producing them.
For example,
population census
data arepublished
two or three years
later after

compilation and no
new figures will be
availablefor another
ten years.

Finally, information
about the
whereabouts of
sources may not be
available to all

socialscientists. Even
if the location of the
source is known, the
accessibility depends
primarilyon
proximity. For
example, most of the
unpublished official
records and
compilations

arelocated in the
capital city, and they
are not within the
easy reach of
researchers basedin
far off places.
Evaluation of
Secondary Data:

Bhupinder Singh
Reg. No. 521063004
Page 8 of 15
Sikkim Manipal
University - MBA MB0050 Research
Methodology
Semester: 3 Assignment Set: 1

When a researcher
wants to use
secondary data for
his research, he
should evaluate
thembefore deciding
to use them.
1)
Data Pertinence:

The first
consideration in
evaluation is to
examine the
pertinence of the
availablesecondary
data to the research
problem under study.
The following

questions should
beconsidered.

What are the

definitions and
classifications
employed? Are they
consistent?

What are the

measurements of

variables used?
What is the degree
to which
theyconform to the
requirements of our
research?On the
basis of above
consideration, the
pertinence of the
secondary data to

the research onhand

should be
determined, as a
researcher who is
imaginative and
flexible may be able
toredefine his
research problem so
as to make use of

otherwise unusable
available data.
2)
Data Quality:
If the researcher is
convinced about the
available secondary
data for his needs,
the next step isto
examine the quality

of the data. The

quality of data refers
to their accuracy,
reliability
andcompleteness.
The assurance and
reliability of the
available secondary
data depends on
theorganization

which collected them

and the purpose for
which they were
collected. What is
theauthority and
prestige of the
organization? Is it
well recognized? Is it
noted for reliability?
It iscapable of

collecting reliable
data? Does it use
trained and well
qualified
investigators?
Theanswers to these
questions determine
the degree of
confidence we can
have in the data

andtheir accuracy. It
is important to go to
the original source of
the secondary data
rather than touse an
immediate source
which has quoted
from the original.
Then only, the
researcher canreview

the cautionary and

other comments that
were made in the
original source.
3)
Data Completeness:
The completeness
refers to the actual
coverage of the
published data. This

depends on
themethodology and
sampling design
adopted by the
original
organization. Is the
methodologysound?
Is the sample size
small or large? Is the
sampling method

appropriate?
Answers tothese
questions may
indicate the
appropriateness and
adequacy of the data
for the
problemunder study.
The question of
possible bias should

also be examined.
Whether the purpose
forwhich the
original organization
collected the data
had a particular
orientation? Has the
studybeen made to
promote the
organizations own

interest? How the

study was
conducted? Theseare
important clues. The
researcher must be
on guard when the
source does not
report
themethodology and
sampling design.

Then it is not
possible to
determine the
adequacy of
thesecondary data for
the researchers
study.
Question 6:a.Explain
the role of Graphs
and Diagrams?

b.What are the

Types and General
rules for graphical
representation of
data?Answer:
Bhupinder Singh
Reg. No. 521063004
Page 9 of 15

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