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Continuouslyvariabletransmission
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Acontinuouslyvariabletransmission(CVT),(alsoknownassinglespeedtransmission,gearless
transmission,steplesstransmission,variablepulleytransmission,orincaseofmotorcycles,atwist
andgo)isanautomatictransmissionthatcanchangeseamlesslythroughaninfinitenumberofeffective
gearratiosbetweenmaximumandminimumvalues.Thiscontrastswithothermechanicaltransmissions
thatofferafixednumberofgearratios.TheflexibilityofaCVTallowstheinputshafttomaintaina
constantangularvelocity.
Abeltdrivendesignoffersapproximately88%efficiency,[1]which,whilelowerthanthatofamanual
transmission,canbeoffsetbylowerproductioncostandbyenablingtheenginetorunatitsmostefficient
revolutionsperminute(RPM)forarangeofvehiclespeeds.Thusasmallcarcanstrikeabalancebetween
fuelefficiencyandcostofmanufacture.
Whenpowerismoreimportantthaneconomy,theratiooftheCVTcanbechangedtoallowtheengineto
turnattheRPMatwhichitproducesgreatestpower.ThisistypicallyhigherthantheRPMthatachieves
peakefficiency.Finally,aCVTdoesnotstrictlyrequirethepresenceofaclutch.Nevertheless,insome
vehicles(e.g.motorcycles),acentrifugalclutchisadded[2]tofacilitatea"neutral"stance,whichisuseful
whenidlingormanuallyreversingintoaparkingspace.

Contents
1Uses
2Types
2.1Variablediameterpulley(VDP)orReevesdrive
2.2ToroidalorrollerbasedCVT(ExtroidCVT)
2.3MagneticCVTormCVT
2.4InfinitelyVariableTransmission(IVT)
2.5RatchetingCVT
2.6HydrostaticCVTs
2.7NaudicIncrementalCVT(iCVT)
2.7.1Highfrictionallosses
2.7.2Shockanddurability
2.7.3Torquetransferabilityandreliability
2.8ConeCVTs
2.9RadialrollerCVT
2.10PlanetaryCVT
3History
4Seealso
5Notes
6References

Uses
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ManysmalltractorsforhomeandgardenusehavesimplerubberbeltCVTs.For
example,theJohnDeereGatorlineofsmallutilityvehiclesuseabeltwitha
conicalpulleysystem.Theycandeliveranabundanceofpowerandcanreach
speedsof3032mph(4851km/h),allwithoutneedforaclutchorshifting
gears.Nearlyallsnowmobiles,utilityvehicles,golfcartsandmotorscootersuse
CVTs,typicallytherubberbelt/variablepulleyvariety.
SomecombineharvestershaveCVTs.TheCVTallowstheforwardspeedofthe
combinetobeadjustedindependentlyoftheenginespeed.Thisallowsthe
operatortosloworaccelerateasneededtoaccommodatevariationsinthickness
ofthecrop.
CVTshavebeenusedinaircraftelectricalpowergeneratingsystemssincethe
1950sandinSportsCarClubofAmerica(SCCA)Formula500racecarssince
theearly1970s.CVTswerebannedfromFormula1in1994duetoconcernsthat
thebestfundedteamswoulddominateiftheymanagedtocreateaviableF1
CVT.[3]Morerecently,CVTsystemshavebeendevelopedforgokartsand
haveproventoincreaseperformanceandenginelifeexpectancy.TheTomcar
rangeofoffroadvehiclesalsoutilizestheCVTsystem.
SomedrillpressesandmillingmachinescontainapulleybasedCVTwhere
theoutputshafthasapairofmanuallyadjustableconicalpulleyhalves
throughwhichawidedrivebeltfromthemotorloops.Thepulleyonthe
motor,however,isusuallyfixedindiameter,ormayhaveaseriesofgiven
diameterstepstoallowaselectionofspeedranges.Ahandwheelonthedrill
press,markedwithascalecorrespondingtothedesiredmachinespeed,is
mountedtoareductiongearingsystemfortheoperatortopreciselycontrol
thewidthofthegapbetweenthepulleyhalves.Thisgapwidththusadjusts
thegearingratiobetweenthemotor'sfixedpulleyandtheoutputshaft's
variablepulley,changingspeedofthechuck.Atensionerpulleyis
implementedinthebelttransmissiontotakeuporreleasetheslackinthebelt
asthespeedisaltered.Inmostcases,thespeedmustbechangedwiththe
motorrunning.

