THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF

NURSING

Lydia Hall

Introduced the model on Nursing:

Whatis It?,
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format
Consiststext
of three
tenets

Outline
Level
The frst is Second
that nursing
functions
differently inthe
three
interlocking
Third
Outline
circles that constitute
Level aspects of the
patient 1
Fourth Outline

The 3 circles are: Level

Fifth Outline
CARE - The patients body2
Level
CURE -The diseaseaffecting
Sixth the body3
Outline
CORE -The person of the patient
which is being affectedLevel
by each of the

Types of theories

Grand theories

These theories that have a very broad scope

Each of the grand theories shares the common

ground offering a structure that enables
description and explanation of essential
conceptualization of nursing

Examples

Leninger

Newman

Middle Range Theories

As those that lie between the minor but necessary working

hypotheses that evolve in abundance during day to day
research and all inclusive systematic efforts to develop
unifed theory

Principle ideas of middle range theories are relatively simple

Means rudimentary straight forward ideas that sum from the

factors of discipline

Thus, middle range theories is basic, usable structure of ideas, less

abstract than grand theories and more abstract than emperical
generalizations or micro-range theories

Examples: Orlando, Peplau, Watson, Modelling and Mercers

Micro Range Theory

Situation specifc

Focus on specifc nursing phenomenon that refect clinical

practice and that are limited to specifc populations or to
particular feld of practice

These theories offer a blue print that is more readily

operational and or less has more accessible utilization
clinical situation

Example: Korean immigrant women learned to adopt to

chronic illness.

NURSING PARADIGM

Nursing has a model or paradigm that explains the

linkages of science, philosophy, and theory that is
accepted and applied by the discipline.

The elements of Nursing paradigm direct the activity of

the nursing profession, including knowledge
development, philosophy, theory, educational experience,
research, practice and literature identifed with the
profession

Nursing identifed its domain in a paradigm that includes

four linkages: the person, health, environment/ situation,
and nursing

NURSING

PERSON

HEALTH

ENVIRONMENT

Four Major Concepts of Nursing Theories

1.

PERSON Refers to all human beings1

2.

ENVIRONMENT Include factors that affect individuals

internally and externally2

3.

HEALTH Addresses the persons state of well being

4.

NURSING is central to all nursing theories.

Defnitions of nursing describe what nursing is, what
nurses do, and how nurses interact with clients. It is the
diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual
or potential health problems (ANA, 1995).3

Florence Nightingale

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outline
Developed and
frst
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Nursing Theory

Second
Outline
Nightingale believed
that
diseaseLevel
was

a reparative process
that the
Thirdand
Outline
manipulation
of Level
the
patients
surroundings-ventilation,
warmth,
Fourth Outline
light, diet, cleanliness, and noise
Level
She focused on changing and manipulating the
environment

Fifth
Outline
in order to put the patient in the best possible
conditions
Level
for nature to act.

Sixth
She provided the nursing profession the legacy
of caring
Outline
Florence Nightingale = Environment
Level

13 Canons

She identifed the following aspects as major areas of the physical, social, and psychological
environment that the nurse could control:

Health of houses

Ventilation and warming

Light

Noise

Variety

Bed and bedding

Cleanliness or rooms and walls

Personal Cleanliness

Nutrition and taking food

Chattering hopes and advices

Observation of the sick

CONCEPTS

ENVIRONMENT: can be defned as anything that can be

manipulated to place a patient in the best possible
condition for nature to act

This theory has both physical and psychological components

The physical components of the environment refer to

ventilation, warmth, light, nutrition, medicine, stimulation, room
temperature and activity

PERSON: the one who is receiving care; a dynamic and

complex being

Nightingale envisioned the person as comprising physical,

intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual components

HEALTH: Nightingale wrote, healthy is not only to be well, but

to be able to use well every power we have.

She believed in the prevention and health promotion in addition to

nursing patients from illness to health

NURSING: Nightingale believed nursing to be a spiritual calling.

Nurses were to assist nature to repair the patient

She defoned different types of nursing as nursing prioper (nursing

the sick), general nursing (health promotion), and midwifery nursing

Nightingale viewed nursing the Science of environmental

management

Nurses were to use common sense, observation, and ingenuity to

allow nature to effectively repair the patient

Nightingale believed, observation may always be improved with

training seldom be present without training; for otherwise the nurse

Application

Miss angel gonzaga is a 25 year old female who had been admitted to the
medical unit with the chief complaint of frequent, watery stool since last
night. This is accompanied by abdominal cramps, N&V. her VS are as follows:
T=38.6, P=98, RR23, BP=100/70. she complains of weakness, thirst, dryness
of mouth. Her skin is warm, fushed, and dry. Her urine is dark yellow in
color

She claims, she had eaten oysters for dinner. She lives in a crowded
community close to landfll and shares toilet with 4 other families. Their
source of drinking is from pump well in the community. She does not
practice good handwashing after using the toilet. SE revealed salmonellosis

She is tearful. She express great concern over her absence from her job in
a garment factory and over her health and expense for hospitalization

A. Nursing the Sick

A. Assessment
1.

Fluid and electrolyte losses related to frequent, watery

stools, nausea and vomiting as manifested by changes in
the VS; weakness; dryness of mouth; warmth, fushed,
dry skin; dark-colored urine.

