Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
IMPLEMENTASI
PEMBANGUNAN DI
JANTUNG KALIMANTAN
(HEART OF BORNEO / HoB)
MELALUI PENDEKATAN
EKONOMI HIJAU
Strategy for developing
The Heart of Borneo (HoB)
through a Green
Economy
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
STRATEGI
IMPLEMENTASI
PEMBANGUNAN DI
DI JANTUNG KALIMANTAN
(HEART OF BORNEO / HoB)
MELALUI PENDEKATAN
EKONOMI HIJAU
Strategy for developing
The Heart of Borneo (HoB)
through a Green Economy
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
SAMBUTAN MENTERI
KOORDINATOR BIDANG
PEREKONOMIAN
REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Perkenankan saya untuk mengucapkan
rasa syukur kepada Allah SWT karena
atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya, maka Buku
Strategi lmplementasi Pembangunan di
Heart of Borneo (HoB) melalui Pendekatan
Ekonomi Hijau dapat diselesaikan dengan
baik. Buku ini tentu saja sangat penting
bagi kami - Kementerian Koordinator
Bidang Perekonomian - sebagai panduan
bagi Kementerian, provinsi dan kabupaten
terkait untuk menggerakkan pelaksanaan
pembangunan berkelanjutan di kawasan
Jantung Kalimantan.
Saya ingin menyampaikan bahwa
Ekonomi hijau dapat dilihat sebagai
paradigma ekonomi baru, yang dapat
mendorong pertumbuhan pendapatan
dan lapangan kerja,sekaligus mengurangi
resiko kerusakan lingkungan, dan
diharapkan mampu mewujudkan
pembangunan berkelanjutan. Ekonomi
hijau diharapkan secara signifikan dapat
mengurangi kerusakan lingkungan,
namun sebaliknya akan mampu
memperbaiki lingkungan dengan
pendekatan adaptasi terhadap perubahan
iklim. lni merupakan mekanisme ekonomi
alternatif yang mempertimbangkan
nilai-nilai sumber daya alam
bagikesejahteraan masyarakat.
Konsep Ekonomi Hijau diharapkan mampu
menciptakan keseimbangan tiga pilar
pembangunan (ekonomi, sosial dan
lingkungan). Pulau Kalimantan dalam
Master Plan Percepatan Pembangunan
MESSAGE FROM
THE COORDINATING
MINISTER FOR
ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
OF THE REPUBLIC OF
INDONESIA
Please allow me to express gratitude
to God the Most Holy and the Most High
for His grace and blessing that the book
titled Implementation Strategy for
Development in the Heart of Borneo
(HoB / HoB) Through the Green Economy
Approach could be duly finished. Of
course, this book is very important
to us the Coordinating Ministry for
Economic Affairs -- as a guide for
ministries, provinces and districts to
drive the implementation of sustainable
development in a region known as
Indonesias Heart of Borneo (HoB).
I would like to state that green economy
can be seen as a new economic paradigm
that could spur revenue growth,
employment growth, as well as reducing
the risk of environmental damage, and
expected to progress to sustainable
development. Green economy is expected
to be able to significantly reduce damage
to the environment, and in the other hand
will be able to repair the damage through
adoption approaches towards climate
change. This is an alternative economic
mechanism that takes into account the
values of natural resources for the welfare
of the people.
It is expected that the concept of green
economy is able to strike a balance
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
CHAIRUL TANJUNG
MENTERI KOORDINATOR BIDANG PEREKONOMIAN
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
KATA PENGANTAR
Acknowledgements
uji dan syukur patut kita panjatkan kepada Allah SWT atas selesainya penyusunan buku Strategi lmplementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart
of Borneo/HoB) Melalui Pendekatan
Ekonomi Hijau. Buku ini adalah merupakan hasil kajian yang telah dilakukan oleh
para tim pakar dari 6 (enam) Perguruan
Tinggi Negeri di Indonesia, yaitu: Universitas Gajah Mada, Universitas Indonesia,
lnstitut Pertanian Bogor, Universitas
Mulawarman, Universitas Tanjungpura,
dan Universitas Palangka Raya.
Pembangunan melalui pendekatan
ekonomi hijau tidak hanya memberi
manfaat terhadap keberlanjutan
sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan, namun
juga mampu memberi manfaat ekonomi
dan sosial bagi para pihak di semua
lapisan. Hal ini mendasari implementasi
pembangunan melalui ekonomi hijau
menjadi pilihan yang tepat bagi dasar
pembangunan di kawasan HoB karena
sesuai dengan visi misi HoB yaitu:
konservasi dan prinsip pembangunan
secara berkelanjutan.
Pada kesempatan ini saya mengucapkan
terima kasih kepada para Tim Penyusun,
Prof. Dr. Busta nul Arifin dan Dr. lrsjal
Yasman selaku Editor, WWF-Indonesia,
GIZ-FORCLIME, dan semua pihak yang
telah memberikan kontribusi dalam
penerbitan buku ini.
Diharapkan buku ini dapat menjadi
panduan atau referensi bagi para JaJaran
pemerintahan dan pemangku-kepentingan
dalam menyusun rencana pembangunan
di daerah sehingga mampu mewujudkan
pembangunan yang lestari dan sejahtera
bagi setiap lapisan masyarakat.
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
RINGKASAN EKSEKUTIF
Executive Summary
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
Abbreviations
AMDAL:
APBD:
Bappeda:
Bappenas :
BAU:
Business As Usual
BBM:
BKPM:
BPS:
COP:
Conference Of Parties
CPO:
CSR:
DAK:
DAS:
DBH:
DDPI:
DKI:
DKFE:
DME:
DMSI:
EBT:
EQI:
FORCLIME:
FSC:
GAP:
GDP:
GGGI:
GIZ:
GRK:
GW:
Giga Watt
Ha:
Hektar
HAKI:
HCVF:
HDI:
HDI:
HGU:
HHBK:
HKm:
Hutan Kemasyarakatan
HoB:
Heart of Borneo
10
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
HTR:
ILO:
Inpres:
Instruksi Presiden
IPM:
IPR:
ISPO:
IUPHHK HA: Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Kayu Hutan Alam
IUPHHK HT: Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Kayu Hutan Tanaman
IUPHHK RE: Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Kayu Restorasi Ekosistem
IUP:
ITTO:
ISCC:
Kalbar:
Kalimantan Barat
Kalsel:
Kalimantan Selatan
Kaltara:
Kalimantan Utara
Kalteng:
Kalimantan Tengah
Kaltim:
Kalimantan Timur
Kehati:
Kenekaragaman Hayati
KCP:
KK:
Kepala Keluarga
KLH:
KLHS:
Konreg:
Konsultasi Regional
KPHP:
KPHL:
KPHK:
KPI:
KSN:
KTT:
LEI:
LSM:
MAKSI:
Migas:
MW:
Mega Watt
MP3EI:
OECD:
PAD:
PBS:
PDB:
PDRB:
11
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
PEMDA:
Pemerintah Daerah
PERDA:
Peraturan Daerah
PES:
Perpres:
Peraturan Presiden
Pergub:
Peraturan Gubernur
Perbup:
Peraturan Bupati
Permen:
Peraturan Menteri
PEFC:
PHPL:
KP:
Kuasa Pertambangan
PKP2B:
PKS:
PJL:
PLTA:
PNBP:
Pokjanas:
PP:
Peraturan Pemerintah
PPP:
PT:
Perseroan Terbatas
PTSP:
RAD GRK:
RE:
Restorasi Ekosistem
REDD+:
RIL:
RIL-C:
RKTN:
Rp:
Rupiah
RPJP:
RPJM:
RPJMN:
RPJMD:
RPPLH:
RPP:
RSPO:
RTRW:
SAN:
SDG:
SVLK:
12
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
SFM:
TNC:
TNKM:
UKP4:
UNEP:
UNDP:
UNCTAD:
UNFCCC:
US$:
WWF:
13
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
DAFTAR ISI
Kata Pengantar 4
Ringkasan Eksekutif 5
I. PENDAHULUAN 11
1.1 Inisiatif Heart of Borneo 12
1.2 Hubungan antara Ekonomi dan Modal Alam dan Lingkungan 18
II. EKONOMI HIJAU UNTUK HEART OF BORNEO 25
2.1 Apa itu Ekonomi Hijau? 26
2.2 Mengapa Diperlukan Ekonomi Hijau? 31
2.3 Manfaat Kebijakan Berbasis Ekonomi Hijau 36
2.4 Kebijakan dan Instrumen untuk Mendorong Ekonomi Hijau 40
85
134
141
174
14
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 4
Exwcutive Summary 7
I. INTRODUCTION 17
1.1 Heart of Borneo Initiative 18
1.2 Relations between the economy, natural capital and the environment 24
II. A GREEN ECONOMY FOR THE HEART OF BORNEO 33
2.1 What is Green Economy? 34
2.2 Why the Green Economy is Needed? 39
2.3 Benefits of Green Economy-Based Policies 46
2.4 Policies and Instruments to Encourage a Green Economy 51
105
5.2 Environmental Degradation Caused by the Activities of High Impact Sectors 119
5.3 The Implementation of Green Economy: High-Impact Sectors
120
5.4 Alternative Solutions for Green Economy Rehabilitation on High-Impact Sectors 127
5.5 Indicators for the Implementation of Green Economy Principles
134
141
174
15
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
SECTOR 195
Bibliography 219
16
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
I.
PENDAHULUAN
Introduction
17
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
1.1
Inisiatif Heart of Borneo
Heart of Borneo Initiative
Negara/Country
Persentasi (%)
Indonesia (Total)
16.794.300,78
72,23
4.8892.136,18
21,04
3.027.214,72
13,02
8.874.949,88
38,17
Malaysia (Total)
6.031.911,67
25,94
Sarawak
2.139.471,04
9.20
Sabah
3.892.440,63
16,74
424.076,66
1,82
23.250.289,11
100,00
The HoB is known to have high biological diversity (biodiversity) and accounts
for about 6% of the worlds biodiversity.
According to van Paddenburg et al.
(2012), about 500 new species have been
discovered in the HoBo since 1995 (or
an Paddenburg, A., et al. 2012. Heart of Borneo: Investing in Nature for A Green Economy.
V
WWF HoB Global Initiative, Jakarta.
18
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia
Heart of Borneo
Indonesia
With one conservation vision and with a view to promote peoples welfare, we will cooperate
in ensuring the effective management of forest resources and conservation of a network of
protected areas, productive forests and other sustainable land-uses within an area which
the three respective countries will designate as the Heart of Borneo (HoB).
(Heart of Borneo Declaration, 2007)
19
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
1. [to turn] the HoB [into] one of the important biodiversity conservation areas in
the world
20
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
21
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
P
enurunan suplai air dan intrusi
air laut. Dampakyang terjadi pada
penurunan suplai air dan instrusi air
laut akan membebani masyarakat
untuk memperoleh suplai air bersih di
Kalimantan, baik dalam skala rumah
tangga maupun industri.