AChaindrivenCVT

PrincipleofVariator

CVTsshouldbedistinguishedfromPowerSharingTransmissions(PSTs),asusedinnewerhybridcars,
suchastheToyotaPrius,HighlanderandCamry,theNissanAltima,andnewermodelFordEscapeHybrid
SUVs.CVTtechnologyusesonlyoneinputfromaprimemoveranddeliversvariableoutputspeedsand
torque,whereasPSTtechnologyusestwoprimemoverinputsandvariestheratiooftheircontributionsto
outputspeedandpower.Thesetransmissionsarefundamentallydifferent.
SomevehiclesthatofferCVTaretheFordCMAXhybrid,theMitsubishiLancer,theProtonInspira,the
ProtonIriz,theProtonSagaFLX,theProtonPrev,theDodgeCaliber,theToyotaCorolla,theHonda
Insight,Fit,CRZhybrid,Capa,CivicGX(CNG),CivicHybrid,City,HRVandAccord,theNissan
Tiida/Versa(SL,SV,andNoteSPlusorhighermodels),Cube,Juke,Sentra,Altima,Maxima,20131.2
Note,Rogue,XTrail,Murano,SunnyandMicra,theJeepPatriotandCompass,theSuzukiSX4SCross,
andtheSubaruForester,Impreza,Legacy,andOutback.

Types
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Variablediameterpulley(VDP)orReevesdrive
InthismostcommonCVTsystem,[4]therearetwoVbeltpulleysthatare
splitperpendiculartotheiraxesofrotation,withaVbeltrunningbetween
them.Thegearratioischangedbymovingthetwosheavesofonepulley
closertogetherandthetwosheavesoftheotherpulleyfartherapart.Dueto
theVshapedcrosssectionofthebelt,thiscausesthebelttoridehigheron
onepulleyandlowerontheother.Doingthischangestheeffective
diametersofthepulleys,whichinturnchangestheoverallgearratio.The
distancebetweenthepulleysdoesnotchange,andneitherdoesthelengthof
thebelt,sochangingthegearratiomeansbothpulleysmustbeadjusted
(onebigger,theothersmaller)simultaneouslyinordertomaintainthe
properamountoftensiononthebelt.TheVbeltneedstobeverystiffinthe
pulley'saxialdirectioninordertomakeonlyshortradialmovementswhile
slidinginandoutofthepulleys.

ToyotaSuperCVTi

Steelreinforcedvbeltsaresufficientforlowmasslowtorqueapplicationslikeutilityvehiclesand
snowmobilesbuthighermassandtorqueapplicationssuchasautomobilesrequireachain.Eachelementof
thechainmusthaveconicalsidesthatfitthepulleywhenthebeltisrunningontheoutermostradius.Asthe
chainmovesintothepulleysthecontactareagetssmaller.Asthecontactareaisproportionaltothenumber
ofelements,chainbeltsrequirelotsofverysmallelements.Theshapeoftheelementsisgovernedbythe
staticofacolumn.Thepulleyradialthicknessofthebeltisacompromisebetweenmaximumgearratioand
torque.Forthesamereasontheaxisbetweenthepulleysisasthinaspossible.Inachainbasedcvtafilmof
lubricantisappliedtothepulleys.Itneedstobethickenoughsothatthepulleyandthechainnevertouch
anditmustbethininordernottowastepowerwheneachelementdivesintothelubricationfilm.
Additionally,thechainelementsstabilizeabout12steelbands.Eachbandisthinenoughsothatitbends
easily.Ifbending,ithasaperfectconicalsurfaceonitsside.Inthestackofbandseachbandcorrespondsto
aslightlydifferentgearratio,andthustheyslideovereachotherandneedoilbetweenthem.Alsotheouter
bandsslidethroughthestabilizingchain,whilethecenterbandcanbeusedasthechainlinkage.[note1]

ToroidalorrollerbasedCVT(ExtroidCVT)
ToroidalCVTsaremadeupofdiscsandrollersthattransmitpower
betweenthediscs.Thediscscanbepicturedastwoalmostconical
parts,pointtopoint,withthesidesdishedsuchthatthetwoparts
couldfillthecentralholeofatorus.Onediscistheinput,andthe
otheristheoutput.Betweenthediscsarerollerswhichvarytheratio
andwhichtransferpowerfromonesidetotheother.Whenthe
roller'saxisisperpendiculartotheaxisofthenearconicalparts,it
contactsthenearconicalpartsatsamediameterlocationsandthus
NissanMotorsExtroidCVT
givesa1:1gearratio.Therollercanbemovedalongtheaxisofthe
nearconicalparts,changingangleasneededtomaintaincontact.
Thiswillcausetherollertocontactthenearconicalpartsatvaryinganddistinctdiameters,givingagear
ratioofsomethingotherthan1:1.Systemsmaybepartialorfulltoroidal.Fulltoroidalsystemsarethemost
efficientdesignwhilepartialtoroidalsmaystillrequireatorqueconverter,andhenceloseefficiency.

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Sometoroidalsystemsarealsoinfinitelyvariable,andthedirectionofthrustcanbereversedwithinthe
CVT.[5]
Diagrams:
AnimatedimageofatoroidalCVTonHowStuffWorks(http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/cvt
17.gif)

MagneticCVTormCVT
AmagneticcontinuousvariabletransmissionsystemwasdevelopedattheUniversityofSheffieldin2006
andlatercommercialized.[6]mCVTisavariablemagnetictransmissionwhichgivesanelectrically
controllablegearratio.Itcanactasapowersplitdeviceandcanmatchafixedinputspeedfromaprime
movertoavariableloadbyimporting/exportingelectricalpowerthroughavariatorpath.ThemCVTisof
particularinterestasahighlyefficientpowersplitdeviceforblendedparallelhybridvehicles,butalsohas
potentialapplicationsinrenewableenergy,marinepropulsionandindustrialdrivesectors.Themagnetic
CVTcannotgenerategreatertorquethananelectricmotorofthesamesize,soitisnotareplacementfor
mechanicalautomobiletransmission.

