INDIAN ART ANDCULTURE

TOPICS COVERED TILL NOW

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Architecture in Ancient Period

Sculpture in Ancient India
Harappan Civilization
Vedic civilization
Jainism
TN Class 6 Art and Culture

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OFFICIAL STATUS IN YOUTUBE

OFFICIAL STATUS IN YOUTUBE

Early life of Gautama Buddha:

Original Name Siddhartha
Birth place Lumbinivana

Period 563 BC
Father Suddhodana > chief of sakya clan > capital kapilavasthu
Mother Maya died 7 days after his birth

Mothers sister > Mahaprajapati Gotami Step Mother

Wife Yasodhara
Son Rahul

Suddhodhana Clean
Money

Siddharth Malya

Age of 29 wandering ascetic in search of truth, left family and kingdom

Channa - Charioteer

Kanthaka - horse

Great Renunciation or Mahabhinishkraman

Idea of renunciation Seeing 4 persons in 4 different stages old man, very sick
man, corpse , ascetic
Alara kalama
meditation,
upanishads@
vaishali

Rudrakaramaputta
@ rajgriha

6 continuous years homeless ascetic

Uruvela
Niranjan river,
49 th day

Reached Gaya enlightment under pipal tree

Tathagata
one who
attained
ruth

Became budda at gaya Bodh Gaya >> Sambodhi, tree bodhi tree

Mara king of spirits and demons disturbed in meditation

Sujata farmers daughter > rice milk at Bodh Gaya
Deer park at Sarnath 1st sermon Dharmachakra Paravartana
Period of 45 yrs toured eastern India
Preached his gospel to princes and peasants

Asvajit, Upali,
Mogallana, Sariputra,
Ananda - disciples

Before death @ pavapuri Chanda bad mushrooms & pork

Age of 80 Mahaparinirvana @ Kushinagara sal tree 483 BC
Last teaching heard by Subhadra and Ananda

Earliest source Sutra pitaka in Pali

Acc. To buddhism existence of a being is like a wheel

of causes and effects
Ignorance gives rise to desire; desire to karma; and
karma leads to the impulse to be born again and again
to satisfy desire which is the source of suffering
If suffering is to be destroyed , Primary cause
ignorance must be destroyed

Can be achieved by the realization that world is

impermanent

Buddha (the
enlightened)

Dhamma
(doctrine)

Sangha
(order)

The worldy
existence is full
of misery
(Dukha)

Desire is the
cause of
worldly
existence
(Samudaya)

The worldly
existence can
be ended by
the destruction
of desire
(Nirodh)

There is a path
for the
destruction of
the desire
(Marga) This
is the Ashtanga
Marga

Right speech
Physical contol
(Sila)

Right action
Right means of livelihood
Right exertion

Mental control
(Chitta)

Right mindedness
Right meditation

Intellectual
development
(Prajna)

Right resolution
Right point of view

There is no place for

personal God (Atman) in
the doctrine of Buddha

Practical code of morality

is recommended for self
improvement

It contains 4 practices
love (Maitr) compassion
(karuna) joy at the success
of other (Mudite) and
equanimity towards all
beings (Upeksha)

Buddhism is known as
Middle path

rejected Vedas and Vedic

sacrifices and challenged
the superiority of
Brahmanism in casteagainst Brahmanism

Laid stress on ahimsa

Condemned violence to
any living beings

Ananda and buddha are friends

Ananda constant companion of Buddha and most devoted disciple

Anurddha master of right mindfulness

Mahakassapa president of Buddhist council held at Rajagriha

Moggallana he had greatest super natural powers

Sariputta possessed the profound insight into the dhamma

Upali master of Vinaya

 Ashvagosha contemporary of kanishka, poet, dramatist,

musician
Nagarjuna friend and contemporary of Satavahana kings
Assanga and Vasubandhu > Abhidaramakosa
encyclopedia of buddhism - brothers
Imp teacher of yogachara or vijnanavada school founded by Maitreyanath

Buddhagosha pali scholar Visuddhimaga > posttripitaka literature

Dinnaga founder of Buddhist logic
Dharmakirti philosophical thinker and dialectician

 First great split in Buddhist church 4th buddhist

council

Mahayana

Hinayana

Mahayana Buddhism Acharya Nagarjuna >> further spread of Buddhism

Hinayana or Lesser Vehicle

Original teachings of buddha
Individual salvation self
discipline and meditation
No idol worship
Religion without god only
karma