P
encemaran air dari industri. Industri kelapa sawit yang tumbuh berkembang dengan cepat di Kalimantan
menimbulkan penurunan kualitas air
akibat penggunaan pestisida, pupuk
dan limbah dari pabrik kelapa sawit
(PKS).
P
eningkatan terhadap frekuensi ban
jir. Beberapawilayah di Kalimantan
seperti Samarinda lebih sering mengalami banjir seiring dengan makin
maraknya kegiatan penambangan
di wilayah hulu Sungai Mahakam.
Dampak dari banjir yang terjadi pada
periode 2008-2009 saja diperkirakan menelan kerugian sebesar US$
19 juta (Rp 186,2 milyar), semantara
pemerintah daerah telah pula mengeluarkan anggaran sekitar US$ 7 juta
(Rp 68,6 milyar) untuk membangun
polder untuk mencegah meluasnya
banjir di wilayah ini.
P
eningkatan sedimentasi yang tinggi
di beberapa sungai di Kalimantan te
lah mengurangi kapasitas angkut dari
industri-industri di beberapa wilayah
di Kalimantan. Perkiraan kerugian
terbatasnya daya angkut ini sekitar
US$ 100 juta /tahun, sementara biaya
dredging untuk mengurangi sedimentasi ini diperkirakan mencapai US$ 11
juta.
K
egiatan pembukaan ladang de
ngan cara pembakaran telah sering
menyebabkan kebakaran hutan di
wilayah Kalimantan selama periode
22
make it difficult for the public to obtain clean water in Kalimantan, both
on a household scale and an industrial
scale.
W
ater pollution caused by industrial
discharges. The oil palm plantation
industry, which is growing rapidly in
Kalimantan, leads to a decrease in
water quality due to contamination
associated with the use of pesticides,
fertilizers and wastes from palm oil
milling (due to lack of Milling Certificate of Competency or MCC).
I ncreased frequency of flooding:
Some areas in Kalimantan, like
Samarinda experience floods more
frequently as mining activities in the
upper reaches of the Mahakam River
proliferate and intensify. The floods
that occurred in 2008-2009 are estimated to have caused a loss of US$
19 million (USD 186.2 billion). Meanwhile, the East Kalimantan provincial
government has allocated a budget
of approximately US$ 7 million (USD
68.6 billion) to build polders [dikes]
to prevent widespread flooding in the
region.
I ncreased or high sedimentation rate
in some rivers in Kalimantan has
reduced the capacity of industries for
cargo shipping by river transport in
some areas of Kalimantan. The losses
incurred are estimated at approximately US$ 100 million / year while
the cost of dredging to reduce such
sedimentation is estimated at US$ 11
million.
Burn-offs for land clearing purposes
triggered forest fires in Kalimantan
during 1997-1998, causing economic
losses of about US$ 1,012 million. The
loss in forest honey production is estimated at US$ 67,000 to US$ 84,000
per forest honey harvesting group.
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
With various environmental issues afflicting the HoB and the ensuing economic impacts thereon, the HoB policy
is generally aimed at:
1. Maintaining conservation areas and
protected forests.
2. Developing and controlling the corridors between protected areas.
3. Maintaining water catchment areas
in the upstream part of 14 important
rivers.
4. Developing infrastructure for water
resources conservation.
5. Determining carbon sequestration
areas in tropical forest areas.
6. D
eveloping policies and mechanisms for the control and regulation
of the process of carbon sequestration and storage.
7. Developing sustainable forestry, agriculture, and plantation cultivation
as well as responsible mining.
8. D
eveloping infrastructure systems
on the basis of eco-construction.
9. Determining indigenous peoples
forests.
10. Developing joint management
between countries in riparian areas
[river basins].
23
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
1.2
Hubungan antara Ekonomi dan
Modal Alam serta Lingkungan
Relations between the Economy, Natural
Capital and the Environment
Biaya
Cost
Upah, Sewa
PA SAR INPUT
Rumah tangga menjual
Produsen membeli
Wage, Rent
INPUT MARKET
Faktor Produksi
Household sell
Producer buy
Production Factor
Modal, Tenaga
kerja, Lahan
Capital,
Manpower, Land
Gambar 1: Circular
flow dalam ekonomi
konvensional
BISNIS
(Produsen)
RUMAH TANGGA
(Konsumen)
Figure 1: Circular
flows in a conventional
economy
BUSINESS
(Producer)
PASAR OUTPUT
HOUSEHOLDS
(Consumer)
Produsen menjual
Konsumen membeli
OUTPUT MARKET
Penerimaan
Revenue
24
Producer sell
Consumer buy
Pengeluaran, Konsumsi
Consumption expenses
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
GNP-monetized
1/2 of cake
Top two layers
PRIVATE Sector
PUBLIC Sector
UNDERGROUND Economy
Non-monetized
Productive 1/2 of cake
Lower two layers
LOVE Economy
MOTHER NATURE
Social Cooperative
Love Economy
Rests on
Natures layer
25
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
Gambar3: Hubungan Antara Sistem Lingkungan Dengan Sistem Ekonomi (Fauzi, 2009)2
Figure 3: Relation between environmental and economic systems (Fauzi, 2009)2
Preference
Pollution
Social System
Economy System
Output
Degradation
Carrying Capacity
Extraction
Environment
System
Environmental
Quality
Fauzi, A. 2009. Rethinking Pembangunan Ekonomi dan Sumber Daya Alam Indonesia. Orange Book, IPB Press, Bogor.
26
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
27
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
28
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
29
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
30
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
31
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
32
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
II.
EKONOMI HIJAU
UNTUK HEART
OF BORNEO
A Green Economy for
The Heart of Borneo
33
33
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
2.1
Apa itu Ekonomi Hijau?
What is Green Economy?
34
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
36
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Creating
decent
jobs
Internalizing
the cost of
natural resource
depletion
green
economy
Ensuring
sustainable
economic
growth
Efforts to
alleviate
poverty
and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological
scarcities. It is low carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive (UNEP, 2011)3.
Definisi UNEP ini menekankan pentingnya efisiensi dalam penggunaan sumber
daya alam, pengurangan risiko ekologis, ekonomi yang rendah karbon dan
mampu mengurangi kemiskinan. Dalam
konteks Indonesia, Delegasi Indonesia
pada pertemuan Global Ministerial Forum
di Bali mengusulkan pengertian yang
relatif sama, namun menekankan pada
3
NEP. 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathway to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. A Synthesis for Policy Makers. UNEP. France
37
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
a development paradigm that based on resource efficiency approach with strong emphasizes on internalizing cost of natural resource depletion on environmental degradation,
efforts on alleviate the poverty, creating decent jobs, and ensuring sustainable economic
growth (Indonesian Delegation/DELRI, UNEP 11th G SS, February, 2010)
Posisi Indonesia terkait dengan ekonomi
hijau menekankan pula pada aspek
internalisasi biaya lingkungan karena
sesuai dengan Undang-Undang No 32
tahun 2009 tentang Pengeloaan dan
Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup, dimana
Indonesia memiliki instrumen untuk
mengendalikan lingkungan melalui
penggunaan instrumen ekonomi seperti
instrumen fiskal dan instrumen perencanaan lainnya untuk menginternalisasi biaya lingkungan. Indonesia juga
menekankan pentingnya ekonomi hijau
yang inklusif dengan memperhatikan
aspek pengentasan kemiskinan. Dengan
demikian, ekonomi hijau tidak diposisikan untuk mengerem laju pertumbuhan
ekonomi, namun bagaimana pertumbuhan ekonomi tersebut sejalan dengan
perlindungan lingkungan dan dapat
menciptakan pertumbuhan-pertumbuhan baru melalui pemanfaatan sumber
daya alam dan lingkungan yang dapat
menciptakan lapangan pekerjaan dan
mengurangi kemiskinan.
Berbagai organisasi atau kelompokkelompok ekonom mempunyai definisi yang dikembangkan berdasarkan
pemahaman dan mazhab yang dianut
masing-masing, akan tetapi susbtansinya tetap mencakup definisi sebagaimana
yang dianut oleh UNEP. Kebanyakan
negara juga mengadopsi defenisi UNEP
dengan penekanan pada beberapa
aspek sesuai dengan strategi pembangunan masing-masing seperti halnya
Indonesia dengan memasukan upaya
pengentasan kemiskinan dan penciptaan lapangan kerja. Oleh karena itu
di dalam tulisan ini pemahaman konsep
ekonomi hijau menggunakan definisi
UNEP dan menjadi referensi yang diacu
selanjutnya.
38
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
2.2
Mengapa Diperlukan Ekonomi Hijau?
Why the Green Economy is Needed?
39
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
DKI
Jakarta
Jawa
Tengah
Jawa Timur
Riau
Jawa Barat
Kalimantan
Timur
Papua
Sulawesi
Selatan
Jambi
Kalimantan
Barat
Yogyakarta
Sumatera
Barat
Maluku
Utara
Nusa
Tenggara
Barat
Lampung
Bali
Sulawesi
Tengah
Fauzi, A. 2012. Greening MP3EI. Bahan presentasi Greening MP3EI, 14 Desember 2012
40
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Type of Degradation
% to GDP (2007)
Climate Change
2.5 - 7.0
Water, sanitation
7.7
3.9
0.9
1.6
0.4
Soil degradation
0.56
0.13
eitmann, et al. 2009. Investing in a More Sustainable Indonesia: Country Environmental Analysis. CEA Series, East Asia and
L
Pacific Region, World Bank, Washington, DC.
41
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
Green GDP
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Brown GDP
1982
1983
1984
Green GDP
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Deplesi sumber daya merupakan cerminan dari eksploitasi sumber daya alam
yang tidak berkelanjutan. Deplesi dan
42
The high economic price that the country has to pay for its development and
economic growth under the businessas-usual scenario is also reflected in
the high economic costs of the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation as measured by
the countrys green provincial gross
domestic products. National GDP data
from 2009 showed that Indonesias GDP
had reached IDR 5,606 trillion. However,
after green calculation of the GDP
was made, in which the economic costs
of the depletion of natural resources
and environmental degradation were
taken into account, the GDP eventually went down to IDR 4,521 trillion
(Danida-KLH,2012). Thus, more than
IDR 1.5 trillion of the countrys 2009 GDP
represents environmental costs, that is,
costs connected with the actual deple-
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
tion of natural resources (oil, gas, mineable mineral resources and renewable
natural resources) and environmental
degradation (air, water and land pollution) due to economic activities.
Depletion of natural resources reflects
unsustainable exploitation. Resource
depletion and environmental degradation will eventually eat away the provincial gross domestic product as reflected
in the economic development revenues
generated through brown economy
activities, which structurally do not take
into account aspects associated with
changes in environmental quality and a
decrease in the quantity and quality of
natural resources that were cashed in
to increase the brown provincial gross
domestic products.