InfinitelyVariableTransmission(IVT)
AsubsetofCVTdesignsarecalledinfinitelyvariabletransmissions(IVTorIVTs),inwhichtherangeof
ratiosofoutputshaftspeedtoinputshaftspeedincludesazeroratiothatcanbecontinuouslyapproached
fromadefined"higher"ratio.Azerooutputspeed(lowgear)withafiniteinputspeedimpliesaninfinite
inputtooutputspeedratio,whichcanbecontinuouslyapproachedfromagivenfiniteinputvaluewithan
IVT.Lowgearsareareferencetolowratiosofoutputspeedtoinputspeed.Thislowratioistakentothe
extremewithIVTs,resultingina"neutral",ornondriving"low"gearlimit,inwhichtheoutputspeedis
zero.Unlikeneutralinanormalautomotivetransmission,IVToutputrotationmaybepreventedbecause
thebackdriving(reverseIVToperation)ratiomaybeinfinite,resultinginimpossiblyhighbackdriving
torqueinaratchetingIVT,however,theoutputmayfreelyrotateintheforwarddirection.
Intheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury,severaltractorsandsmalllocomotiveswerebuiltwithfrictiondisk
transmissionswithanoutputdiskrollingonthefaceoftheinputdisk.Fordisksofidenticaldiameter,the
effectivegearratiocouldbevariedfrom1:1whenthepointofcontactwasattheperimeteroftheinput
disk,toinfinitywhenthepointofcontactwasatthecenter,to1:1whenthepointofcontactwasatthe
oppositeextreme.ThetransmissiononearlyPlymouthlocomotivesworkedthisway,whileontractors
usingfrictiondisks,therangeofreversespeedswastypicallylimited.[7]
TheratchetingIVTdatesbacktobeforethe1930stheoriginaldesignconvertsrotarymotiontooscillating
motionandbacktorotarymotionusingrollerclutches.[8]Thestrokeoftheintermediateoscillationsis
adjustable,varyingtheoutputspeedoftheshaft.Thisoriginaldesignisstillmanufacturedtoday,andan
exampleandanimationofthisIVTcanbefoundhere.[9]PaulB.Pirescreatedamorecompact(radially
symmetric)variationthatemploysaratchetmechanisminsteadofrollerclutches,soitdoesn'thavetorely
onfrictiontodrivetheoutput.Anarticleandsketchofthisvariationcanbefoundhere[10]

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ManyIVTsresultfromthecombinationofaCVTwithaplanetarygearsystemwhichenforcesanIVT
outputshaftrotationspeedwhichisequaltothedifferencebetweentwootherspeedswithintheIVT.This
IVTconfigurationusesitsCVTasacontinuouslyvariableregulator(CVR)oftherotationspeedofanyone
ofthethreerotatorsoftheplanetarygearsystem(PGS).IftwoofthePGSrotatorspeedsaretheinputand
outputoftheCVR,thereisasettingoftheCVRthatresultsintheIVToutputspeedofzero.Themaximum
output/inputratiocanbechosenfrominfinitepracticalpossibilitiesthroughselectionofadditionalinputor
outputgear,pulleyorsprocketsizeswithoutaffectingthezerooutputorthecontinuityofthewholesystem.
TheIVTisalwaysengaged,evenduringitszerooutputadjustment.
IVTscaninsomeimplementationsofferbetterefficiencywhencomparedtootherCVTsasinthepreferred
rangeofoperationbecausemostofthepowerflowsthroughtheplanetarygearsystemandnotthe
controllingCVR.Torquetransmissioncapabilitycanalsobeincreased.There'salsopossibilitytostage
powersplitsforfurtherincreaseinefficiency,torquetransmissioncapabilityandbettermaintenanceof
efficiencyoverawidegearratiorange.
AnexampleofatrueIVTistheHydristorbecausethefrontunitconnectedtotheenginecandisplacefrom
zeroto27cubicinches(440cm3)perrevolutionforwardandzeroto10cubicinches(160cm3)per
revolutionreverse.Therearunitiscapableofzeroto75cubicinches(1,230cm3)perrevolution.However,
whetherthisdesignentersproductionremainstobeseen.AnotherexampleofatrueIVTthathasbeenput
intorecentproduction[11]andwhichcontinuesundercommercialdevelopment[12]isthatofTorotrak.

