Transforms

by
B Kanmani

Sequence of presentation
1. Fourier Series: FS
2. Fourier Transform: FT

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1. Fourier Series

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The
Fourier representation
of
continuous time periodic signals:

Fourier Series

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The Fourier Series representation

n 1

n 1

x(t ) a0 an cos n0t bn sin n0t

cn cos n0t n
n 0

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Example-I

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Continuous time periodic signal

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Time domain representation

without using Fourier series

x(t )

x t nT

ONE

where
xONE

1 0t T /2

1 T / 2 t T
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Without Fourier Series

X-one: Equation for signal in one
period T
x(t):

Sum of Time shifted X-one

Infinite Sum
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Without Fourier Series

SET of TWO equations
Difficult to perform operations like:
multiplication, differentiation, addition
with another signal

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With Fourier Series

SINGLE EQUATION

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Same Example

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Time domain representation

using Fourier series

4
x(t )
sin n0t
n 1,3,5,... n
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ONE term
Fourier series

representation

x(t )

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sin 0t
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TWO term
Fourier series
representation
x(t )

sin 0t

sin 30t
3
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THREE term
Fourier series
representation
x(t )

sin 0t

sin 30t
3
4

sin 50t
5
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Eleven term
Fourier series
representation

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4
x(t )
sin n0t
n 1,3,5,... n
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Infinite term
Fourier series
representation

4
x(t )
sin n0t
n 1,3,5,... n
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Some observations
Exact representation when infinite
terms are considered
Signal and the cosine basis functions are
assumed to extend to infinity
Original signal is the weighted sum of
harmonics of sinusoidal signals
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Additional Information

Frequency Information

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Frequency Spectrum

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Time-domain

Frequency-domain

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Time-domain

T=1 sec
fo=1Hz

Frequency-domain

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Time-domain

T=0.5 sec
fo=2 Hz

Frequency-domain

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Observation
Compression
in time domain
leads to
expansion
in frequency domain
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Example-II

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Half-wave rectified wave

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ONE TERM

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TWO TERMS

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FIVE TERMS

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TWENTY TERMS

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Fourier Series

x(t )

0.5sin(0t )

1

cos n0t
2
n 2,4,6,... ( n 1)
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Time-domain

Frequency-domain

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Example-III

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THE PERIODIC SIGNAL

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ONE TERM

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TWO TERMS

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THREE TERMS

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FIVE TERMS

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TWENTY TERMS

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Fourier Series

1
1
1

x(t ) sin(0t ) sin(20t ) sin(30t ) ...

2
3

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Time-domain

Frequency-domain

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Fourier Series

Exact time-domain representation

Periodic continuous time signals
From FS, we can get its spectrum
The spectrum is always discrete
The spectrum contains harmonics of
the fundamental
Reducing time period increases
frequency
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Fourier Series

Continuous time
Periodic signals

Discrete spectrum
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Fourier Series: Application

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Fourier Series: Application

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Fourier Series: Application

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In all cases: output is sine-wave

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What should be the filter cut-off?

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In all cases: cut-off is about 10 fc

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In general
more than 98% of energy
is contained in the
first TEN harmonics
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Another Example

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Time-domain

T=1 sec + 1 sec

Frequency = 0.5Hz

Frequency-domain
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Time-domain

T=1 sec + 3 sec

Frequency = 0.25 Hz

Frequency-domain
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Time-domain

T=1 sec + 7 sec

Frequency = 0.125 Hz

Frequency-domain
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2. Fourier Transform

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Fourier Transform

Continuous time
Non-Periodic signals

Continuous spectrum
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The Fourier Transform

X ( )

x(t )e

jt

1
x(t )
2

jt

X ( )e d

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Example - I

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Example - II

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Example - III

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Example - IV

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Matlab Command
>> fm=500;
>> Fs=20*fm;
>>Ts=1/Fs;

% sine wave frequency

%Actual sampling rate
%Sampling interval

>> time=0:Ts:4.0;
>> x_1=0.5*cos(2*pi*fm*time);
>> sound(x_1,Fs);
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Example - V

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Example - VI

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Thank you

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