Total
30 Papua
29 Malut
28 Maluku
27 NTT
26 NTB
25 Bali
24 Sultra
23 Sulsel
22 Sulteng
21 Gorontalo
20 Sulut
19 Kaltim
18 Kalsel
17 Kalteng
16 Kalbar
15 Jatim
14 DIY
13 Jateng
12 Banten
11 Jabar
10 DKI
9 Lampung
8 Bengkulu
7 Babel
6 Sumsel
5 Jambi
4 Riau
3 Sumbar
2 Sumut
1 NAD
20
40
60
80
100
120
Sumber: Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2011 6 / Sources: Environment Status of Indonesia 2011 6
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup. 2012. Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2011. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
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Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
2.3
Manfaat Kebijakan
berbasis Ekonomi Hijau
Benefits of Green Economy-based Policies
46
1. E
fisiensi sumber daya: Salah satu
ciri penting dari ekonomi hijau adalah
pemanfaatan sumber daya alam
untuk input produksi secara efisien.
Sumber daya air, misalnya merupakan komponen penting dalam setiap
aktivitas ekonomi. Jika sumber daya
ini tidak dimanfaatkan dengan baik
dan efisien, maka defisit air akan selalu terjadi dan menimbulkan dampak
pada seluruh sektor ekonomi, karena
air merupakan sumber daya yang
terkait dengan cross-sectoral issue.
Ekonomi hijau mensyaratkan bahwa
penggunaan input (air) harus dimanfaatkan secara efisien, sehingga
bukan hanya aspek berkelanjutan
namun juga aspek keadilan dimana
ada biaya korbanan terhadap penggunaan air untuk kepentingan lain.
Efisiensi sumber daya juga terkait
dengan masalah pemanfaatan sumber daya alam, energi dan proses
produksi. Ekonomi hijau mensyaratkan penggunaan energi yang rendah
karbon dan pemanfaatan energi yang
1. R
esource efficiency: One of the
important features of green economy
is efficient utilization of natural
resources. Water, for example, is an
important resource in any economic
activity. If this resource is not utilized
properly and efficiently, a lack or
shortage of water will occur and will
have an impact on all sectors of the
economy. Water is a natural resource
that is considered a cross-sectoral
issue. Green economy requires that
water (as an input) should be utilized
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
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48
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
EEB. 2011. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity in National and International Policy Making. Edited by Patrick ten Brink.
T
Earthscan, London and Washington.
49
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50
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2.4
Kebijakan dan Instrumen untuk
Mendorong Ekonomi Hijau
Policies and Instruments to Encourage
a Green Economy
51
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52
Fauzi, A. 2010. Stock taking green economy Indonesia. Report submited to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
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54
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58
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
D
eveloping a forestry and plantation
macro-planning across districts and
cities.
A
doption of provincial regulations
for watershed management across
districts and cities.
A
doption of provincial regulations on
guidelines for the setting of tariffs
charged for the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) across
district and city borders.
A
doption of provincial regulations on
environmental service compensation mechanisms across districts and
cities.
59
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
A
doption of provincial regulations
on integrated economy development
between upstream and downstream
areas.
S
ome of the above policy instruments have been and are being run by
some provincial governments in the
HoB. For example, West Kalimantan
Provincial Government is currently
drafting the Academic Plan of the Provincial Regulation on the Protection
and Management of the Environment
(RPPLH) to be used as the Provinces
PPLH instrument. They are also
targeting ecolabelling in their Medium
Term Development Plan (RPJMD)
for the periods 2013-2018 in addition
to the revisions associated with the
Revenue Sharing Fund. Several other
provinces have also undertaken initiatives that will be described elsewhere
in this document.
2. Tingkat kabupaten
Mempedomani tata ruang ruang
provinsi dan kabupaten (sementara)
yang ada (sebagaimana usulan) sampai ada penetapan tata ruang oleh
pemerintah pusat.
Pembentukan struktur kelembagaan
untuk implementasi instrumen dana
kerja lingkungan atau Environment
Performance Bond dan Restribusi
Pengguna atau User Charge.
P
embuatan Perda yang mengatur
pelaksanaan kegiatan best practice
bisnis sektor kehutanan dan pertambangan dan perkebunan yang sesuai
dengan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi hijau
(rendah emisi, efisien, dan keterlibatan
masyarakat).
Perumusan mekanisme untuk mengeluarkan dan menjual dana kerja lingkungan atau Environment Performance
Bond dan Restribusi Pengguna atau
User Charge.
60
2. District Level
P
roviding a temporary guideline for
the existing provincial and district
spatial layout plans (as proposed)
until the national government comes
up with an official decision on spatial
layouts.
E
stablishing an institutional structure
for the implementation of the environmental work fund instrument or
Environment Performance Bond and
User Charge.
P
reparing a provincial regulation that
governs the implementation of best
practice activities for forestry, mining and plantation businesses in accordance with the principles of green
economy (low emission, efficient, and
engaging communities).
F
ormulating a mechanism for issuing and selling environmental work
funds or Environment Performance
Bond and User Charge.
F
ormulating a Provincial Regulation
on Corporate Social Responsibility
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
M
enentukan, mengolah dan mempromosikan serta menerapkan label
HHBK sebagai produk unggulan HoB.
D
efining, managing, promoting and
applying Non-Timber Forest Products with eco-labels as superior HoB
products
B
eberapa komponen kebijakan yang
telah diuraikan di atas sebagian
mungkin dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah kabupaten/kota maupun provinsi
dalam satu paket regulasi. Misalnya
saja regulasi yang berkaitan dengan
DAS, jasa lingkungan dan pengelolaan
lingkungan lainnya bisa disatukan
dalam satu paket kebijakan RPPLH di
daerah.
S
ome components of the policies
described above may in part be carried out by district, city and provincial governments in one package of
regulations. For example, regulations
relating to watershed, environmental
services and other environmental
management can be incorporated into
one package of RPPLH policies in the
provinces.
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62
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
III.
PAKET USULAN
KEBIJAKAN
EKONOMI HIJAU
DI HEART
OF BORNEO
Proposed Green Economy
Policy Package in The
Heart of Borneo
63
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
3.1
Rasionalisasi Kebijakan
64
Policy Rationalization
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Labour
Natural Capital
Ecosystem
Services
GDP
Capital
Natural
Stocks
Ecosystem
Goods
Total
Factor
Productivity
Production
Practices
65
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
3.2
Signifikansi Implementasi Deklarasi
HoB: Studi Kasus Kalimantan Barat,
Kalimantan Tengah dan Kalimantan
Timur
Significance of the Implementation of the
HoB Declaration: West Kalimantan, Central
Kalimantan and East Kalimantan Case Studies
66
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Sumatera
14%
39%
Papua
Jawa
1%
Bali &
Nusa Tenggara
Kalimantan
4%
Maluku
1%
31%
Sulawesi
10%
Sumber: Sumargo, dkk. (2011). Potret Keadaan Hutan Indonesia Periode Tahun 2000-2009
Sources: Sumargo, et al. (2011). The state portrait Forests Indonesia Year Period 2000-2009
Tabel 3: Status Hutan di kawasan HoB Indonesia di Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, & Kalimantan Timur, 2009
Table 3: Forest Status within the Indonesian part of the Heart of Borneo, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, and East
Kalimantan, 2009
Kalimantan Barat
West Kalimantan
(ha)
Kalimantan Tengah
Central Kalimantan
(ha)
Kalimantan Timur
East Kalimantan
(ha)
1,243,930
611,447
2,398,152
359,305
92,627
644,034
108,153
34,030
1,201,309
1,960,780
3,899,666
1,024,163
125,600
1,312,243
18,037
197,128
1,842
5,478
890,518
778
607,789
4,847,257
3,027,868
8,861,884
Jenis Hutan /
Types of forests
Hutan Lindung / Protected Forest
67
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
Jawa
25%
9%
Bali &
Nusa Tenggara
Kalimantan
Papua
4%
Maluku
8%
Sulawesi
11%
7%
36%
Sumber: Sumargo, dkk. (2011). Potret Keadaan Hutan Indonesia Periode Tahun 2000-2009 /
Source: Sumargo, et al. (2011). The state portrait Forests Indonesia Year Period 2000-2009
68
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
16.000.000
15.158.926,58 ha
14.000.000
12.000.000
10.000.000
8.000.000
5.505.864 ha
6.000.000
4.000.000
2.000.000
0
Sumatera
Jawa
Papua
Total
Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan, diolah penulis / Source: Ministry of Forestry, processed by author
69
Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
Luas /
Width (ha)
Kontribusi /
Contribution (%)
1,324,822.55
24
2,002,908.83
36
319,835.23
1,858,297.62
34
Kalimantan
5,505,864.23
100
Propinsi / Province
Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan Indonesia (2012) / Source: Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia (2012)
Tabel 5: Angka Deforestasi (di dalam dan di luar kawasan hutan) Wilayah HoB di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan
Tengah dan Kalimantan Timur, Periode 2009-2012 (Ha/Tahun)
Table 5: Deforestation Rate (inside and outside forest areas) in the HoB in West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and East
Kalimantan Provinces in the Periods 2009-2012 (Hectares/ Year)
Kalimantan
Barat
West Kalimantan
(Ha/Ta)
Kalimantan
Tengah
Central
Kalimantan
(Ha/Ta)
Kalimantan
Timur
East Kalimantan
(Ha/Ta)
Angka
Deforestasi
Nasional
National
Deforestation rate
(Ha/Ta)
Primer / Primary
586,1
697,8
317,3
17.219,9
41.151
105.421,6
30.403,8
376.306
361,5
3.255,3
57.107,8
41.737,9
106.480,9
33,976,8
450.637,1
9,2%
23,6%
7,5%
Kelompok Hutan /
Types of forests
Sumber: Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia 2012 / Source: Indonesia Forestry Statistics 2012.
70
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
No.
Pulau / Island
Sumatera
158,431.97
Jawa
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
6,722.45
Maluku
35,299.30
Papua
32,546.30
17 %
122,494.78
Total
18 %
62 %
3%
355,494.80
Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan Subdit Statistik dan Jaringan Komunikasi data Kehutanan, 2009 dan Kementerian Kehutanan, 2009.
Eksekutif Data Strategis Kehutanan 2009
Source: Ministry of Forestry Subdit Statistic and Communication
Network of Forestry Data, 2009 and Ministry of Forestry, 2009.
Eksekutif Data Strategis Kehutanan 2009
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Maluku
Papua
The further expansion of the relinquishment of forest areas for mining and
non-mining purposes (for example, for
resettlement) in the periods 2008-2012
contributed to the deforestation rates in
three provinces in the Heart of Borneo
as can be seen under Table 7 below:
Tabel 7: Perkembangan Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan untuk Tambang dan Non Tambang tahun 2008-2012 di Provinsi
Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah dan Kalimantan Timur
Table 7: Developments concerning the Use of Forest Areas for Mining and Non-Mining Activities in the Periods 2008-2012 in
West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan dan East Kalimantan Provinces
12.882
4.345
81.678
49.997
114.585
89.092
Propinsi / Province
Sumber: Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia 2012 / Source: Indonesia Forestry Statistics 2012
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Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
...do not seek to identify and protect HCVs, do not identify or protect areas subject
to indigenous peoples customary rights or customary use and do not identify or
protect areas of high carbon values.