RatchetingCVT
TheratchetingCVTisatransmissionthatreliesonstaticfrictionandisbasedonasetofelementsthat
successivelybecomeengagedandthendisengagedbetweenthedrivingsystemandthedrivensystem,often
usingoscillatingorindexingmotioninconjunctionwithonewayclutchesorratchetsthatrectifyandsum
only"forward"motion.Thetransmissionratioisadjustedbychanginglinkagegeometrywithinthe
oscillatingelements,sothatthesummedmaximumlinkagespeedisadjusted,evenwhentheaverage
linkagespeedremainsconstant.Poweristransferredfrominputtooutputonlywhentheclutchorratchetis
engaged,andthereforewhenitislockedintoastaticfrictionmodewherethedriving&drivenrotating
surfacesmomentarilyrotatetogetherwithoutslippage.
TheseCVTscantransfersubstantialtorque,becausetheirstaticfrictionactuallyincreasesrelativetotorque
throughput,soslippageisimpossibleinproperlydesignedsystems.Efficiencyisgenerallyhigh,because
mostofthedynamicfrictioniscausedbyveryslighttransitionalclutchspeedchanges.Thedrawbackto
ratchetingCVTsisvibrationcausedbythesuccessivetransitioninspeedrequiredtoacceleratetheelement,
whichmustsupplantthepreviouslyoperatinganddecelerating,powertransmittingelement.
RatchetingCVTsaredistinguishedfromVDPsandrollerbasedCVTsbybeingstaticfrictionbased
devices,asopposedtobeingdynamicfrictionbaseddevicesthatwastesignificantenergythroughslippage
oftwistingsurfaces.AnexampleofaratchetingCVTisoneprototypedasabicycletransmissionprotected
underU.S.Patent5,516,132(https://www.google.com/patents/US5516132)inwhichstrongpedalling
torquecausesthismechanismtoreactagainstthespring,movingtheringgear/chainwheelassemblytoward
aconcentric,lowergearposition.Whenthepedalingtorquerelaxestolowerlevels,thetransmissionself
adjuststowardhighergears,accompaniedbyanincreaseintransmissionvibration.

HydrostaticCVTs
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Hydrostatictransmissionsuseavariabledisplacementpumpanda
hydraulicmotor.Allpoweristransmittedbyhydraulicfluid.Thesetypes
cangenerallytransmitmoretorque,butcanbesensitivetocontamination.
Somedesignsarealsoveryexpensive.However,theyhavetheadvantage
thatthehydraulicmotorcanbemounteddirectlytothewheelhub,
allowingamoreflexiblesuspensionsystemandeliminatingefficiency
lossesfromfrictioninthedriveshaftanddifferentialcomponents.This
typeoftransmissionisrelativelyeasytousebecauseallforwardand
reversespeedscanbeaccessedusingasinglelever.
Anintegratedhydrostatictransaxle(IHT)usesasinglehousingforboth
hydraulicelementsandgearreducingelements.Thistypeof
transmissionhasbeeneffectivelyappliedtoavarietyofinexpensive
andexpensiveversionsofriddenlawnmowersandgardentractors.

HondaDN01motorcycle:
Swashplateanimation.

Oneclassofridinglawnmowerthathasrecentlygainedin
popularitywithconsumersiszeroturningradiusmowers.These
mowershavetraditionallybeenpoweredwithwheelhubmounted
hydraulicmotorsdrivenbycontinuouslyvariablepumps,butthis
designisrelativelyexpensive.
TheJapaneseType10tankuses
HydraulicMechanicalTransmission
(HMT).

Someheavyequipmentmayalsobepropelledbyahydrostatic
transmissione.g.agriculturalmachineryincludingforagers,
combines,andsometractors.Avarietyofheavyearthmoving
equipment,e.g.compactandsmallwheelloaders,tracktypeloaders
andcrawlertractors,skidsteeredloadersandasphaltcompactorsusehydrostatictransmission.Hydrostatic
CVTsareusuallynotusedforextendeddurationhightorqueapplicationsduetotheheatthatisgenerated
bytheflowingoil,althoughthereareavarietyofoilcoolerdesignstohelpcounterthisproblem.
TheHondaDN01motorcycleisthefirstroadgoingconsumervehiclewithhydrostaticdrivethatemploys
avariabledisplacementaxialpistonpumpwithavariableangleswashplate.
AGCOCorporationhasemployedahydrostaticCVTtransmissioninagriculturalequipment.The
transmissionsplitspowerbetweenhydrostaticandmechanicaltransfertotheoutputshaftviaaplanetary
gearintheforwarddirectionoftravel.Inreversethepowertransferisfullyhydrostatic.[13]

