PRINCIPAIS PONTOS NORMAS TRANSFORMADORES SECO

IEEE C57.12.01-1989 (trecho citado no item 7.2 da norma IEEE C57.12.911995)

9. Tolerances
9.1 Ratio. With rated voltage impressed on one winding of a transformer, all
other rated voltages at no load shall be correct within 0,5% of the name
plate markings. Rated tap voltages shall correspond to the voltage of the
nearest turn if the voltage per turn exceeds 0,5% of the desired voltage.
9.2 Impedance. The tolerances for impedance shall be as follows:
(1) The impedance of a two-winding transformer shall have a tolerance of
+/- 7,5% of the specified value. Differences of impedance between two
duplicate two-winding transformers, when two or more units of a given
rating are produced by one manufacturer at the same time, shall not exceed
7,5% of the specified value.
(2) The impedance of transformers having three or more windings or having
three or more windings or having zigzag windings shall have a tolerance of
+/-10% of the specified value. Differences of impedance between duplicate
three-winding or zigzag transformers, when two or more units of a given
rating are produced by one manufacturer at the same time, shall not exceed
10% of the specified value.
(3) The impedance of an autotransformer shall have a tolerance of +/-10%
of the specified value. Differences of impedance between duplicate
autotransformer, when two or more units of a given rating are produced by
one manufacturer at the same time, shall not exceed 10% of the specified
value.
(4) Transformers shall be considered suitable for operation in parallel if their
resistance and reactances come within the limitations of 9.2 (1) through 9.2
(3), provided turn ratios and other controlling characteristics are suitable for
such operation.
9.3 Losses. the losses represented by testing a transformer, or transformers,
on a given order shall not exceed the specified losses by more than the
percentages given in Table 8.

IEEE C57.12.91-1995
...
10.9 Insulation-resistance tests
Insulation-resistance tests are made to determine the insulation resistance
from individual windings to ground, or between individual windings. The
insulation resistance in such tests is commonly measured in megohms but
may be calculated from measurements of applied voltage and leakage
current.
Insulation-resistance tests shall be made when specified. The insulation
resistance of electrical apparatus is of doubtful significance as compared
with the dielectric strength. It is subject to wide variation with design,
temperature, dryness, and cleanliness of the parts. When the insulation
resistance falls below prescribed values, it can, in most cases, if it is of good
design and has no defect, be brought up to the prescribed value by cleaning
and drying the apparatus. The insulation resistance, therefore, may afford a
useful indication as to whether the apparatus is in suitable condition for
application of the dielectric test.
NOTES:
1 The significance of values of insulation-resistance tests generally
requires some interpretation, depending on the design, dryness, and
cleanliness of the insulation involved. If a user decides to make insulationresistance tests, it is recommended that insulation-resistance values be
measured periodically (during maintenance shutdown) and that these
periodic values be plotted. Substantial variation in the plotted values of
insulation resistance should be investigated for cause.
2 Insulation resistances may vary with applied voltage, and any
comparison must be made with measurements at the same voltage.

10.9.1 Preparation for test

a) Windings in their normal insulation environment

b) All windings short-circuited
c) All bushings or terminals in place
d) Transformer temperature approximately 20 C
10.9.2 Instrumentation
Insulation resistance may be measured using either of the following:
a) A variable-voltage dc power supply with means to measure voltage and
current (generally in micro-amperes or milliamperes)
b) A megohmmeter NOTE Megohmmeter are commonly available with
nominal voltages of 500 V, 1000 V, and 2500 V. DC applied test equipment
is available at higher voltages.

10.9.3 Voltage to be applied

The dc voltage applied for measuring insulation resistance to ground shall
not exceed a value equal to the rms low frequency applied voltage allowed
in 10.3.
NOTES:
1 Partial discharges should not be present during insulation-resistance
tests since they can damage a transformer and may also result in erroneous
values of insulation resistance.
2 When measurements are to be made using dc voltages exceeding the
rms operating voltage of the winding involved (or 1000 V for a solidly
grounded wye winding), a relief gap may be employed to protect the
insulation.
10.9.4 Procedure
a) Insulation-resistance tests shall be made with all circuits of equal voltage
above ground connected together.
Circuits or groups of circuits of different voltages above ground shall be
tested separately; for example, high voltage to low voltage and ground, low
voltage to high voltage and ground.
b) Voltage should be increased in increments (usually 15 kV), holding each
step for 1 min.
c) The test should be discontinued immediately in the event the current
begins to increase without stabilizing.

10.3 Applied-Voltage tests

10.3.1 Delta-connected windings

For transformers designed for delta connection or designed so that either

terminal of a single-phase winding can be used as the line terminal, the
applied-voltage test shall be made by applying between each winding and
all other windings connected to ground, a low-frequency voltage from an
external source, in accordance with table 3B of IEEE Std C57.12.01-1989.
10.3.2 Wye-connected windings
Permanently wye-connected windings shall receive an applied-voltage test
in accordance with 5.10.2.1 and column 3 in table 3B of IEEE Std C57.12.011989, when the neutral is solidly grounded or in accordance with 5.10.2.2
and column 4 in table 3B when the neutral is ungrounded.
10.3.3 Ground connections during test
A normal power frequency such as 60 Hz shall be used and the duration of
the test shall be 1 min. The winding being tested shall have all its parts
joined together and connected to the line terminal of the testing
transformer. All other terminals and parts (including core and enclosure or
tank) shall be connected to ground and to the grounded terminal of the
testing transformer.
The ground connections between the apparatus being tested and the testing
transformer shall be a substantial metallic circuit. All connections shall make
good mechanical joints without forming sharp corners or points. Small bare
wire may be used in connecting the respective taps and line terminals
together, but care shall be taken to keep the wire on the high-voltage side
well away from the ground. No appreciable resistance should be placed
between the testing transformer and the one under test. It is permissible,
however, to use reactive coils at or near the terminals of the testing
transformer. A relief gap set at a voltage 10% or more in excess of the
specified test voltage may be connected during the applied-voltage test.
10.3.4 Voltage rate of rise
The voltage should be started at one-quarter or less of the full value and be
brought up gradually to full value in not more than 15 s. After being held for
the time specified, it should be reduced gradually (in not more than 5 s) to
onequarter of the maximum value or less, and the circuit opened.