Pada tahun 2011 Menteri Pertanian
mengeluarkan standar tersendiri terhadap pengelolaan perkebunan sawit
berkelanjutan yang disebut dengan
Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO)
yang merupakan mandatory (wajib)
diperoleh perkebunan kepala sawit.
Semua perkebunan kelapa sawit wajib
memenuhi standar pengelolaan ISPO
selambat-lambatnya akhir tahun 2014,
dan apabila tidak memenuhi maka akan
dikenai sanksi penghentian operasional.
Di tiga provinsi di Kalimantan yaitu
Kalbar, Kalteng dan Kaltim terdapat
mineral bijih, kerak, logam dan batubara. Batubara merupakan sumber mineral yang banyak terdapat di Kaltim dan
beberapa area di Kalteng, sedangkan di
wilayah Kalbar hanya terdapat beberapa
area tambang bijih, kerak dan logam
yang rata-rata hanya berkontribusi
kurang dari 5% terhadap PDRB Kaim9
In 2011, the Ministry of Agriculture issued its own standards for sustainable
oil palm plantation management called
the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil
(ISPO), which is mandatory for oil palm
plantations. Under this scheme, all oil
palm plantations are required to meet
the ISPO standards of sustainable oil
palm plantation management by no later
than the end of 2014, and if they fail to
do so, a sanction, which will effectively
discontinue their operations, will be
imposed on them.
In the three Kalimantan provinces of
West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan
and East Kalimantan, there are mineral
and metal deposits in the earths crust.
Coal is abundant in East Kalimantan and
in some areas of Central Kalimantan. In
West Kalimantan, there are only a few
mining areas that on average contribute less than 5% to West Kalimantans
S umargo, S.et al., 2011. Potret Keadaan Hutan Indonesia Periode Tahun 2000-2009. Halaman 30
10
National Wildlife Federation. 2010. Food, Fuel, or Forest?: Charting a Responsible U.S Role in Global Palm Oil Expansion. Halaman 23
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3.3
Usulan Paket Kebijakan HoB
Package of Proposed HoB Policies
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Sektor
Insentif
Mengurangi jumlah pengecekan tahunan (seperti membebaskan lisensi alat
berat).
Kelapa sawit
(pada lahan
terdegradasi)
Pertambangan
Pajak atau pungutan terhadap polutan dan limbah (green tax) atau bentuk
insentif ekonomi lainnya
Sector
Incentive
Reduce the number of annual checks (such as heavy equipment license exemption)
Timber forest
products
Provide allowances to export part of the products directly to the export markets
Grant new licensing priorities to expand the area and new concessions
Exemption from land tax
Fertilizer subsidy for plasma farmers
Oil palm
(on degraded lands)
Mining
78
Tax or levy on pollutants and waste (green tax) or other forms of economic
incentives
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
N
ew financial incentives including
payment for ecosystem services,
payment for carbon credits generated
through the Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) scheme for the forestry
sector and the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) project for the forestry sector and the mining sector can
be accorded to green economy-based
industries.
79
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81
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84
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
IV.
IMPLEMENTASI
SEKTORAL
EKONOMI HIJAU
DI HEART OF
BORNEO
Sector-based
implementation of
Green Economy in the
Heart of Borneo
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Strategi Implementasi Pembangunan di Jantung Kalimantan (Heart of Borneo / HoB) Melalui Pendekatan Ekonomi Hijau
4.1
Sektor Hasil Hutan Kayu
Timber Forest Product Sector
Tabel 8: Jumlah Unit dan Luas IUPHHK Hutan Alam dan IUPHHK Hutan Tanaman dan Hutan Tanaman
Rakyat (HTR) di Masing-masing Provinsi di Wilayah HoB
Table 8: Number of Units and Size of IUPHHK Hutan Alam (Commercial Timber Forest Product Utilization Permit
from Natural Forests) and IUPHHK Hutan Tanaman (Commercial Timber Forest Product Utilization Permit from
Planted Forests) and Peoples Planted Forests (HTR) in Each Province in the HoB
Provinsi /
Province
Unit
Unit
Unit
Kalimantan
Barat / West
Kalimantan
24
1.157.655
51
2.639.657
14.080
Kalimantan
Tengah / Central
Kalimantan
59
4.028.716
24
687.585
Kalimantan
Timur / East
Kalimantan
81
5.294.615
53
2.041.095
86.450
161
10.480.986
128
5.368.337
100.530
Jumlah /Total
Sumber: Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia 2012 (Kementerian Kehutanan, 2013) / Source: Indonesia Forestry Statistics 2012 (Ministry of Forestry, 2013)
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88
harvesting system (reduced impact logging with low carbon emission / RIL-C)
and increasing the efficiency of timber
harvesting may lead to the achievement
of productive and efficient sustainable
forest management. The development
of planted forests should be implemented through environmentally friendly
technologies such as preparing the
land without burning, the use of quality
seeds, low-emission soil management
and fertilizing systems.
Meanwhile, the concept of green economy within upstream businesses operating on the basis of commercial timber
forest product utilization permits for
planted forests (IUPHHK-HT) should
start with the licensing process. Forest
areas reserved for the development of
planted forests must be degraded forest areas, while the conversion of still
good natural forests into planted forests
should be prohibited. If a natural forest that is still good is found within the
licensed forest area, the natural forest
must be exempted from the planting
plan and incorporated into High Conservation Value Forests (HCVF).
In the wood processing industry sector,
the .green economy concept is directed
at two aspects, namely, the use of lowemission energy sources and increasing
the efficiency of timber use. Currently,
almost all wood processing industry
companies in Indonesia are still using
energy that is derived from fossil fuels
or from electricity generated from coal.
If the concept of future energy development in the HoB can take advantage of
hydropower or alternative energy from
palm oil, the timber industry, too, should
take advantage of such energy sources.
For efficient utilization of raw materials,
most wood processing industry companies in the HoB are still using timber
from natural forests (such as meranti
(Shorea sp.), kayu kapur (Dryobalanops
aromatica) and keruing (Dipterocarpus
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Di bidang industri bubur kayu dan kertas, pengembangan ekonomi hijau diarahkan pada upaya penggunaan energi
yang rendah emisi, efisiensi penggunaan
energi dan bahan baku serta penanganan limbah yang mengalir ke sungaisungai besar di wilayah HoB.
Dalam usaha untuk menunjukkan bahwa
suatu unit usaha kehutanan memanfaatkan hutan secara lestari maka sejak tahun 1999 telah dibuat suatu kriteria dan
indikator yang dikeluarkan oleh International Timber Trade Organization (ITTO)
yang kemudian diadopsi oleh Lembaga
Ekolabel Indonesia (LEI). Lembaga ini
telah ditetapkan dalam keputusan Dewan Standarisasi Nasional DSN 99-1988
Sistem Sertifikasi Pengelolaan Hutan
Produksi Lestari (PHPL). Pemerintah
telah mewajibkan semua unit pemegang
izin IUPHHK HA dan HT untuk memperoleh sertifikat PHPL dalam menjalankan
usahanya. Dalam rangka mempercepat
dan mendorong pemegang izin memperoleh sertifikat ini pemerintah telah
memberikan berbagai insentif diantaranya memudahan administrasi perizinan dalam proses bisnis pemanfaatan
kayu. Namun demikian sampai saat ini
baru sekitar 50% dari pemegang izin
IUPHHK memperoleh sertifikat PHPL.
Selain sertifikasi pengelolaan hutan lestari yang wajib, sebagian IUPHHK juga
memperoleh sertifikasi sukarela seperti
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) dan
Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia (LEI) yang
berorientasi pasar dimana kebanyakan
konsumen di luar negeri menginginkan
standar sertifikasi yang sudah lebih dulu
populer dan diterima pasar.
Disamping itu, perkembangan terkini
terkait dengan penangangan legalitas
produk kayu pemerintah mengeluarkan
Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK)
yang diterapkan kepada hutan, industri
perkayuan dan unit-unit pendukungnya
seperti penyedia bahan baku dan jaringan pemasaran produk. Sistem ini dapat
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elakukan penanaman kembali atau
penanaman pengayaan pada area
yang rusak akibat pemananen (enrichment planting).
Melaksanakan sistem pengelolaan
hutan bersertifikasi baik yang wajib
yaitu PHPL atau SVLK atau yang sukareka sesuai keinginan pasar seperti
FSC, PEFC, LEI.
Melaksanakan pembinaan sosial
khususnya bagi masyarakat sekitar
hutan.
Melaksanakan pengamanan hutan
dari kegiatan perambahan, pemanfaatan lahan hutan tanpa izin dan
pembalakan liar.
Menyusun dan melaksanakan kegiatan pemantauan lingkungan sebagaimana dokumen AMDAL.
2. Peran Pemerintah Kabupaten
Di dalam peraturan perundangan
(Undang-Undang Nomor 41 tahun
1999; PP No 6 tahun 2006 jo PP No
3 tahun 2007) diatur bahwa peran
pemerintah daerah kabupaten/kota
melalui Dinas Kehutanan atau yang
mengurusi kehutanan sangat penting
dalam fungsinya untuk melakukan
pembinaan, pengawasan dan monitoring kegiatan pengelolaan hutan di
lapangan dan memberikan rekomendasi untuk dapat melakukan kegiatan.
Bentuk pembinaan, pengawasan dan
monitoring yang dilakukan dapat
dilakukan dalam bentuk:
a. Mengoptimalkan fungsi pengawasan oleh Dinas Kehutanan dan
memastikan sistem pengawasan
dilakukan secara transparan, bertanggung jawab dan sederhana.
b. Memastikan rencana tata ruang
dan wilayah (RTRW) kabupaten
secara konsisten dipedomani
dalam setiap rencana pemanfaatan
ruang untuk berbagai kepentingan
pembangunan.
K
epastian Kawasan dan Pemanfaatan
Ruang: Kepastian kawasan dan pemanfaatan ruang sangat tergantung
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Tabel 9: Perkembangan Pembentukan Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (Unit dan Luas)) di Provinsi
Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, dan Kalimantan Timur sampai dengan Tahun 2012.
Table 9: Development of Forest Management Unit and Area Formation in West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan
and East Kalimantan Provinces until 2012.
Provinsi / Province
KPH LINDUNG /
Protection FMU
KPH PRODUKSI /
Production FMU
JUMLAH / Total
Unit
Luas / Size
(ha)
Unit
Unit
Kalimantan Barat /
West Kalimantan
1.372.343
29
5.601.268
34
6.973.613
Kalimantan Tengah /
Central Kalimantan
454.443
29
8.056.081
33
8.510.524
Kalimantan Timur /
East Kalimantan
734.685
30
11.832.454
34
12.567.139
Sumber: Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia 2012 / Source: Indonesia Forestry Statistics 2012
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3. Pemerintah Provinsi
Kawasan hutan di wilayah HoB berada
pada lintas batas wilayah administrasi
pemerintah kabupaten/kota sehingga
peran dan fungsi pemerintah provinsi
menjadi penting. Oleh karena itu pemerintah provinsi harus mampu mengkoordinasikan singkronisasi kebijakan
pemanfaatan kawasan hutan lintas
kabupaten di kawasan HoB. Mengingat
HoB adalah komitmen antar tiga negara
maka peran pemerintah provinsi sebagai representasi daerah untuk mengkoordinasikan dengan pusat sangat
penting agar kebijakan tingkat pusat
dalam pembahasan tingkat negara
dapat sejalan dengan keinginan daerah
(provinsi dan kabupaten/kota).