NaudicIncrementalCVT(iCVT)
Thisisachaindrivensystemwhichisadvertisedat*[1](http://www.varibox.com/)AlthoughaniCVT
works,ithasthefollowingweakness:
Highfrictionallosses
ThevariatorpulleyofaniCVTischokedusingtwosmallchokingpulleys.Hereonechokingpulleyis
positionedonthetensesideofthechainoftheiCVT.Hencethereisaconsiderableloadonthatchoking
pulley,themagnitudeofwhichisproportionaltothetensioninitschain.Eachchokingpulleyispulledup
bytwochainsegments,onechainsegmenttotheleftandonetotherightofthechokingpulleyhereifthe
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twochainsegmentsareparalleltoeachother,thentheloadonthechokingpulleyistwicethetensioninthe
chain.Butsincethetwochainsegmentsaremostlikelynotparalleltoeachotherduringoperationsofan
iCVT,itisestimatedthattheloadonachokingpulleyisbetween1to1.8timesofthetensionofitschain.
Also,achokingpulleyisverysmallsothatitsmomentarmisverysmall.Alargermomentarmreducesthe
forceneededtorotateapulley.Forexample,usingalongwrench,whichhasalargemomentarm,toopena
nutrequireslessforcethanusingashortwrench,whichhasasmallmomentarm.Assumingthatthe
diameterofachokingpulleyistwicethediameterofitsshaft,whichisagenerousestimate,thenthe
frictionalresistanceforceattheouterdiameterofachokingpulleyishalfthefrictionalresistanceforceat
theshaftofachokingpulley.
Shockanddurability
ThetransmissionratioofaniCVThastobechangedoneincrementwithinlessthanonefullrotationofits
variatorpulley.Thismeansthatthetransmissiondiameterofthevariatorpulley,madegenerallyfrom
rubber,hastobechangedfromadiameterthathasacircumferentiallengththatisequaltoaninteger
numberofteethtoanotherdiameterthathasacircumferentiallengththatisequaltoanintegernumberof
teethsuchaschangingthetransmissiondiameterofthevariatorpulleyfromadiameterthathasa
circumferentiallengthof7teethtoadiameterthathasacircumferentiallengthof8teethforexample.This
isbecauseifthetransmissiondiameterofthevariatorpulleydoesnothaveacircumferentiallengththatis
equaltoanintegernumberofteeth,suchasacircumferentiallengthof7teethforexample,improper
engagementbetweentheteethofthevariatorpulleyanditschainwilloccur.Forexample,imaginehavinga
bicyclepulleywith7teethhereimproperengagementbetweenthebicyclepulleyanditschainwilloccur
whenthetoothbehindthetoothspaceisabouttoengagewithitschain,sinceitispositionedadistanceof
toothtoolaterelativetoitschain.
Regardingthepreviousparagraph,thechainofaniCVTformsanopenlooponitsvariatorpulleythat
partiallycoversitsvariatorpulleysuchthatanopensection,whichisnotcoveredbythechain,exist.This
issimilartoasprocketofabicyclewherethereisasectionofthesprocketthatiscoveredbyitschain,and
asectionofthesprocketthatisnotcoveredbyitschain.Duringonecompleterotation,thetoothedsection
ofthevariatorpulleyofaniCVTpassesbytheopensectionandreengageswiththechain.Hereifthe
transmissiondiameterofthevariatorpulleydoesnotrepresentanintegernumberofteeth,improperre
engagementbetweentheteethofthevariatorpulleyanditschainwilloccur.Also,thetransmission
diameterofthevariatorpulleycannotbechangedwhilethetoothedsectionofthevariatorpulleyis
coveringtheentireopensectionofitschainloop.Sincethisissimilartowhereaplateisgluedacrossthe
opensectionofachainloop,whichdoesnotallowexpansionorcontractionofthechainloopasrequired
fortransmissiondiameterchangeofthevariatorpulley.Therefore,thetransmissiondiameterofthevariator
pulleyhastobechangedoneincrementduringanintervalwherethevariatorpulleyrotatesfromaninitial
positionwhereaportionofthetoothedsectionofthevariatorpulleyispositionedattheopensectionofthe
chainloopbutnotcoveringtheentireopensection,tothefinalpositionwherethetoothedsectionofthe
variatorpulleypassesbytheopensectionofthechainloopandisabouttoreengagewiththechain.Since
ittakeslessthanonefullrotationtorotatethevariatorpulleyfromitsinitialpositiontoitsfinalposition
mentionedintheprevioussentence,thetransmissiondiameterofthevariatorpulleyhastobechangedone
incrementwithinlessthanonefullrotation.
Inaddition,asthetransmissiondiameterisincreased,thechainhastobepusheduptheinclinedsurfacesof
thepulleyhalvesofthevariatorpulley,whilethetensioninthechaintendstopullthechaintowardsthe
oppositedirection.Hencealargeforce,whichislargerthanthetensioninthechain,isrequiredtochange
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thetransmissiondiameter.Sincethetransmissionratiohastobechangedwithinlessthanonefullrotation
ofthevariatorpulley,alargeforcehastobeappliedonthepulleyhalveswithinaveryshortduration.Iffor
examplethevariatorpulleyrotatesat3600rpm,whichisequivalentto60revolutionspersecond,thenthe
forcerequiredtochangethetransmissionratiohastobeappliedwithin1/60seconds.Thiswouldbesimilar
tohittingsomethingwithahammer.Therefore,heresignificantshockloadsareappliedtothevariator
pulleyduringtransmissionratiochangethatincreasesthetransmissiondiameter.Theseshockloadsmay
causecomfortproblemsforthedriverofthevehicleusinganiCVT.AlsoaniCVThastobedesignedasto
beabletoresisttheseshockloadswhichwouldmostlikelyincreasesthecostandweightofaniCVT.
Torquetransferabilityandreliability
TheteethofthevariatorpulleyofaniCVTareformedbypinsthatextendfromonepulleyhalftotheother
pulleyhalfandslideinthegroovesofthepulleyhalvesofthevariatorpulley.Heretorquefromthechainis
transferredtothepinsandthenfromthepinstothepulleyhalves.Sincethepinsareroundandthegrooves
arecurved,linecontactbetweenthepinsandthegroovesareusedtotransferforcefromthepinstothe
grooves.Theamountofforcethatcanbetransmittedbetweentwopartsdependonthecontactareaofthe
twoparts.Sincethecontactareasbetweenthepinsandtheirgroovesareverysmall,theamountofforce
thatcanbetransmittedbetweenthem,andhencealsothetorquecapacityofaniCVT,islimited.
AnotherpossibleproblemwithaniCVTisthatthepinsofthevariatorpulleycanfalloutwhentheyarenot
engagedwiththeirchain,andwearofthepinsandthegroovesofthepulleyhalvescancausesomeserious
performanceandreliabilityproblems.

