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They may look healthy, but one in five Mongolian children suffers from stunting, one in
10 is severely malnourished, 40 per cent are anemic and the nation's incidence of rickets
is among the highest in the world.
186
worker here says a boy they rescued had his hair burnt by his
mother who was under stress because of family problems resulting
from alcoholism.
Programs should thus also be geared toward providing safe
shelters, say social workers. But convincing streetchildren to live
in such homes poses yet another difficulty.
As Bergen points out, many prefer the streets, where they have
all the freedom to do as they please and the opportunity to make
quick money. It is also hard to create a family atmosphere in
government or privately run homes.
"There is the concept that children have been sacrificed for the
economic transition policies of the government," she says.
"(But) as the numbers of poor children grow, people are worried
about growing crime and feel at a loss."
Nyamochir and his friends, for instance, avoid the police most
of the time for they beg pr steal for a living. Often, they also
deal with unscrupulous men who use the boys for cheap, sometimes
illegal, work, taking advantage of Mongolia's juvenile laws that
rarely slap long prison sentences on child criminals.
The NCC says 80 children are now being charged for serious crime
such as rape and murder. Many young girls who live on the streets,
meanwhile, work as sex workers. Some as young as 13 suffer from
venereal disease.
Bergen also notes that the new economic system is causing a new
kind of stress on children as they have begun to crave for material
goods such as fashionable clothes and electronic goods.
"During the socialist times children wore uniforms to schools
and there was not much difference between rich children and
children from poor homes,"she says. "Now we are hearing of many
cases where children are refusing to go to school because their
clothes are not good enough."
For his part, Nyamochir would probably be only too glad if he
could have clothes that are not as threadbare as what he is wearing
now and which can hardly keep out the cold of the winds blowing
through Ulan Bator's streets.
Nyamochir, who says he polishes boots for a living, says he
wants to learn how to read and write. But the big boys he hangs
around with will not allow him to go to a center where he can
attend classes. He figures his future is bleak, and that he will
probably end up in prison.
For now, though, he and his coughing friend are trying to focus
on where to get their gang's next meal. Says his friend, "We don't
have enough money to buy even candles for our hole."
Copyright 1998 IPS/GIN. The contents of this story can not be duplicated in any fa
"The food was frozen by the time we got there," she says,
"but the children were so hungry they took it and ate it
right away."
Sister Marie fires off one heart- rending story after an-
other: hospitals using syringes and dressings repeatedly
because they have no others; a child who lost a leg to
thrombosis because there was no equipment to look for
a clot in a vein; a boy whose legs froze and were ampu-
tated after he rode for three days on a freight train in the
cold and no prosthetics available.
190
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But as one social worker here admits, "The road is a long one. With the current economic
problems faced by the country, there is lack of funds to transfer to women's programmes."
Not many people are looking at the politicians for help, since women's representation in politics is
very low. Out of Mongolia's 76 members of parliament, only seven are women. All the Cabinet
members are men.
Jinsmaa, though, has been fortunate enough to become a part of a grassroots project that
makes and sells traditional Mongolian saddles and boots. The project is under the National Poverty
Alleviation Programme that is funded jointly by the World Bank and the UNDP.
A former collective farm supervisor had spearheaded the project, managing to get a loan of USS
250 for it. There are 16 young women, including Jinsmaa, now 27, who are part of it. The women,
work five days a week and each earn an average of Tg 30,000 ($35).
The basic materials for the saddles and boots are bought at the Chinese border. The work is
hard, and on any given hour during any workday, a visitor can find most of the women lost in their
work. The intricate designs are sewn with a bright, blue thread, the needles alternately flying up
and then digging hard into solid leather.
Jinsmaa says she wants to go back to school and study again, perhaps a course that can land
her a better job that will pay more. But she acknowledges that this is just not possible now, given
Mongolia's current sorry economic state. Jinsmaa is thankful for small mercies. At least she and her
husband - who has kept his job as an electrician - are still married. And while her fingers are all
scarred because of her constant needlework, Jinsmaa says she is happy with Mongolia's economic
transition, and is determined to make it. "I work hard," she declares, "and am grateful for being
employed."
(Courtesy Inter Press Service)
191
Health education
targets children golian adolescents by the World
By Ch. Baatarbeel Health Organisation (WHO)
showed that 78 percent of Mon-
A workshop to aid Mongolia's golian youth do not have system-
'Health Education of the Popula- atic knowledge of health. 50 per-
tion Programme,' was held last cent considered it necessary to
week. protect and promote their health.