4. Pemerintah Pusat
Keberhasilan pengembangan penerapan
konsep ekonomi hijau di suatu daerah
sangat tergantung kepada kebijakan
pemerintah pusat, mengingat banyak
kondisi pemungkin yang harus diciptakan berada pada kewenangan pusat.
Oleh karena itu tanpa pemahaman yang
sama dan koordinasi antara pusat dan
daerah maka akan sulit diwujudkan.
Oleh karena itu beberapa kebijakan yang
dapat dilakukan dan berada di bawah
kewenangan pemerintah pusat di antaranya adalah:
a. Menyelesaikan tata ruang wilayah
provinsi untuk menjamin kepastian kawasan untuk pembangunan
di daerah dan proses perubahan
fungsi tata ruang di tingkat daerah
dapat dilaksanakan secara baik.
b. Membuat kriteria dan indikator
yang jelas dalam mengatur adanya
pemanfaatan sumber daya hutan
yang lestari (mulai dari penerbitan
izin sampai kepada pelaksanaan
kegiatan). Kementerian Kehutanan
telah menyusun pedoman pengelolaan hutan lestari (PHPL dan SVLK)
dan sejumlah peraturan menteri
sebagai pedoman pelaksanannya.
c. Terkait dengan beberapa pembata-
94
Each KPHP and KPHL has a management plan that contains complete information about the potential utilization of forest areas. Therefore, local
governments may use the information
and the data associated with it as part
of the economic development planning systems in forest areas that belong to their respective jurisdictions.
I n order to maximize the utilization of
forest resources and equitable distribution, district / city governments
may facilitate the formation of village
forests and peoples planted forests
(HTR), in an effort to create jobs and
promote rural economic activities. In
addition, efforts can also be made to
maximize peoples opportunities to
obtain Community Forests (HKM) and
legalize the existence of Indigenous
Forests through local legislation.
3. Provincial Government
The forest areas in the HoB are situated
where the administrative boundaries of
districts / cities cross. Hence, the roles
and functions of the provincial government are needed to coordinate and synchronize cross-district forest utilization
policies in the HoB. Given that the region
(HoB) is under the commitment of three
countries, the provincial government
plays a very important role in coordinating with the national government to
ensure that any national-level policies
adopted by the national government as
a result of its discussions with other
HoB countries, remains in line with the
wishes of the province and districts.
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4.2
Sektor Pertambangan
Mining sector
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4.3
Sektor Kelapa Sawit
Palm Oil Sector
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oil industry/ companies to go downstream in order to reduce the pressure to expand oil palm plantations or
the land area devoted to oil palm.
Manage funds from the proceeds of
oil palm plantation concessions in an
accountable and transparent manner
to encourage the application of the
principles of green economy in the
community.
Monitor and evaluate the implementation of CSR by oil palm plantation
companies.
3. The Role of Oil Palm Plantation Op
erators/ Companies
Apply green economy practices
across each business line and production chain in oil palm plantations,
particularly in the HoB.
- Conduct a thorough annual evaluation
of the environmental impacts of the
concessing of forest land for oil palm
plantations.
- Direct CSR programs to promote the
adoption and implementation of green
economy principles in the community
on an sustainable or ongoing
basis, including measures
to enable local
communities to
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3. Peran Pengusaha
Menerapkan praktik-praktik ekonomi
hijau di setiap lini dan mata rantai
usaha di perkebunan sawit, khususnya
di wilayah HoB.
Melakukan evaluasi menyeluruh setiap tahun mengenai dampak lingkungan dari pengusahaan perkebunan
sawit yang telah dilakukan.
Mengarahkan CSR pada upaya mendorong penerapan berbagai prinsip
ekonomi hijau di masyarakat secara
berkelanjutan, termasuk ekonomi
produktif masyarakat lokal (HHBK,
agroforestri, pariwisata dan lain-lain).
Mematuhi seluruh peraturan pemerintah, termasuk memenuhi berbagai
kewajiban dalam penerapan ekonomi
hijau dan menjaga kualitas lingkungan secara umum, misalnya dengan
mengikuti kriteria dan standar ISPO
dan RSPO.
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4.4
Sektor Energi Terbarukan
Renewable Energy Sector
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eothermal :5%
G
Liquefied coal: 2%
Biofuel: 5%
Other renewable energy [sources]
such as hydro, solar, wind, nuclear,
ocean power and others: 5%
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4.5
Sektor Inovatif
Innovation Sectors
Bioprospecting refers to the effort of finding new products sourced from natural
biological resources, usually based on
the knowledge of local people. The findings are then developed commercially.
The tapping of bioprospecting potentials
starts with biodiversity-based research
and exploration activities, particularly on
genetic and biochemical potentials that
have value.
Biotechnology refers to the use of technology to take advantage of living organisms
(such as plants, animals) and their derivatives to produce useful products. Biotechnology is a term that represents revolution
in science-based agricultural production.
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Isu penting lainnya yaitu bahwa bioprospek dan bioteknologi sangat dibutuhkan
dalam industri pertanian dan farmasi,
seperti obat-obatan dan kosmetik. Adanya
bioprospek dan bioteknologi dapat menambah manfaat dan nilai jual dari produk
mentah. Contohnya yaitu penemuan bibit
padi yang lebih produktif dan tahan hama,
obat untuk penyakit tertentu dan makanan
kemasan yang berkualitas. Beberapa contoh potensi bioprospek yang dapat dikembangkan di kawasan HoB yang berdasarkan pengetahuan masyarakat setempat
antara lain adalah tanaman Calophyllum
laningerum untuk obat anti HIV/AIDS, tanaman Pasak Bumi/Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma
longifolia Jack.) untuk suplemen minuman
dan anti malaria, damar dari beberapa
jenis Dipterocarpacea (meranti, kampur
dan keruing) untuk bahan bioinsektisida
dan beberapa getah tanaman hutan untuk
alat kontrasepsi, jamur-jamur hutan (seperti Tuber) untuk penyedap makanan dan
lain-lain.
Dalam rangka memaksimalkan potensi
pemanfaatan bioprospek di kawasan HoB
ini ada beberapa langkah langkah yang
dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah yaitu
sebagai berikut:
1. Membangun pusat studi dan pengembangan bioprospek dan biofarmaka di
salah satu universitas di kawasan HoB
yang didukung oleh sumber daya (manusia dan finansial) yang memadai.
2. Mengadakan explorasi dan menghimpun
database spesies yang ditemukan di
HoB dan pengetahuan tradisional yang
terkait.
3. Menetapkan prosedur untuk mengamankan hak atas kekayaan intelektual
(HAKI) dan meningkatkan kesadaran
masyarakat tentang HAKI.
4. Membentuk mekanisme keterlibatan
masyarakat dan menentukan sistem pembagian keuntungan dengan
masyarakat lokal.
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V.
IMPLEMENTASI
KEBIJAKAN
EKONOMI
PADA SEKTOR
STRATEGIS
Implementation of
Economic Policies in
Strategic Sectors
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5.1
Kontribusi Sektor Strategis terhadap
Perekonomian Kalimantan Barat,
Kalimantan Tengah dan Kalimantan
Timur
The Contribution of Strategic Sectors to West
Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and East
Kalimantan Economies
n the past five years (2007-2011), strategic sectors of great significance such
as forestry, agriculture and mining have
contributed substantially to the provincial GDPs of West Kalimantan, Central
Kalimantan and East Kalimantan which
also includes North Kalimantan. On
average, agriculture contributes more
than 20% of the GDPs of the Provinces
of West and Central Kalimantan, while
mining contributes more than 30% of the
GDP of East Kalimantan annually. The
composition of the GDPs of the three
provinces is presented in Table 10 and
Table 11:
Tabel 10: Kontribusi Sektoral PDRB Kalimantan Timur, 2008-2010 dan Kalimantan Barat, 2007-2009
Table 10: Contribution of Sectoral RGDP of East Kalimantan, 2008-2010 and West Kalimantan, 2007-2009
Indikator / Indicator (%)
Kalimantan Timur
Kalimantan Barat
2008
2009
2010
2007
2008
2009
Pertanian
Agriculture
4.97
5.25
5.6
25.21
25.49
25.45
45.4
49.4
48.1
1.34
1.38
1.43
Industri Pengolahan
Manufacturing Industries
34.2
25.6
24.0
18.35
17.73
17.12
Konstruksi
Construction
0.23
0.36
0.27
0.43
0.32
0.3
2.13
2.59
2.88
7.86
7.93
8.11
5.74
7.56
8.46
23.55
23.55
23.58
2.97
3.6
3.83
7.18
7.55
7.86
1.79
2.17
2.41
4.89
4.84
4.81
Jasa-Jasa
Services
2.09
3.48
4.29
0.11
0.11
0.11
Sumber: Kalimantan Timur dalam Angka, 2010, BPS dan Kalimantan Barat dalam Angka, 2010, BPS
Source: Kalimantan Timur dalam Angka, 2010, BPS and Kalimantan Barat dalam Angka, 2010, BPS
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Indikator (%)
2011
TW.
TW.
III
IV
29.36
31.46
27.61
29.86
11.08
11.11
9.82
10.27
10.89
8.03
7.18
7.77
7.42
7.59
7.15
0.44
0.46
0.44
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.45
5.45
5.58
6.25
5.44
5.68
5.68
6.11
5.53
18.55
18.56
18.70
18.28
18.21
18.52
18.32
19.06
18.70
8.14
8.25
8.31
7.99
7.70
7.92
7.83
8.16
7.85
5.60
6.06
5.93
6.60
6.33
6.27
6.22
6.76
6.42
Jasa-Jasa
Services
12.49
12.96
12.21
13.34
12.48
12.91
12.80
13.98
13.15
TW. I
TW. II
TW. III
TW. IV
TW. I
TW. II
32.54
30.86
31.50
28.73
31.15
9.36
9.41
9.60
10.32
Industri Pengolahan
Manufacturing Industries
7.76
8.00
7.72
Konstruksi
Construction
0.43
0.45
5.13
Pertanian
Agriculture
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5.2
Degradasi Lingkungan yang
Bersumber dari Aktivitas Sektor
Strategis
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5.3
Implementasi Ekonomi Hijau
Sektor Strategis
The Implementation of Green Economy in
Strategic Sectors
Kebijakan ekonomi hijau pada sektorsektors strategis difokuskan pada suatu
usaha untuk menjaga keberlangsungan
produksi pada sektor-sektor tersebut
dan menjaga keseimbangan lingkungan.