ConeCVTs
AconeCVTvariestheeffectivegearratiousingoneormoreconical
rollers.ThesimplesttypeofconeCVT,thesingleconeversion,usesa
wheelthatmovesalongtheslopeofthecone,creatingthevariation
betweenthenarrowandwidediametersofthecone.
Themoresophisticatedtwinconemeshsystemisalsoatypeofcone
CVT.[14][15]
InaCVTwithoscillatingcones,thetorqueistransmittedviafriction
fromavariablenumberofcones(accordingtothetorquetobe
transmitted)toacentral,barrelshapedhub.Thesidesurfaceofthehub
isconvexwithaspecificradiusofcurvaturewhichissmallerthanthe
concavityradiusofthecones.Inthisway,therewillbeonlyone
(theoretical)contactpointbetweeneachconeandthehubatanytime.
AnewCVTusingthistechnology,theWarko,waspresentedinBerlin
duringthe6thInternationalCTISymposiumofInnovativeAutomotive
Transmissions,on37December2007.

TheEvansfrictioncone,atypeof
coneCVT

AparticularcharacteristicoftheWarkoistheabsenceofaclutch:the
engineisalwaysconnectedtothewheels,andthereardriveisobtainedbymeansofanepicyclicsystemin
output.[16]Thissystem,namedpowersplit,[17]allowstheenginetohavea"neutralgear":whenthe
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engineturns(connectedtothesungearoftheepicyclicsystem),thevariator(i.e.,theplanetarygears)will
compensatefortheenginerotation,sotheouterringgear(whichprovidesoutput)remainsstationary.

RadialrollerCVT
TheworkingprincipleofthisCVTissimilartothatofconventionaloilpumps,but,insteadofpumpingoil,
commonsteelrollersarecompressed.[18]
Themotiontransmissionbetweenrollersandrotorsisassistedbyanadaptedtractionfluid,whichensures
theproperfrictionbetweenthesurfacesandslowsdownwearingthereof.Unlikeothersystems,theradial
rollersdonotshowatangentialspeedvariation(delta)alongthecontactlinesontherotors.Fromthis,a
greatermechanicalefficiencyandworkinglifeareclaimed.[19]

PlanetaryCVT
InaplanetaryCVT,thegearratioisshiftedbytiltingtheaxesof
spheresinacontinuousfashion,toprovidedifferentcontactradii,
whichinturndriveinputandoutputdiscs.Thesystemcanhave
multiple"planets"totransfertorquethroughmultiplefluidpatches.
OnecommercialimplementationistheNuVinciContinuously
VariableTransmission.

Description:InfinitelyVariable
Transmissionwithrigidfriction
members(shapedasdoublecones)in

