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TITLE
Nitrogen and Ammonia
II. DATE OF EXPERIMENT
Wednesday, November 26th 2014
III.
EXPERIMENT DONE
Wednesday, November 26th 2014
IV.
PURPOSE
a) Knowing how to prepare nitrogen and ammonia gas in laboratory
b) Knowing the properties of nitrogen and its compound
c) Knowing the gas of nitrogen, ammonia, the compound
V. BASIC THEORY
1. NITROGEN
Nitrogen is a non-metallic element in the periodic table is in group VA or
group 15 and has the symbol N with atomic number 7. At room temperature in the
form of gas is colorless, odorless, tasteless and form diatomic element (N2).
Nitrogen disbursed also colorless and odorless.
example in proteins and nucleic acids into one of the fundamental building blocks
of DNA and RNA.
There are two stable isotopes of nitrogen, namely: 14N and 15N. Isotopes most
is
14
15
N. In industrial
nitrogen obtained from the air liquefaction with a high enough pressure, followed
by fractional distillation or fractionation distillation. When nitrogen is heated, can
react directly with magnesium, lithium and calcium.
6Li + N2 2Li3N
3Mg + N2 Mg3N2
When mixed with oxygen and subjected to electric sparks, forming nitric
oxide (NO) then becomes dioxide (NO2). When heated under pressure with
hydrogen and the presence of a suitable catalyst will form ammonia (Haber
process).
Nitrogen compounds are widely used in industry and in the laboratory such as
nitric acid and ammonia (at most in the industry). Ammonia, NH3 is toxic nitrogen
hydride and the most important base material for chemical nitrogen and is one of
the chemicals most widely produced in the world. Ammonia is used as a base
material such as urea nitrogen fertilizers and explosives.
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) is formed by the
decomposition of organic materials with the metal compounds. In dry conditions in
beberapat place, saltpeters (salt) is found in sufficient quantities and used as
fertilizer. Inorganic nitrogen compounds other is nitric acid (HNO 3), ammonia
(NH3) and oxides (NO, NO2, N2O4, N2O), cyanide (CN-), etc. Nitrogen cycle is one
of the important processes in nature for living organisms. Although nitrogen gas
does not react, the bacteria in the soil can fix nitrogen into a useful form (as a
fertilizer) for plants. In other words, nature has provided a method for producing
nitrogen for plant growth. Animals then eat these plants where nitrogen was
contained in their system as proteins. The cycle is complete when other bacteriabacteria convert the waste nitrogen compounds to nitrogen gas. As a major
component of proteins, nitrogen is an essential ingredient for life.
PREPARATION NITROGEN IN LABORATORY
For security, campukan ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite with a mass
ratio of 4: 5, and then heated with a little water. The presence of water to prevent
ammonium chloride mensublimasi when heated. Initially, the two substances
undergo double decomposition to form sodium chloride and ammonium nitrite.
Ammonium nitrite formed then decomposes into nitrogen gas and water.
Nitrogen gas formed later flowed through the water like in the picture. In this
way, the moisture will be left behind while the nitrogen gas continues upward
because of their low solubility in water.
cyanamide (CaCN2).
CaC2 (s) + N2 (g) CaCN2 (s) + C (s)
Finally, calcium cyanamide flowing water vapor to produce ammonia.
CaCN2 (s) + 3H2O (g) CaCO3 (s) + 2NH3 (g)
c. Since World War I to the present.
The Haber-Bosch process
Between 1908 until 1913, Fritz Haber (1868-1934) of Germany succeeded
in synthesizing ammonia directly from the elements, namely of nitrogen gas and
hydrogen gas. Then the process of ammonia formation is enhanced by his
compatriot, Karl Bosch (1874-1940) with a high-pressure method so that the
manufacture of ammonia is known as the Haber-Bosch process. This process is
urgent because the cyanamide process Haber-Bosch process is the manufacture
of ammonia cheaper. In the Haber-Bosch process, the raw material in the form
of N2 and H2.
VI.
Tools
Erlenmeyer flask 100mL
Flute flask
Measuring glass 100mL
Separation funnel
Tripod and kassa
Statif and clamp
Bunsen burner
Test tube
Drop pipette
Measuring glass 250mL
Vessel
Stirrer
Balance
Rubber
Amount
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
10
1
1
1
1
2
Materials
Amount
Materials
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
VII.
A piece of wood
NaNO3 crystal
NH4Cl crystal
Concentrated HCl solution
Ca(OH)2
Amylum solution
KI solution
Concentrated ammonia solution
H2S gas(from HCl and pirit)
Concentrated H2SO4 solution
H2SO4 solution
FeSO4 solution
Concentrated HNO3 solution
HCl solution
PP indicator
NH4OH
Sulfur flower
PROCEDURE
Hydrogen Experiment
1.
-Checked by PP
-Observed
Slightly soluble water
Pink solution
1M, 0.1M
0.2M
0.1M
2M, 0.1M
3.
Arise burst
5.
6.