Implementasi ekonomi hijau pada sektor
strategis diuraikan sebagai berikut:
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that ISPO provides incentives to plantation businesses to meet ISPO certification criteria and get certified. ISPO
has the following features to promote
certification (Sugiyanto, 2013, p.) :
1. Comprehensive
ISPO incorporates a strategic element
in the oil palm plantation sector, namely
smallholdings because the contribution
of smallholders plantations to the countrys total plantation is still quite large,
that is, around 35%.
2. Integrated with Regional Strategies
ISPO policies should be integrated into
provincial development policies. This is
intended to enable synchronization between policies with short-term missions
(the members of the local parliaments,
district chiefs and mayors with a 5-year
term of office) and the long-term missions of the ISPO.
3. Good Governance
Indonesia is among the worlds more
corrupt countries. Thus, the credibility
of the auditors and the relevant institutions should be high.
4. International Recognition
It is necessary for ISPO to obtain international recognition from the European
Union (EU), USA, and China because they
are the main importers of Indonesian
crude palm oil. Without recognition from
trading partners, the ISPO certification
efforts will be in vain from a business
point of view.
5. Market Incentives
One form of business incentive is price.
Will ISPO certification lead to a premium price? It is necessary to plan ISPO
certification that is linked to a financial
incentives that are internalized and
driven by the ISPO system to make it
sustainable.
This ISPO principle is thus in line with
trading strategies in general, and within
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3. Acceptance by Stakeholders
Stakeholders refers to parties interested in mining activities, that is, mining
companies, mining company employees,
local communities and governments.
Once the environmental assessment
is published, if there are parties who
do not approve of the proposed mining
operation, no mining activities may take
place. If the mining operation has been
approved by all the stakeholders, the
mining company is required to fulfill its
CSR obligations to the local community.
4. Food Production Trumps Question
able Mining
Mining must not deplete water and soil
resources that play an important role
in food security. In other words, mining
should not lead to the reduction in the
production of food and water. Therefore, environmental management in any
mining operation such as water and soil
management is very important. Mining activities should also prioritize the
welfare of mine workers and local communities.
5. Compliance with International
Standards
Responsible mining refers to a mining
operation that complies with all social
and environmental standards that are
internationally applicable.
6. Pre-qualification or certification of
potential mining permit seekers
All mining activities must have a certificate stating that such activities do not
violate international standards. Such
certificates must be issued by a third
party, not the government of the country
which has the mining area. Currently,
there are several organizations that
have been recognized internationally in
monitoring mining processes and can
certify companies that meet their criteria. These organizations include, Global
Witness, the Environmental Investigation Agency, the Environmental Law
Institute, SGS of Geneva, Switzerland,
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5.4
Alternatif Solusi Rehabilitasi
Ekonomi Hijau pada Sektor
Strategis yang berdampak besar
The Alternative Solution of Gren Economy-based
Rehabilitation in High Impact Strategic Sectors
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Tabel 12: Spesifikasi Permasalahan Lingkungan dari Aktivitas High-Impact Sectors di HoB - Indonesia
Sektor
Hasil
Hutan
Kayu
Kerusakan lingkungan
yang ditimbulkan
Mempromosikan kegiatan
menanam 1000 pohon,
revegetasi.
Menggunakan metode
pemanenan pohon yang
berkelanjutan.
Kerusakan lingkungan.
Perkebunan
Kelapa
Sawit
Solusi Alternatif
Rehabilitasi
Deforestasi.
Revegetasi.
Pertambangan
128
Revegetasi.
Pembuatan danau buatan.
Alih fungsi lahan menjadi
area publik.
Pembuatan jalur pipa hasil
limbah pertambangan.
Penggunaan teknologi untuk
mengatasi limbah.
Revegetasi.
Revegetasi.
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Sector
Timber
Forest
Products
Environmental Damage
that Has Been Occured
Alternative Solutions of
Environment Rehabilitation
Land degradation
Environmental damage
Perkebunan
Kelapa
Sawit
Recycled to be used as
fertilizer
Application of zero-burning
policy
Revegetation
Suspension of provision of
conversion permit of primary
forests.
Changing the status of primary
forest into permanent forest
Reclamation
Mining
Revegetation
Making artificial lake
Land conversion into public
Revegetation
Revegetation
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Australian economy.
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energi.
comply with.
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ment land.13
13
132
During the Climate Conference in Copenhagen in 2009, these ideas were discussed
further. To respond to critiques that REDDs
sustainability initiative is too short, an addition was made and summarized under the
REDD+ denotation. The plus sign here
means including such factors as nature
Stern, N. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (London, 2006), terutama Bab 25 (Reversing Emissions from Land Use
ChangeMembalikkan Emisi dari Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan), p. 537-538.
W WF Jerman, Politische Manahmen: REDD. Industrielnder finanzierenStopp der tropischen Entwaldung, um Emissionenzuverringern Tindakan Politis: REDD.Negara Industri Membiayai Penghentian Deforestasi Hutan Tropis, Guna Mengurangi Emisi, http://wwf.de/
themen/kampagnen/waelder-indonesiens/rettungsplan/redd
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reformasi politik.
14
Klute, M. 2010. Die Geheimspracheder Klima PolitikerBahasa Rahasia Politikus Iklim, Suara,3, p. 20-22.
15
16
Acharya, K. Top Leaders See the Green in REDD+ - Para Pemimpin Papan Atas Melihat Jalan Keluar pada REDD+, TheJakartaPost.
ogarty, D & Rondonuwu, O. Indonesia Chooses Climate Pact Pilot Province Indonesia Memilih Provinsi Percontohan Pakta Iklim,
G
Reuters, Accessed on 30/12/2010, http://reuters.com/article/2010/12/30/us-indonesia-climateidUSTRE6BT0NP20101230[14/02/2011.
17
Yang Termasuk Negara-negara Percontohan REDD adalah Bolivia, Republik Demokrasi Kongo, Indonesia, Panama, Papua Nugini,
Paraguay, Zambia, Tanzania dan Vietnam. Di bulan Oktober 2010 Sulawesi Tengah terpilih menjadi provinsi percontohan REDD Indonesia.
Bdk. UN-REDD laudsC.Sulawesis Active Support for ForestsREDD-PBB memuji dukungan aktif Sulawesi Tengah untuk hutan, The
Jakarta Post, Accessed on 22/01/2011,http://thejakartapost.com.
18
Neilson, Fn. 3; FidelisE. Satriastanti, Indonesia Sees Small Victories At Cancn Talks Indonesia Memperoleh Kemenangan-Kemenangan
Kecil di Pertemuan di Cancn, The Jakarta Globe, Accessed on 1112/12/2010.
19
Frings, M, Peran Indonesia dalam Kebijakan Iklim Internasional Insentif Finansial untuk Melindungi Kelangsungan Hutan Apakah Ini
Model Yang Efektif? Diakses pada Oktober 2012, http://wwf.de/themen/kampagnen/waelder-indonesiens/rettungsplan/redd
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5.5
Indikator Implementasi Penerapan
Prinsip-prinsip Ekonomi Hijau
Indicators for the Implementation of Green
Economy Principles
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Tabel 13: Indikator Implementasi Ekonomi Hijau untuk Masing-masing Sektor Strategis di Wilayah HoB
Table 13: Green Economy Implementation Indicators for Each Strategic Sector in the HoB
Sektor / Sector
2.IUPHHK Hutan
Tanaman / IUPHHK
for planted forests
3.Industri Perkayuan;
bubur kayu dan
kertas / Timber
- Pengolahan limbah
industry; pulp and
paper industry
Perkebunan:
1.Besar
- Tidak mengkonversi hutan
yang baik
- Optimalisasi pemanfaatan
kayu
- Pemanfaatan limbah
pembalakan
- Penggunaan benih unggul
produktivitas tinggi
- Peningkatan rendemen
(recovery) pengolahan
- CSR; Kemitraan
Perusahaan dan
masyarakat
- Penggunaan bibit
produktivitas tinggi
2.Rakyat
Keterlibatan Sosial/
Social engagement
Pertambangan
- Pemanfaatan pupuk
organik
- Melakukan pertambangan
tertutup (close pit mining);
atau mengunakan
teknologi rendah emisi.
- Peningkatan recovery;
efisiensi
- Penghematan energi.
- CSR
- Sosialisasi hemat energi
Pertanian /
Perkebunan Rakyat
- Reklamasi
- Penggunaan teknlogi
penyimpanan dan
pengolahan yang baik.
135
WWF / Suriyanto
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VI.
STRATEGI
IMPLEMENTASI EKONOMI
HIJAU DI JANTUNG
KALIMANTAN
Green Economy
Implementation Strategy in
the Heart of Borneo
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economic issues while detailed discussions can still be synergized at the Coordination Team, the Regional Secretariat
and the National Working Group on the
Heart of Borneo.
This chapter discusses nine important
dimensions in the implementation of
green economy in the Heart of Borneo,
which will be described comprehensively. Then, green economy implementation
strategies across all the four provinces
will be discussed consecutively starting from West Kalimantan over Central
Kalimantan to East Kalimantan including North Kalimantan. The discussion
will also highlight the implementation
of green economy in the context of its
integration into and synchronization
with general economic development in
Kalimantan, particularly in the Heart of
Borneo.
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6.1
Implementasi Ekonomi Hijau di
Kalimantan
Green Economy Implementation in Kalimantan
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Lapangan Usaha
Pertanian
Pertambangan
Industri Manufaktur
Listrik, Gas, Air
Kalbar
Kalteng
Kalsel
Kaltim* Indonesia
23,08
27,11
18,79
6,74
14,43
2,01
9,96
22,25
42,91
11,24
16,27
6,65
8,93
24,55
23,70
0,77
0,45
0,70
0,57
0,28
Konstruksi
11,48
5,39
6,17
3,41
9,99
23,02
21,49
16,93
9,61
14,33
Pengangkutan
7,36
8,80
8,94
4,41
7,01
Keuangan
4,86
6,22
5,47
3,52
7,52
Jasa-jasa
11,48
13,69
11,94
4,57
11,02
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Kehutanan / Forestry
Pertambangan / Mining
Pertanian / Agriculture
Energi / Energy
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6.2
Kalimantan Barat - Penguatan
Basis Ekonomi Produktif
West Kalimantan Barat - Strengthening
Productive Economy Base
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2009
Pertanian / Agriculture
2010
2011
2012
25,71
25,05
25,13
24,02
23,08
1,93
1,99
2,03
2,00
2,01
18,96
18,40
17,94
17,01
16,27
0,52
0,52
0,50
0,47
0,45
Konstruksi / Construction
8,86
9,23
9,94
10,80
11,48
22,34
22,74
22,53
22,73
23,02
7,12
7,33
7,39
7,34
7,36
4,83
4,80
4,86
4,84
4,86
9,73
9,94
9,69
10,80
11,48
2013
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order to empower and provide opportunities in the labor market that will still
grow significantly.