History

LeonardodaVinci,in1490,conceptualizedasteplesscontinuously
variabletransmission.[21]MiltonReevesinventedavariablespeed
[20]
planetconfiguration.
transmissionforsawmillingin1879,whichheappliedtohisfirst
carin1896.[22]ThefirstpatentforafrictionbasedbeltCVTfora
carwasfiledinEuropebyDaimlerandBenzin1886,andaUSPatentforatoroidalCVTwasgrantedin
1935.[23][24]
In1910,ZenithMotorcyclesbuiltaVtwinenginedmotorcyclewiththeGraduaGear,whichwasaCVT.
In1912,theBritishmotorcyclemanufacturerRudgeWhitworthbuilttheRudgeMultigear.TheMultiwasa
muchimprovedversionofZenithsGraduaGear.
AnearlyapplicationofCVTwasintheBritishClynocar,introducedin1923.
In1926,GeorgeConstantinescoproducedtheConstantinescocarwithasmooth,efficient,inertialmasses
CVT,whichhehadinventedin1923,builtintothetwocylinderengine.
ACVT,calledVariomatic,wasdesignedandbuiltbyHubvanDoorne,cofounderofVanDoorne's
AutomobielFabriek(DAF),inthelate1950s,specificallytoproduceanautomatictransmissionforasmall,
affordablecar.ThefirstDAFcarusingvanDoorne'sCVT,theDAF600,wasproducedin1958.[25]Van
Doorne'spatentswerelatertransferredtoacompanycalledVDT(VanDoorneTransmissieB.V.)whenthe
passengercardivisionwassoldtoVolvoin1975itsCVTwasusedintheVolvo340.In1995,VDTwas
acquiredbyRobertBoschGmbH.
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Forthe1965modelyear,WheelHorseProducts,Inc.,ofSouthBend,Indiana,USA,introducedthefirst
gardentractorsequippedwithanHydraulicCVT.Themodels875and1075includedanEaton
manufacturedvariabledisplacementswashplatepumpandfixeddisplacementgeartypehydraulicmotor
combinedintoasinglecompactpackage,whichattacheddirectlytothepatentedWheelHorseUnidrive
transaxle.Reversewasproducedbyreversingtheflowofthepumpthroughovercenteringoftheswash
plate.Accelerationwaslimitedandsmoothedthroughuseofpressureaccumulator/reliefvalveslocated
betweenthepumpandmotor,topreventthesuddenchangesinspeedpossiblewithadirecthydraulic
coupling.Subsequentversionsincludedfixedswashplatemotors,andballpumpsandweresourcedfrom
bothEatonandSundstrandCorp.
ManysnowmobilesusearubberbeltCVT.In1974,RokonofferedamotorcyclewitharubberbeltCVT.
CVTsareusedinsomeallterrainvehicles.ThefirstATVequippedwithCVTwasPolaris'sTrailBossin
1985.
InFebruary1987,SubarulaunchedtheJustyinTokyowithanelectronicallycontrolledcontinuously
variabletransmission(ECVT)developedbyFujiHeavyIndustrieswhichownsSubaru,andVanDoorne's
TransmissieinTheNetherlands.OneandahalfyearlaterinNovember1988,Subarualsobroughtoutthe
Justy4WDECVT,aJustywithparttime4WDandtheECVTgearbox.Productionwaslimitedto500units
permonthasVanDoorne'scouldonlyproducethismanysteelbeltsforthem.InJune,suppliesincreasedto
3,000permonthandSubarurespondedbyinstallingtheextravolumeintotransmissionsfortheirRex
microcar.[26]In1989theJustybecamethefirstproductioncarintheU.S.toofferCVTtechnology.While
theJustysawonlylimitedsuccess,SubarucontinuestouseCVTinitskeicarstothisday,whilealso
supplyingittoothermanufacturers.[27]SubaruoffersCVT(Lineartronic)on2014Outback,Legacy,
Forester,Impreza,andCrosstrek.[28]
Inthesummerof1987theFordFiestaandFiatUnobecamethefirstmainstreamEuropeancarstobe
equippedwithsteelbeltedCVT(asopposedtothelessrobustrubberbeltedDAFdesign).ThisCVT,the
FordCTXwasdevelopedbyFord,VanDoorne,andFiat,withworkonthetransmissionstartingin1976.
[27]

The1992NissanMarchcontainedNissan'sNCVTbasedontheFujiHeavyIndustriesECVT.[27]Inthe
late1990s,NissandesigneditsownCVTthatallowedforhighertorqueandincludedatorqueconverter.
ThisgearboxwasusedinanumberofJapanesemarketmodels.Nissanisalsotheonlycarmakertobringa
rollerbasedCVTtothemarketinrecentyears.TheirtoroidalCVT,namedtheExtroid,wasavailableinthe
JapanesemarketY34NissanGloriaandV35SkylineGT8.However,thegearboxwasnotcarriedover
whentheCedric/GloriawasreplacedbytheNissanFugain2004.TheNissanMurano,introducedin2003,
andtheNissanRogue,introducedin2007,alsouseCVTintheirautomatictransmissionmodels.Ina
Nissanpressrelease,dated12July2006,NissanannouncedahugeshifttoCVTtransmissionswhenthey
selectedtheirXTronicCVTtechnology[29]forallautomaticversionsoftheVersa,Cube,Sentra,Altima
andMaximavehiclesinNorthAmerica,makingtheCVTamainstreamtransmissionsystem.Onemajor
motivatorforNissantomakeaswitchtoCVTswasasapartoftheir'GreenProgram2010'aimedat
reducingCO2emissionsby2010.TheCVTfoundinNissansMaxima,MuranoandtheV6versionofthe
Altimaisconsideredtobetheworld'sfirst"3.5Lclass"beltCVTandcanholdmuchhighertorqueloads
thanotherbeltCVTs.[30]

