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Power Supplies
(Voltage Regulators)
Filter Circuits
Ripple Factor
100
dc voltage
V dc
Full-Wave
DC output:
DC output:
Vdc 0.636Vm
Vdc 0.318Vm
AC ripple output:
AC ripple output:
Vr(rms) 0.308Vm
Vr(rms) 0.385Vm
Ripple factor:
%r
Vr(rms)
Vdc
Ripple factor:
100
%r
0.385Vm
100 121%
0.318Vm
Vr(rms)
Vdc
100
0.308 Vm
100 48%
0.636 Vm
Capacitor Filter
Ripple voltage
Vr(rms)
I dc
4 3fC
2.4I dc 2.4Vdc
C
RLC
Ripple factor
%r
Vr(rms)
Vdc
100
2.4I dc
2.4
100
100
CVdc
RLC
CV
I
t
where
C = capacitance
V = change in capacitor voltage during charge/discharge
t = the charge/discharge time
RC Filter Circuit
Adding an RC section further
reduces the ripple voltage and
decrease the surge current
through the diodes.
Vr(rms)
XC
Vr(rms)
R
%V R
VNL VFL
100%
VFL
Discrete Transistors
ICs
10
Discrete-Transistor Regulators
Series voltage regulator
Current-limiting circuit
Shunt voltage regulator
11
The series element controls the amount of the input voltage that gets to
the output.
If the output voltage increases (or decreases), the comparator circuit
provides a control signal to cause the series control element to decrease
(or increase) the amount of the output voltage.
12
13
15
Current-Limiting Circuit
When IL increases:
16
17
18
19
IC Voltage Regulators
Regulator ICs contain:
Comparator circuit
Reference voltage
Control circuitry
Overload protection
20
The range of input voltages that can be regulated for a specific range of
output voltage and load current
Load regulationvariation in output voltage with variations in load
current
Line regulationvariation in output voltage with variations in input
voltage
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23
24
25
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