For example, in terms of spatial layout arrangement, the Province of West
Kalimantan still needs to focus on the
finalization of its Spatial Layout Plan,
primarily in the interest of forest conservation and the conservation of water
catchment areas in conservation districts that belong to the Heart of Borneo.
Integration between the provinces spatial plan and the other ones at district /
city and even national levels is needed
to reduce the chance of overlapping land
use, more specifically between the forestry sector, the agriculture sector and
the mining sector. The implementation
of community forestry and other social
forestry schemes needs to be publicly
mainstreamed at district, city, field or
landscape levels.
The three districts situated in the Heart
of Borneo, that is, Kapuas Hulu, Melawi
and Sintang, seem to be very serious
about their spatial and regional layout
plans, because this will be used as one
of the criteria and indicators that will be
easily viewed and monitored by stakeholders on an area-by-area basis.
In the forestry sector, the implementation of green economy in West Kalimantan can be more consistently applied
to the RIL methods throughout all the
concession companies operating in all
corners of the province. Implementation
can be done in stages, but it can also be
done at once, both inside and outside
the Heart of Borneo. Some companies
have implemented sustainable forestry
management (SFM) certification. So, if
the provincial government can work
more closely with the district / city governments, then the implementation of
green economy will be much easier.
The provincial government in cooperation with the national government, in this
case the Ministry of Forestry, may be a
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Tabel 17: Luas Areal Kebun Kelapa Sawit dan Produksi CPO Kalbar Tahun 2012
Table 17: Areas of Oil Palm Estates and CPO Production of West Kalimantan in 2012
Luas Areal
(Ha)
Kabupaten / District
TBM
TM
Total Areal
(Ha)
Produksi
(Ton CPO)
Petani
(KK)
Rusak
7.662
395
8.057
698
430
52.733
35.736
135
88.604
62.185
6.284
Sambas
41.976
25.020
66.996
43.992
7.701
Bengkayang
37.460
15.753
53.213
35.473
4,354
Singkawang
3.361
2.756
6.117
2.358
112
Sanggau
63.951
155.031
1.249
220.231
304.026
35.253
Sekadau
37.239
48.302
85.541
93.162
12.084
Sintang
45.967
57.996
103.963
116.669
11.333
Melawi
16.392
8.953
25.345
29.325
3.202
Kapuas Hulu
36.960
9.631
46.591
17.401
1.510
Ketapang
151.181
127.344
278.525
266.350
16.891
Kayong Utara
16.468
13.968
30.436
10.968
847
Kubu Raya
35.161
11.471
46.632
25.378
762
546.511
512.356
1.384
1.060.251
1.007.985
100.763
Pontianak
Landak
Grand Total
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pemerintah pusat dan ketentuan perundangan yang berlaku. Sebagaimana disebutkan sebelumnya, empat ketentuan
perundangan yang berhubungan dengan
kebun sawit seperti Inpres No 10 tahun
2011 tentang Moratorium Penanaman di
Lahan Gambut, Inpres No 6 tahun 2013
tentang Penundaan Izin baru, PP No 27
tahun 2012 tentang Izin Lingkungan dan
Permentan No 98 tahun 2013 tentang
Pedoman Perizinan Usaha Perkebunan
seharusnya dilaksanakan di daerah
secara konsisten. Apabila mendesak,
ekspansi kebun baru dapat dilakukan
pada kawasan yang terdegradasi, bukan
pada hutan alam dan lahan gambut.
Pemerintah daerah dapat menambahkan ketentuan khusus tentang kewajiban
pemulihan lahan dan intervensi bidang
ketanagakerjaan dan lain-lain.
Provinsi Kalbar sebenarnya juga dikenal sebagai salah satu sentra produksi
karet nasional, karena tanaman karet
diusahakan di hampir seluruh kabupaten di Kalbar, termasuk yang berada
di kawasan HoB. Perkembangan luas
areal karet di Kalbar tidak sepesat
perkembangan areal kelapa sawit. Pada
tahun 2002 luas areal karet tercatat 464
ribu hektar dan melibatkan 245 ribu
rumah tangga petani, kemudian meningkat menjadi 593 ribu hektar pada tahun
2012 dan melibatkan 318 rumah tangga
petani. Produksi karet mentah juga
meningkat dari 245 ribu ton pada tahun
2002 menjadi 259 ribu ton pada tahun
2012. Pemerintah Kalbar seharusnya
lebih konsisten melaksanakan kebijakan
pengembangan komoditas karet yang
sebenarnya lebih ramah terhadap lingkungan, terutama melakukan peremajaan pohon-pohon karet berumur tua,
mengganti dengan klon karet bibit unggul yang memiliki produktivitas tinggi.
Kisah komoditas lada di Kalbar yang
pernah jaya pada masa lalu, tapi menurun drastis pada masa kini, seharusnya
tidak terjadi pada komoditas karet.
Pemerintah Kalbar sebenarnya telah
berencana mengembangkan kawasan
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Tabel 18: Implementasi Ekonomi Hijau di Kawasan HoB sisi Kalimantan Barat
Table 18: Green Economy Implementation in the West Kalimantan part of the HoB
Dimensi / Dimension
Kehutanan / Forestry
Pertambangan / Mining
Pertanian / Agriculture
Energi / Energy
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WWF-Indonesia / Erma
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6.3
Kalimantan Tengah - Agroindustri
Minyak Sawit Berkelanjutan
Central Kalimantan - Sustainable Palm Oil
Agro-Industry
Implementasi ekonomi hijau pada tingkat pembangunan yang masih awal seperti di Kalteng seharusnya relatif lebih
mudah karena sektor ekstraktif sumber
daya alam masih dapat dikendalikan
lebih awal. Dengan kata lain, walau-
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further because it still has to be synchronized with the spatial layout plans
of the provinces districts and cities and
also with the National Spatial Layout
Plan which until now is still unfinished.
In addition to achieving a more prosperous people through economic development, social and environmental vision of
the Government of Central Kalimantans
vision is not just to improve peoples
welfare through economic, social and
environmental development but also to
enhance the dignity of its citizens while
upholding the nations culture based on
the spirit of huma betang [Dayak Longhouse] and Unity in Diversity.
Central Kalimantan province has six
districts that are located in the Heart of
Borneo area, namely: Katingan, Barito
Utara, Gunung Mas, Murung Raya, Kapuas and Seruyan. The province and its
sixth districts have a greater responsibility in the conservation of the Heart of
Borneo, and implement green economy
strategies in all aspects of their future
development. For example, all the provinces districts in the Heart of Borneo
- except Murung Raya, has oil palm
plantations that will continue to receive
pressure to preserve the environment
as well as to the pressure to increase
their production and productivity. The
total oil palm area in the province stands
at approximately 869 thousand hectares
with a Crude Palm Oil production level
of 2.5 million tons in 2013 (Table 19).
Total CPO production in Central Kalimantan in 2013 grew very rapidly when
compared with the total in 2010, which
was 1.6 million tonnes (not shown on the
table). Most of the oil palm plantations/
estates in Central Kalimantan have entered the productive phase. They are operated with modern plantation management by large-scale corporations. Only a
small portion is managed by the people.
Therefore, Central Kalimantans [rate of]
CPO productivity, which was 2.6 tons per
hectare, is certainly much higher than
West Kalimantans, which was less than
1 ton per hectare.
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Tabel 19: Luas Areal Kelapa Sawit dan Produksi CPO Kalimantan Tengah 2013
Table 19: Central Kalimantans Oil Palm Area and CPO Production in 2013
Luas Areal
(Ha)
Kabupaten / District
Plasma
Kota Waringin Timur
Inti
Produksi
(Ton CPO)
Rusak
20,217
237,616
257,833
917,496
5,000
165,767
170,767
236,078
20,286
129,162
149,448
935,706
Lamandau
15,531
22,008
37,539
168,825
Sukamara
9,150
6,750
15,900
71,768
4,292
16,036
20,328
92,972
Seruyan
Murung Raya
Barito Utara
341
504
18,850
19,354
856
2,340
7,141
9,481
2,153
Pulang Pisau
Gunung Mas
10,377
10,377
4,398
Barito Selatan
Barito Timur
Kapuas
151
Katingan
3,534
3,534
118,082
Lintas Kabupaten/Kota
2,989
171,139
174,128
83,843
784,846
868,689
Palangka Raya
Kalimantan Tengah
2,548,826
WWF-Indonesia
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Tabel 20: Implementasi Ekonomi Hijau di kawasan HoB sisi Kalimantan Tengah
Table 20: Green Economy Implementation in Central Kalimantans part of the HoB
Dimensi / Dimension
Kehutanan / Forestry
Meningkat pesat, dari 1,6 juta ton (2010) menjadi 2,5 juta ton (2013).
Kebun sawit rakyat perlu juga dikembangkan, perbaikan budiadaya
dan sedapat mungkin tersertifikasi RSPO dan ISPO / Expand rapidly,
from 1.6 million tons (in 2010) to 2.5 million tons (in 2013). Peoples or
smallholder oil palm estates, too, should be developed, their cultivation
methods improved and their undertaking certified under RSPO and
ISPO certification schemes.
Pertambangan / Mining
Pertanian / Agriculture
Energi / Energy
WWF-Indonesia / T. Bangun
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Salah satu langkah integral dari implementasi ekonomi hijau di Kalteng adalah
penyempurnaan pengelolaan perkebunan kelapa sawit, peningkatan produksi
dan produktivitas dan prinsip-prinsip
keberlanjutan lainnya. Sebagaimana
disebutkan di awal, Kementerian Pertanian telah mengembangan sertifikasi
ISPO, yang dimaksudkan untuk menghindari dan mengurangi dampak perusakan lingkungan, emisi GRK, hingga
pemicu deforestasi. ISPO dimaksudkan
untuk meningkatkan kesadaran pengusaha kelapa sawit Indonesia untuk
memperbaiki linkungan, meningkatkan
daya saing minyak sawit Indonesia di
luar negeri, dan mendukung program
pengurangan GRK. Ketiga syarat ini
sering dijadikan persyaratan utama
oleh negara importir CPO Indonesia,
terutama jika akan dikonversi menjadi biodiesel, yang ramah lingkungan.
Perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit
di Kalteng seharusnya mulai mengadopsi ketentuan dalam ISPO, yang telah
menjadi kewajiban bagi seluruh industri
sawit di Indonesia.
One of the integral steps of green economy implementation in Central Kalimantan is improving the management of oil
palm plantations, increasing production
and productivity and promoting other
sustainability principles. As mentioned
earlier, the Ministry of Agriculture has
developed ISPO certification, which is
intended to prevent and reduce environmental impacts and greenhouse gas
emissions, and the drivers of deforestation. ISPO is meant to raise the awareness of Indonesian palm oil companies/
producers/ operators of the importance
of preserving the environment, to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian
palm oil internationally, and to support
greenhouse gas reduction program.