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AfterstudyingpulleybasedCVTforyears,Honda[31]alsointroducedtheirownversiononthe1995Honda
CivicVTi.DubbedHondaMultiMatic,thisCVTgearboxacceptedhighertorquethantraditionalpulley
CVTs,andalsoincludesatorqueconverterfor"creep"action.TheCVTisalsocurrentlyemployedinthe
HondaCityZXthatismanufacturedinIndiaandHondaCityVariomanufacturedinPakistan.
In1996,Fendt,aGermanybasedtractormanufacturer,releasedthefirsteverheavydutytractortobe
equippedwithahydrostatictypeCVTwiththeFendtVario926.[32]AyearlaterFendtwasacquiredby
AGCOCorporationwhichexpandedtheuseofthetransmissiontotheChallengerTractor,Massey
Ferguson,andTerraGator[33]brandsofmachinery,whicharealsoownedbyAGCO.Wellover100,000
agriculturaltractorshavebeenmanufacturedwiththistransmissiondesign.[32]
ToyotausedaPowerSplitTransmission(PST)inthe1997Prius,andallsubsequentToyotaandLexus
hybridssoldinternationallycontinuetousethesystem(marketedundertheHybridSynergyDrivename).
TheHSDisalsoreferredtoasanElectronicallycontrolledContinuouslyvariableTransmission.ThePST
allowseithertheelectricmotorortheinternalcombustionengine(ICE)orbothtopropelthevehicle.In
ICEonlymode,partoftheengine'spowerismechanicallycoupledtothedrivetrain,withtheotherpart
goingthroughageneratorandamotor.Theamountofpowerbeingchanneledthroughtheelectricalpath
determinetheeffectivegearratio.ToyotaalsooffersanonhybridCVTcalledMultidriveformodelssuch
asAvensis.
Audihas,since2000,offeredachaintypeCVT(multitronic)asanoptiononsomeofitslargerengine
models,forexampletheA43.0LV6.
Fiatin2000offeredaConetypeCVTasanoptiononitshitmodelFiatPunto(16v80PSELX,Sporting)
andLanciaY(1.216V).
BMWusedabeltdriveCVT(manufacturedbyZFFriedrichshafen)asanoptionforthelowandmiddle
rangeMINIin2001,forsakingitonlyonthesuperchargedversionofthecarwheretheincreasedtorque
levelsdemandedaconventionalautomaticgearbox.TheCVTcouldalsobemanually"shifted"ifdesired
withsoftwaresimulatedshiftpoints.
MGRoverusedanidenticalZFCVTtransmissiononitsRover45andMGZSmodels.
GMintroduceditsversionofCVTknownasVTiin2002.ItwasusedintheSaturnVueandSaturnIon
models.
In2002theSuzukiBurgman650wasthelargestdisplacementscooterintheworld,andfirsttwowheel
vehicletofeatureanelectricallycontrolledCVT.[34][35]
FordintroducedachaindrivenCVTknownastheCFT30intheir2005FordFreestyle,FordFiveHundred
andMercuryMontego.ThetransmissionwasdesignedincooperationwithGermanautomotivesupplierZF
FriedrichshafenandwasproducedinBatavia,OhioatBataviaTransmissionsLLC(asubsidiaryofFord
MotorCompany)until22March2007.TheBataviaplantalsoproducedthebeltdrivenCFT23CVTwhich
wentintheFordFocusCMAX,whichdidn'thavemuchsuccessbecauseofgearboxfailures,asitwas
coupledtothe1.6TDCiturbodieselengine,whichhadahighertorqueratingthantheCVTcanhandle.
FordalsosoldEscortandOrionmodelsinEuropewithCVTsinthe1980sand1990s.

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Contractagreementswereestablishedin2005betweenMTDProductsandTorotrakforthefirstfull
toroidalsystemtobemanufacturedforoutdoorpowerequipmentsuchasjetskis,skimobilesandrideon
mowers.[36]
The2007DodgeCaliberandtherelatedJeepCompassandJeepPatriotemployaCVTusingavariable
pulleysystemastheiroptionalautomatictransmission.[37]
The2008MitsubishiLancermodelisavailablewithCVTtransmissionastheautomatictransmission.DE
andESmodelsreceiveastandardCVTwithDriveandLowgearstheGTSmodelisequippedwitha
standardDriveandalsoaSportronicmodethatallowsthedrivertouse6differentpresetgearratios(either
withtheshifterorsteeringwheelmountedpaddleshifters).
The2009SEATExeoisavailablewithaCVTautomatictransmission(multitronic)asanoptionforthe2.0
TSI200hp(149kW)petrolengine,withselectable'sixspeeds'.[38]
In2010,theUSPatentOfficeissuedpatentnumber7,647,768B1foraseriesofhydraulicTorque
ConvertersthatusehydraulicfrictionratherthanmechanicalfrictionasaCVT.
SuzukihasusedCVTsince2010ontheirSX4andKizashimodels.

Seealso
ConstantSpeedDrive
Frictiondrive
Kineticenergyrecoverysystem(inmotorsport)
Listofautomobileswithcontinuouslyvariabletransmissions
Planetarygear
Powerband
Variomatic

Notes
1. Harris,William."DiagramofPulleybasedCVTs"(http://auto.howstuffworks.com/cvt2.htm).
Auto.howstuffworks.com.Retrieved17June2011.

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