The purpose of the workshop The survey also noted that a higher
was to assess current health edu- percentage of youth are now drink-
cation, set future objectives, and ing and smoking.
broaden cooperation of all sectors. "Our primary health focus
L. Zorig, the should be the
Minister of Health "UOU urr n r i m n r v youth of Mon-
and Social Welfare p r i m a r y golia. Rather
explained that the health fOCUS Should than spending
initiation and orga- Dhep t h _ v n i i t h nf money on those
nization of the work- 1 e y OU T who already
shop is a positive M o n g o l i a . R a t h e r smoke and
step in achieving + h n n c r ^ n r t i n n drink, we
successful results. Spending should spend
"in order to money on those on the young
maintain and generation.
mote health inpro- ^u
the w o rdrpndv cmokP
' '^ ^iMc^vjvjy 011 ivyi\w Secondly, we
population it is nee-and .^ d r i n k , , we wthei l l health
essary to set up an .
focus on
and
integrated network," S h O U l d Spend On rural population
areasof
Mr AZorig said. the younq aenera- Health educa--
.. ^ ',„
general opin-- +irtr
on voiced at the HUM. tion and per-
workshop was that sonal hygiene
.awareness and information about have taken a downturn since
health and nutrition have sharply 1990," Mr Zorig said.
decreased. Mr Zorig emphasized a discus-
"Health is a state of complete sion of the Mongolian diet.
physical, mental and social well- "It is necessary to change the
being and not merely the absence diet of our people. Maybe we
of disease. Health promotion en- could organize competitions or
courages people to make healthy movements to have rural people
choices and lead a healthy life," engage in farming or other agri-
stressed Dr. Susanta De Silva, a culture. This is just one of many
World Health Organisation repre- ideas we are considering for our
sentative. health improvement programme,"
A recent survey among Mon- indicated Mr Zorig.
194
• •,
M
ore than one in five
Mongolian children report is on nutrition. More including Mongolia's. He country."
is stunted by mal- than 7 million children under called on the Mongolian gov- nonetheless, the Health
nutrition. But that figure does five die from malnutrition- ernment to consider nutrition Minister called for a
not represent an emergency, related causes each year, and when formulating economic "revolution" in food pro-
say government officials. the number of the world's and social policy, and said the duction and supply and a
"The situation is critical, malnourished children is problem could be remedied by revitalized domestic food
but not an emergency," said B. growing. more social spending along- industry.
Zarikkan, State Secretary at UNICEF Mongolia used side economic growth. He stressed the need for
the Ministry of Agriculture the February 6 launch to alert But Mongolian govern- "urgent action" to eliminate
an audience of diplomats, ment representatives said their anemia, iodine deficiency,
and Industry.
"I wouldn't say food se- journalists and representatives good intentions are hampered malnutrition and other prob-
curity is at an emergency of NGOs and private food by a lack of funds. lems.
producers to what UNICEF "The government of Mon- "There is a need for legal
situation, but I will say that
access to the 12 basic food Officer in Charge Matthew golia has a long tradition of support for the creation of a
items is not really in place." Girvin called "the worrisome paying attention to the nu- favorable economic envi-
A report released last au- status of child and maternal trition of child and mother," ronment for domestic food
tumn by the United Nations' malnutrition in Mongolia." said Zorig. But he admitted production," he said, calling
Food and Agriculture Organi- Keshab Mathema, UNI- times are hard. He said the for legal and economic in-
zation called for Mongolia to CEF Area Representative for collapse of national food centives to this end.
receive emergency food aid to China and Mongolia, called production and rising unem- He also called for a state
combat a food-supply crisis. malnutrition a "vast and com- ployment had had a negative policy on the hygiene of the
The sobering statistic - 22 plex problem" that is both a impact on children nation's food supply and a
per cent of Mongolia's child- manifestation and a cause of Food production in all nationwide survey of Mon-
ren under five are stunted, poverty. groups except meat is down golia's clean-water supply.