These three points are often used as
major requirements by Indonesias CPO
importing countries, especially if the
CPO is to be converted into biodiesel,
which is environmentally friendly. Oil
palm plantation companies in Central
Kalimantan should begin adopting ISPO
provisions, which is mandatory for the
entire palm oil industry in Indonesia.
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6.4
Kalimantan Timur - Tata Ruang,
Satu Data Satu Peta
East Kalimantan - Spatial Plan, One Data
One Map
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Tabel 22: Areal Kelapa Sawit, Produksi dan Tenaga Kerja Kalimantan Timur 2013
Table 22: Oil Palm Areas, Production and Labor Force in East Kalimantan 2013
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Tabel 23: Implementasi Ekonomi Hijau di Kawasan HoB sisi Kalimantan Timur
Table 23: Green Economy Implementation in the East Kalimantan part of the HoB
Dimensi / Dimension
Kehutanan / Forestry
Pertambangan / Mining
Pertanian / Agriculture
Energi / Energy
182
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WWF-Indonesia /
pertambangan dalam rangka mengurangi emisi dan peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan.
plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a joint agreement has been signed
between the Government of the Province
of East Kalimantan, the Government of
the District of Berau, the Government of
the District of West Kutai, the Government of the District of Kutai Kertanegara
and the Task Force for the Preparation
of REDD+ Institutional Framework under
the coordination of the Presidential
Working [Delivery] Unit for Development
Oversight and Control (UKP4). This joint
agreement is intended as a basis for
cooperation in implementing a licensing
restructuring program in the provinces
three districts (Berau, Kutai Barat and
Kutai Kertanegara) as pilot districts.
The objective of the joint agreement is
to strengthen the provinces plantation
and mining licensing systems in order to
reduce emissions and increase sustainable economic growth.
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6.5
Kalimantan Utara - Jasa
Lingkungan dan Lumbung Pangan
North Kalimantan - Environmental Services
and Food Granaries
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Sumber: Bappeda Kaltara (2014) Source: Development Planning Agency of North Kalimantan Province (2014)
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WWF-Indonesia
Sampai akhir tahun 2013, sektor perkebunan di Kaltara telah mulai ekspansif,
khususnya kelapa sawit yang telah
mencapai 171 ribu ha tersebar di empat
kabupaten, kecuali Kota Tarakan (Lihat
Tabel 25). Esensinya, luas areal perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Nunukan mencapai 95.791 ha, Kabupaten
Bulungan seluas 59.823 ha, Kabupaten
Tana Tidung 13.925 ha dan Kabupaten
Malinau 1.050 ha. Areal kelapa sawit
masih akan meningkat dalam beberapa
tahun ke depan.
Tabel 25: Areal Kelapa Sawit, Produksi dan Tenaga Kerja Kalimantan Utara Tahun 2013
Table 25: Oil Palm Plantation Areas, Production and Labor Force in North Kalimantan Utara in 2013
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At least, there are five large corporations that have expressed their interest to invest in the oil palm planatation
sector in North Kalimantan. They are
PT Sanggam Kahuripan Indonesia (of
Gudang Garam Group), PT Inti Selaras
Perkasa (of PT Wings Food Group), PT
Prima Tunas Kharisma (also of PT Wings
Food Group), PT Bulungan Citra Agro
Persada, and PT Prima Bahagia Permai.
However, a more down-to-earth strategy is needed to implement green
economy through the application of the
ISPO scheme for sustainable oil palm
plantations initiated by the Indonesian
Palm Oil Society (MAKSI), the Indonesian
Palm Oil Board (DMSI) and the Government of Indonesia through the Ministry
of Agriculture. The reason for a call for
a more-down-to-earth strategy is to enable private oil palm companies aspiring
to operate in Nunukan dan Malinau districts to accelerate their registration and
field verification processes. Moreover,
districts that are successfully implementing the strategy will be used as a
benchmark for more consistent development in the future. A summary of green
economy implementation strategies in
the North Kalimantan part of the Heart
of Borneo is presented in Table 26:
In the mining sector, green economy
principles need to be done carefully and
consistently as coal mining has an impact on water and air quality, on which
the development of the environmental
services market relies. Here are the
names of some coal mining companies
that operate in the province: PT Pesona
Equatorial Nusantara (PKN), PT Mandiri
Inti Perkasa, PT Delma Mining Corporation, PT Garda Tujuh Buana, PT Lamindo
Inter Multikon and PT Bara Dinamika.
The government of the province of North
Kalimantan and the provinces district
/ city governments need to apply the
provisions of sustainable development
to coal mining and other types of mining. For example, the oil and gas mining
operations in the province, which are
Development Implementation Strategy in The Heart of Borneo (Hob) Through Green Economy Approach
Tabel 26: Implementasi Ekonomi Hijau di Kawasan HoB sisi Kalimantan Utara
Table 26: Green Economy Implementation in North Kalimantans part of the HoB
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WWF-Indonesia
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VII.
PERAN MASYARAKAT
DALAM PENGEMBANGAN
SEKTOR BERBASIS
EKONOMI HIJAU
Community Role in the
Development of Green
Economy-Based Sectors
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7.1
Peran Masyarakat dalam Sektor
HHBK
Community Role in the Non Timber
Forest Product Sector
198
t a glance, non-timber forest products may appear to have no functional differences compared to timber
forest products as most non-timber
forest products are part of the tree.
Biological objects other than wood that
come from forests are manifold such as
rattan, resin, honey, bamboo and various
types of medicinal plants. The utilization
of non-timber forest products is more
environmentally friendly than the utilization of timber forest products because
it does not create great damage to the
forests. So, non-timber forest products
have great prospects for further development.
Local people can utilize non-timber forest products quite easily using relatively
simple technology. Parts of the tree that
are utilized as non-timber forest products are roots, bark, sap, leaves, flowers, seeds and fruits that are harvested
or extracted without cutting the tree so
that the utilization of non-timber forest products does not cause damage to
the ecosystem and can be a long-term
livelihood undertaking. This will lead
to a dependency on the preservation
of nature that will encourage people to
continue to maintain and safeguard the
sustainability of the environment.
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7.2
Peran Masyarakat
dalam Sektor Agroforestri
Role of Communities
in the Agroforestry Sector
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2. Reduce erosion,
204
It is understandable that the development of agroforestry is intended to reduce the degradation of natural forests
and the environment (which constitutes
the ecological aspects of agroforestry)
and also to solve social and economic
problems of local communities especially those living in rural areas. The
concept of agroforestry as a whole puts
a human being (society) as the subject
who actively seeks, with the power and
the capacity they have, to help solve the
problems associated with the need of
the community, to address challenges
and to utilize livelihood opportunities.
Cultivating land and transforming its
biological and non-biological environmental elements from merely natural
elements into valuable natural resources are aimed at maintaining existence
and improving individual, family and
community living standards. Therefore,
the implementation of agroforestry also
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7.3
Peran Masyarakat dalam
Sektor Pertanian
Role of Communities in the
Agricultural Sector
Sektor pertanian selama ini bertanggung jawab atas 14% emisi GRK global.
Jika digabung bersama sektor kehutanan, sumbangan GRK kedua sektor
tersebut bisa mencapai 33%. Hal ini karena industri pertanian cenderung untuk
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7.4
Peran Masyarakat
dalam Sektor Pariwisata
Role of Communities in the
Tourism Sector
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tri, namun sektor ini sangat rentan dengan isu-isu yang bersifat sosial, politik,
ekonomi dan keamanan.Oleh karena itu
campur tangan pemerintah sangat dibutuhkan untuk menjaga keberlangsungan
kepariwisataan.
Keunikan budaya, kehati dan keindahan
alam yang ada menjadikan sektor pariwisata sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan. Keunikan ini dapat menjadi
daya tarik yang sangat kuat, apalagi bila
dapat ditata, dikelola dan dipasarkan
dengan baik. Beberapa bidang dalam
sektor pariwisata yang saat ini sudah
dan perlu terus dikembangkan antara
lain adalah:
1. Wisata Alam
Wisata alam sangat identik dengan
tempat-tempat yang selain memiliki
keindahan alamnya, juga mengandung
kehati. Saat ini dengan konsep back to
nature, wisata alam menjadi jauh lebih
menarik. Di Kalimantan, sangat banyak
tempat-tempat dengan keindahan dan
keaslian alam belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal. Tambahan lagi,keunikan
yang tidak dimiliki tempat lain akan
sangat memperkuat daya saing wisata
alam.
Dalam hal ini, jika wisata alam dapat
dikembangkan dengan baik dengan peran aktif masyarakat lokal, akan menjadi
insentif yang sangat kuat bagi kelestarian lingkungan secara berkelanjutan.
Untuk itu, beberapa langkah yang perlu
dilakukan adalah :
- Melakukan inventarisasi berbagai
potensi wisata alam
Pada dasarnya, pemerintah setempat
sudah memiliki berbagai informasi
dan catatan tentang berbagai potensi
wisata alam yang ada di wilayahnya
masing-masing. Namun dalam
perkembangannya, hal itu masih
perlu dievaluasi kembali. Bisa saja
telah terjadi perubahan tata ruang,
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WWF-Indonesia /
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VIII
Penutup
Closing Notes
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dilakukan tanpa ada dukungan kebijakan, baik dari pemerintah pusat maupun
pemerintah daerah. Beberapa catatan
yang perlu mendapat perhatian pemerintah dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya selain yang telah diuraikan di atas
adalah :
1. Kawasan HoB adalah kawasan penting dan strategis nasional dan internasional. Oleh karena itu, pengelolaan HoB memerlukan payung hukum
yang tinggi, setidaknya dalam bentuk
Peraturan Presiden atau Keputusan
Presiden, agar proses perencanaan
dan implementasi pembangunan di
kawasan ini berjalan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip pembangunan
berkelanjutan yang mengedepankan
konservasi.
2. Perencanaan pembangunan di kawasan HoB dengan prinsip-prinsip
ekonomi hijau perlu secara eksplisit
tertuang dalam RPJMN 2015-2019,
sebagai rujukan penting bagi pemerintah provinsi dan pemerintah daerah di Kalimantan, utamanya yang
berhubungan dengan HoB, dalam
membuat perencanaan dan strategi
implementasi ekonomi hijau.
3. Strategi implementasi ekonomi hijau
sebenarnya telah tertuang dalam
Rancangan Peraturan Pemerintah
(RPP) Instrumen Ekonomi sebagai
amanat pelaksanaan Undang-Undang
No 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. RPP ini
meliputi beberapa instrumen penting
seperti pembayaran jasa lingkungan, pajak lingkungan, instrumen
perencanaan dan pendanaan dan
lain-lain sebagai landasan kebijakan
dan operasionalisasi implementasi
ekonomi hijau di daerah, khususnya
terkait dengan pengembangan sumber daya alam yang bersifat lintas
kabupaten dan provinsi. Pemerintah
provinsi dan kabupaten/kota perlu
senantiasa mengembangkan dan
merumuskan peraturan perundangan
di tingkat daerah, baik dalam bentuk
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