Potassium Chlorate
-Inserted into the test tube as high as 0,5 cm from the bottom of the tube
-Added a little powder manganese
White powder
-Heated
powder
and black
-Collected gas byWhite
moving
into water
-Tested with sticks glow
Black powder melts, gases arising
PROCEDURE
Hydrogen Experiment
A few pieces of calcium
- Entered into porcelain cup
White powder
-Flush with disttilled water
-Observed
-Checked with litmus paper
White solution
RESULT
Before :
Calcium: white powder
Litmus paper: red
After :
Added aquadest: the
powder doesnt
dissolve
Red litmus paper
become blue
Arise H2 gas
1
Red litmus paper turns blue
CONCLUSION
REACTION
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)
Calcium
Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
metal
basic solution
added
water
Before :
Magnesium powder:
grey
PP indicator: colorless
Mg(s) + 2H2O(l)
Magnesium
metal
added water
Small
spoon of
magnesium
powder
hydrogen gas and its
Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) -Enteredproduces
into porcelain cup containing aqua
basic solution
-Heated
a flame
Theover
powder
does not dissolve
After :
-Checked by PP
-Observed
Slightly soluble water
Added aquadest:
magnesium doesn;t
dissolve
Heated: arise H2 gas
Added PP indicator:
-Tested flame
After :
arise H2 gas
burst and the
volumeof gas is 67
Arise burst
mL
Pink solution
Zn(s) + 2H2O(g)
Zn(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
the
wet
hydrogen
cotton
produces
Before :
Zn powder: grey
HCl 4M: colorless
After :
Added HCl: doesnt
dissolve, grey
solution and arise H2
gas
Arise burst
Yellow
solution
-Added
a little starch solution
-Observed
of gas is 10 mL
Before:
H2O2 solution: colorless
Ki: yellow solution
Starch/amylum:
colorless
After:
H2O2+KI: colorless
Added amylum: purple
solution
2KI(aq) + H2O2(aq)
Potassium Chlorate
Before:
Potassium chorate:
-Inserted into the test tube as high as 0,5 cm from the bottom
of the tube
colorless
Magnesium powder:
-Added a little powder manganese
White powder
black
2KClO3(s) + 2MnO2(s)
KCl(aq) + 4O2(g) +
2KClO4(aq)
KMnO4(s) + 2H2O2(aq) K+
The
permanganate
After:
-Heated
powder
and black
-Collected gas byWhite
moving
into water
-Tested with sticks glow
6
-Entered in test tube an connected to the piped side container
-Added drops by drop 4,5% hydrogen peroxide (with caution)
Fire theblack
greater
powcer
-The tube purplewas closed
with
a rubber cover
-Left about 10 minutes for the gas to accumulate
-Tested with sticks glow
-Compare with the experimental gas volume 1
purple solution, gas arising
Before:
Permanganate: purple-
Greater flame
reaction
with
between
hydrogen
black powder
H2O2: colorless
After:
Permanganate +
H2O2: purplish black
solution, O2 gas arise
and the volume is 10
mL
Tested flame: greater
flame
3H2O(l)
IX.
ANALYSIS
Experiment I
The experiment is covertly designed to make nitrogen gas in the laboratory .As
many as 0.3 grams NaNO 2 dissolved in 10 mls of aquades .In a separating funnel put 0.3
grams NH4Cl aquades in 10 mls . Next instrument composed such a picture .
Flasks heated above the burner spiritus, after nearly boiling tap on separating
funnel is opened so that a solution of NH 4Cl out and mixed with NaNO2 form nitrogen gas
and a solution of NaCl and H2O according equation:
NaNO2(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) NaCl(aq) + N2(g) + H2O(l)
The establishment of proven by the emergence of gas bubbles then sent through a
tube into a measuring glass filled to the water full of reverse , as time passes gas that
forms flowing through a tube and entering into reverse a measuring glass filled to the
brim water .The more gas that forms will be pressing the water in glass measurement for
out so that a measuring glass filled by gas that forms .The volume of gas that forms is
mls of 146 .Next gas that forms in a test with a burning wood , and fire extinguished
.This shows that gas that forms are gaseous nitrogen having the character of extinguish
the fire .
Experimen II
The second experiment aims to create NO gas in the laboratory. A total of 2.5 g
NaNO2 dissolved in 2.5 mls of water. Then NaNO2 solution was divided into two and put
into a test tube. In the first tube was added 1 M H 2SO4 and the resulting solution was
colorless and white steam.
2NaNO2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + HNO2(aq)
While the tube 2 solution was diluted 4 times to further reduce the concentration of
NaNO2 solution of KI and starch plus colorless solution after solution of H 2SO4 plus
purple. H2SO4 fun ctions as an oxidant that will oxidize NaNO 2 be NO. While the function
of the addition of KI and starch is an indicator that NaNO 2 been oxidized to NO, because
H2SO4 will also oxidize KI be I2. At the time of I2 formed the NO gas has also been
established. Starch is an indicator I2 if I2 is formed then the purple solution.
2NaNO2(aq) + 2KI(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NO(g) +I2(aq)
H
O
H
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
amilum
+ nI2
*O
CH 2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
OH
OH
H
I
O
H
OH
OH
H
I
O
* O
n
Kompleks iod-amilum
Experiment III
In this experiment aims to create a complex compound of the element nitrogen.