It has a range of causes, he from 1990. In 1996, the At the launch, government
while one in 10 suffers severe
malnutrition — was cited by said, from food supply and average Mongolian's daily and UN representatives un-
Health Minister L. Zorig at the lack of clean water and sani- consumption of calories was veiled a Nutrition Manifesto,
Mongolian launch of The tation to inadequate health- 15 per cent less than in 1990. which calls in vague terms for
State of the World's Children care. Zarikkan said the gov- government and "all members
1998, an assessment of the He noted that the right to ernment was attempting to of soc i ety" to work together to
adequate nutrition is enshrined provide mothers and children make progress on nutrition
well-being of the world's
youth carried out by UN1CEF, in the 1989 UN Convention on under four with nutritious and food security.
196
ON TMf WEI
N
EW YORK, March, 1
(IPS) -Financial director. cannot be used in their home same period.
austerity measures, Particularly hard hit have countries," reports the Even industrialised
and the fallout from economic been the tran-sitional eco- Malaysian NGO 'Tenaga- countries like Canada have
globalisation, have had a nomies" of Eastern Europe nita'. "This marginalisation suffered sharp declines:
disproportionate effect on and Central Asia, where free- intensifies under the process Women's programmes have
women's advancement market policies have resulted of globalisation and been slashed by Ottawa from
worldwide.forcing them into in cuts in public childcare and migration." 12 m i l l i o n dollars to 8
low- paying jobs or dramatic job losses for Several -entire economies million dollars in the past
unemployment, says a new women, who are often the first depend on the profits of over- three years, while Canada is
study. employees targeted for seas women migrant workers, second only to Japan among
The survey, 'Mapping 'efficiencies' by privatising who "suffer gross violations industrialised countries in
Progress: Assessing companies. of their human rights, ranging providing low-wage
Implementation of the Beijing Women's unemployment from inhuman working con- employment to women.
Platform for Action'.says that averaged 70 percent in ditions to physical violence, WEDO is more optimistic
70 percent of the 187 countries Armenia, Russia, Bulgaria and and even rape and murder." about women's progress on
which attended the 1995 Croatia, and topped 80 percent Concern for women migrants' other fronts. Sixty-six
Fourth World Conference on in Ukraine. labour conditions abroad is countries have already set up
Women at Beijing have drawn "Further, the state's particularly strong in the national offices for women's
up action plans to advance failure to finance benefits Philippines, which has affairs, the survey says, while
women's rights since then. under new laws that seek to monitored reports of abuse of 58 have passed new laws or
Despite such prompt provide support for mothers domestic workers, especially policies addressing women's
action in implementing the and pregnant women in the in the Middle East, the report rights.
Beijing commitments, the workforce, as in Croatia and adds. Adjustment policies at Laws to prevent or punish
record of governments in the Ukraine, have made the same time have forced domestic violence were passed
providing resources for women too expensive to governments to implement in 26 countries, including
women is patchy at best, says hire," the report adds. policies that conflict with the many Latin American states,
the report - produced by the In other countries, the goals of the Beijing summit, China and New Zealand, while
Women's Environment and report argues, women have several NGOs argue. Egypt banned female genital
Development Organization become disproportionately "Chronic budget deficits, Mutilation in state-run and
(WEDO). In many cases, non concentrated into the low end internal and external debts, private facilities and Thailand
governmental organisations of jobs produced through low savings, high inflation clamped down on the
(NGOs) report that economic globalisation - notably in rates, combined with political trafficking of women and
adjustment policies in their export-processing zones instability, relegate the com- children.
nations have hindered wo- which demand "cheap and mitment to women's concerns Overall, the report indi-
men's access to employment, docile labour that can be used to the back burner," says cates "incremental progress
health care, education, in low-skill, repetitivejobs in 'Shirkat Gah', a Pakistani by governments in
property, credit and unsafe and insecure women's group. implementing the Beijing
housing. conditions without minimum NGOs in 27 of the 88 agenda and the growing
NGOs submitted reports to guarantees." countries surveyed reported political strength of women's
WEDO on the progress of 88 NGOs in Malaysia, South that the budget for women's movements across the world,''
countries in implementing the Korea, the Philippines, India, programmes Has grown sin- says Bharati Sadasivam, WE-
Beijing accords. Of the nations Sri Lanka, Egypt and Mexico ce the 1995 Beijing DO programme coor-dinator
surveyed, 45 percent recently all complained about the conference, but another 28 for women's rights and
enacted macro-economic poli- effects of the global economy said that the budget has organiser of the survey.
cies that caused a downturn in in d i m i n i s h i n g women's remained the same w h i l e
women's employment and 28 livelihoods. eight reported a decrease. In
percent instituted cutbacks in "The feminisation of the Germany, the budget for
199
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