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Develop a free-flow rating for this constriction using the following equation:
Qf = Cf hnuf
(a)
(b)
(c)
II.
Cs (hu hd )
nf
Qs =
(a)
(b)
(c)
III.
( log10 S )
ns
Determine St.
Make a graph of St (from 0.1 to 0.99 on the abscissa) vs. the function
value (Qf - Qs = 0) and indicate where the solution(s) exist, if any.
If you dont get any solution for St, try adjusting Cs slightly so that you
get a solution. If you do this, show the adjusted Cs value.
IV.
Cs (hu hd )
ns1
Qs =
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
( log10 S )
ns 2
Determine Cs, ns1 and ns2 based only on the submerged-flow data.
Make a graph with plotted symbols for (Qs)measured vs. (Qs)calculated. The
ordinate range should be the same as the abscissa range, with a
diagonal line representing (Qs)measured/(Qs)calculated = 1.0.
Comment on the data fit, using correlation or other such indices, as
appropriate.
Comment on the data fit using this equation, as opposed to using the Qs
equation from (II) above.
Solutions:
I.
Develop a free-flow rating for this constriction using the following equation:
Qf = Cf hnuf
Make two new columns for ln(Qf) and ln(hu) in the spreadsheet. Do a linear
regression using the LINEST spreadsheet function. The regression gives:
Cf= 5.57
nf = 1.61
for Qf in cfs; and hu in ft.
The R2 value is 0.999, indicating a very good fit, and this is also seen in the
comparison graph:
7.0
6.0
(Qf)calculated
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
(Qf)measured
II.
Cs (hu hd )
nf
Qs =
( log10 S )
ns
Make two new columns for ln(Qs/(hu-hd)nf) and ln(-log10S) in the spreadsheet.
Do a linear regression using the LINEST spreadsheet function. The regression
gives:
Cs= 2.62
ns = 1.43
for Qs in cfs; and hu & hd in ft.
The R2 value is 0.999, indicating a very good fit, and this is also seen in the
comparison graph:
7.0
6.5
6.0
(Qs)calculated
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
(Qs)measured
III.
6.0
5.0
f(St)
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
St
0.016
0.014
0.012
f(St)
0.010
0.008
Solution at
St = 0.79
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.000
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
St
0.90
0.95
1.00
Cs (hu hd )
ns1
Qs =
( log10 S )
ns 2
Make three new columns for ln(Qs), ln(hu-hd), and ln(-log10S) in the spreadsheet.
Do a multiple linear regression using the LINEST spreadsheet function. The
regression gives:
Cs= 2.78
ns1 = 1.54
ns2 = 1.36
for Qs in cfs; and hu & hd in ft.
The R2 value is 0.996, indicating a very good fit, and this is also seen in the
comparison graph, which is very similar to the previous plot:
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
(Qs)calculated
IV.
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
(Qs)measured
Even though the R2 value is slightly lower than for the previous form of the
submerged-flow equation, the sum of absolute deviations in measured and
calculated discharges is less in this case.