The first solution of dilute HNO3 plus concentrated H2SO4 as much through the tube wall
then raised steam and hot, which indicates an exothermic reaction while the vapor formed
is NO gas. Furthermore, the added 0.2 mls of 0.2 M FeSO4 solution became yellow and
formed a ring rolled. Function H2SO4 is oxidator that oxidize HNO3 be NO and oxidizing
Fe2+ being Fe3+. Rolled rings are complex [Fe(NO)]2+ is the reaction between Fe2+ with NO.
2NO3- + H2SO4(aq) + Fe2+(aq) 2NO(g) + 4SO42- + 6Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
Fe2+(aq) + NO(g) [Fe(NO)]2+(aq)
Experiment IV
This experiment was to prove that the ammonia can react with sulfur. As many as 1
mL NH4OH then irrigated with gas H2S solution remains colorless.
NH4OH(aq) + H2S(g) (NH4)2S(aq) + H2O(l)
Furthermore, the solution coupled with sulfur flowers and filtered, a yellow
precipitate formed, the function of the addition of sulfur flowers is to add namesake that
S2- ions thus lowering the solubility of (NH4)2S.
(NH4)2S(aq) + S(s) (NH4)2S(s)
After that, coupled with dilute HCl, the precipitate dissolved. The function of HCl
is to increase the solubility.
(NH4)2S(s) + HCl(l) 2NH4Cl(aq) + H2S(g)
Experiment V
In this experiment aims to create and test the presence of ammonia gas. Solution
NH4OH 4M coupled with the tip of a small spoon of Ca(OH) 2 and then heated. When
heated in ammonia gas formation was tested with red litmus paper wetted tube that is
placed in the mouth, red litmus turned blue which indicates is basic ammonia gas.
Function moistened litmus paper is as litmus paper can not react ith gas if dry, H 2O will
react with NH3 gas that can change color to blue litmus paper red. After the spatula that
has been dipped in concentrated HCl and the resulting insert the tube into the white mist
which is NH4Cl.
NH4Cl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(aq)
NH3(g) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq)
Experiment VI
In this experiment aims to create and test the presence of ammonia gas. Put of 5
mls of concentrated ammonium hydroxide into Erlenmeyer flask 100 mls and then in the
lid and connected by a hose. Furthermore heated, when heated hose connected with an
empty test tube and then tested with a spatula dipped in concentrated HCl, white mist
arises, this indicates that the gas formed is correct NH3 gas.
Then the hose is connected to the tube containing water which has the added PP,
water previously turned into a pink color that indicates the solution is base.
X.CONCLUSION
From the experimental results we can conclude that
1. Nitrogen gas laboratory can be prepared by reacting a solution of NaNO2 with
NH4Cl solution through a process of heating and ammonia gas in the laboratory
can be made by heating the concentrated NH4OH.
2. The nature of the nitrogen gas is a colorless gas, odorless, flammable and non-toxic
absolute.
3. Nitrogen gas can be identified with the extinguished embers, ammonium gas can
be identified by the smell of urine that sting and the addition pp which produces a
pink solution, and moistened spatula HCl will produce white white mist, and can
change the color of litmus red to blue .
REFERENCES
ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Describe the manufacture of nitrogen and ammonia in the lab!
Nitrogen gas is made by heating the azide compounds, such as sodium azide (NaN3) and
barium azide (Ba(N3)2). Heating produces nitrogen gas and sodium metal:
2NaN3 2Na + 3N2
Moreover, it can also be obtained from the slowly heating a solution of ammonium nitrite
(NH4NO2)
NH4NO2 2H2O + N2
Ammonium nitrite is used, prepared by reacting sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride:
NaNO2 + NaCl + NH4ClNH4NO2
Ammonia is made by reacting ammonium chloride with a strong base (alkaline oxide).
NH4Cl + NaOH NH3 + NaCl + H2O
2NH4Cl + CaO + H2O2 NH3 + CaCl
The gas produced can be determined by testing using litmus paper. Alkaline ammonium gas
that will change the color of litmus paper from red to blue.
2. Explain the chemical properties of nitrogen!
In the form of gas is colorless, tasteless, odorless, tasteless, and nontoxic.
Volatile, non-reactive. Is diamagnetic, electronegative highest in the class.
Most common diatomic nonmetal.
Has five electrons in its outer shell, so that the trivalent in most compounds.
3. Write the equation for all the experiments above!
The first experiment
NaNO2 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq) NaCl (aq) + N2 (g) + 2 H2O (aq)
The second experiment
The first tube:
NaNO2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + 2 HNO2 H2 (g) + 2NO2 (g) brown
The second tube:
2NO2- (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 2I- H2O (aq) + I2 (aq) + NO (g)
2NaNO2 (aq) + 2KI + (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + I2 (aq) + NO (g)
ATTACHMENT
First experiment
Second experiment
NaNO2 +
Third experiment
Test tube 2: Added
KI & amylum
Added FeSO4
Fifth experiment
Added HCl
NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 +
heated
Sixth experiment