Nirvana extinction of all

 Oldest school Sthaviravada (Theravada in Pali)

Sanskrit sarvastivada or doctrine which maintains the existence of all things ,

physical as well as mental

From sarvastivada or vaibhasika branched off another school Sautantrika >>

more critical in outlook

Pali language of masses used by Hinayana Buddhists
Ashoka patronised Hinayanism

 Heavenliness of Buddha
Salvation of all through the grace and help of Buddha

and Bodhisatvas
Idol worship
Nirvana is not a negative cessation of misery but a
positive state of bliss

 Chief philosophical schools Madhyamika, Yogachara

Madhyamika Nagarjuna >> midway between uncompromising realism of

Hinayanism and idealism of Yogacharya

Yogacharya Maitreyanatha >> rejected the realism of Hinaynism and

maintained absolute idealism

Sanskrit was used by Mahayana Buddhists
Kanishka patronised Mahayanism later Harsha supported it

Salvation could be best attained by

acquiring the magical power Vajra
Chief divinities Taras
Popular in eastern India Bengal
and Bihar

 Birth Lotus and Bull

Great Renunciation - Horse

 Enlightment Bodhi tree

First Sermon ( Dharmachakra Paravartana ) - Wheel

Death ( Mahaparinirvana ) - Stupa

Disciples

Monks

Lay
worshippers

Systematic and
organized >
powerful role
for spread of
Buddhism

Monks
organized into
Sangha

Membership >
15 yrs of age

First Council Rajagriha >> teachings collected, classified, adjusted as authoritative

canonical texts : 2 pitakas Vinaya and Sutta by Upali
Ruler Ajathasatru Presided by Mahakassapa
Purpose - Maintain purity of buddha teachings
Second Council Vaishali R Kalaoka P-sabakami difference of opinion among monks @
vaisali, 100 yrs after Mahaparinirvana >> schism in sangha sthavaravadins or theravadins
and mahasanghikas
Purpose End the controversy between monks and their opponents
Third council Ashoka > 256 yrs after parinirvana Pataliputra Chaimanship of
Moggaliputta Tissa >> classifies buddhist texts and added Abhidhamma pitaka
establishment of sthaviravadins final compilation of Tripitakas sending missionaries to
diff parts of world :Purpose settle the dispute arising out of the rival claim of authority

Fourth council Kanishka at Kundalavan in Kashmir > presided by vasumithra, assisted

by Ashvagosha composition of 3 large commentaries > vibhashas division of Mahayana
and Hinayana codification of sarvastivadin doctrines as Mahavibhasa conduct of
deliberation of sanskrit instead of pali spread of buddhism to other parts of world

Use of popular language

Principle of equality
Personality of Buddha

Royal Patronage
Missionary activities of the Sangha
University and Buddhist scholars
Absence of serious rival

Defects in
Buddhism

Lack of Royal
Patronage

Rise of Rajputs

Foreign
invasion

Assimilative
power of
Hinduism

Revival of
Hinduism

Principles of
Ahimsa

Lack of
powerful
personalities

Abhaya Mudra
Mudra of No - Fear
Protection, peace, beneolence and
dispelling of fear

Theravade

Thailand

Laos

Walking
Buddha

Symbol of intentions proposing friendship when appraoching strangers

Bhumiparsha Mudra
Gesture calls upon the Earth

to witness his enlightenment at

Bodh Gaya

 Dharmachakra Mudra
Central moment in life of Buddha

When he preached his first sermon at

deer park in sarnath

Save Maitreya as
dispenser of Law

Turning of
wheel of
Buddha

Gesture of meditation - concentration of

Good law and Sangha
Used in representations of Sakyamuni
Buddha and Amitabha Buddha

Meditation Mudra

Varada Mudra
Offering, welcome, charity,giving,

Compassion and sincerity

Favourable
Mudra

Vajra Mudra
Gesture of knowledge

Thunder
Mudra

Vitarka Mudra
Gesture of discussion and
Transmission of Buddha
Teaching

Mudra of
Discussion

Gnana Mudra
Mudra of Knowledge

Karana mudra
Expels demons and

Removes obstacles such as

Sickness or negative thoughts