2.

Pain related to abdominal cramps

3.

Inadequate food intake related to nausea and vomiting

4.

Fever (T=38.6C) related to infection (salmonellosis)

and dehydration

B. Plan
Fluid and electrolyte losses

1.

Provide fuid and electrolyte replacement

Administer medications to relieve frequent , watery stools and nausea and

vomiting as prescribed

Provide good oral care for dryness of mouth

Promote rest to relieve weakness

Monitor intake and output. To assess fuid balance status

Provide good perianal care

Pain related to abdominal cramps

1.

Provide low fber diet to reduce peristalsis

Promote rest to reduce peristalsis and to promote comfort

Avoid gas forming foods fatulence worseness abdominal pain

Inadequate food intake

3.

Provide small frequent feeding. This better tolerated by patients with nausea

Provide ice chips to relieve nauses

Administer antiemitic as prescribed relieve nausea and vomiting

Fever related to infection and dehydration

3.

Provide adequate room ventilation

Keep the room airy and free of odor.

Increase fuid intake

Administer antibiotic and antipyretic as prescribed

Render TSB

Keep skin clean and dry

Change gowns and bedding

B. Physical Environment

A. Home, Community/ Neighborhood and

Workplace Assessment
1.

Pure water. Assess for adequate working water system

and storage that is free from contamination

2.

Cleanliness.

Assess for sanitation conditions of food sources and

preparation and hygienic practices

Assess for the means to maintain sanitation conditions of

toilets. To keep food and water supply free from
contamination

Home, Community/Neighborhood and Workplace

Plan
Water

1.

Have water checked for contamination in coordination with

local Department of Health personnel

Educate the client on water purifcation and storage methods

Keep garbage and other refuse away from water supply or

any parts of the water system

Cleanliness

1.

Educate the client on proper food handling; the importance

of handwashing especially when preparing foods and before
and after using the toilet; proper waste disposal and personal

Home and workplace Assessment

3.

Light. Assess for adequate windows and working light sources

Pure air. Assess for ventilation, offensive odors, eg. Odors of the
garbage and landfll

Water. Assess for working system that is free from contamination

Drainage. Assess the home and workplace for means to keep the
areas clean, and freedom from excessive dust, mold, mildew, pet
droppings (from cats and dogs), offensive odors, dust catcher
things (fles of papers, unused jars, plastic container, unused old
clothes, etc)

Bed and bedding. Assess the bed for space and comfort. Assess
the bedding for cleanliness and availability of areas for laundry
and drying of bedding (for home environment only).

Noise. Assess the area for loud, offensive and unnecessary noise

C. Psychological Environment

Assessment and Plan

Miss Angel Gonzaga has psychological concerns. She is

worried over her absence from her job, her health, and
expenses for hospitalization
1.

Anxiety. Assess the clients activities before illness. Attempt to

stimulate variety in the room and with the client during her
hospital stay with cards, fowers, magazines, books, music.
Encourage visits of relatives and friends

2.

Chattering hopes and advices. Refrain from giving the patient

your opinion. Provide factual information about health. Allow
her to verbalize her fears, feelings and concerns

Critical Thinking

Miss Sarah Alonzo, a 22 year old female had consulted the health
center because of fever since three days ago. This accompanied by loss
of appetite to eat, body malaise, headache, abdominal pains, dizziness.
Her VS sre as follows T=38.7, PR=86, RR=21, BP=90/60. Miss alonzo
claims that she had lost weight because of her fever and loss of
appetite to eat. She lives in a crowded community which is constantly
submerged in water due to foods. This causes severe problems in
sanitation and source of water supply. Laboratory test and physical
examination revealed DHF

Miss alonzo is extremely worried because she had a neighbor who

died because of DHF few months ago. In addition, she is concerned
over fnancial expenses for her illness and her absence from her job as
a crew in a fastfood center. She also verbalizes diffculty of sleeping in
unfamiliar environment like the hospital

Nursing the Sick

1.

Assessment

Plan

Physical environment

1.

Home, community/neighborhood and workplace assessment

Home, community/neighborhood and workplace plan

Psychological environment

1.

1.

Assessment and plan

Nutrition

Virginia Henderson

Introduced the Nature of Nursing

Model Click to edit the outline
text format
She identifed the 14 basic needs
Second Outline Level
She postulated
that the
unique

Third
Outline
function of theLevel
nurse is to assist the
client sick or well in the
Fourth
Outline
performance of those
activities
Levelor its
contributing to health
recovery, that clients Fifth
wouldOutline
perform
Level
unaided if they had the
necessary

Sixth
strength, will or knowledge*
Outline
Virginia Henderson =Level
14 Basic
Needs

14 Basic needs
Breath Normally

Eat and drink adequately

Eliminate Body Waste

Move and maintain desirable postures

Sleep and rest

Select suitable clothes dress and undress

Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment

Keep body clean and well groomed and protect the integument

Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others

Communication with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions

Worship according ones faith

Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment

Play or participate in various forms of recreation

Faye Glenn Abdellah

Introduced
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patientthe outline
centered
text format
Approaches to
Nursing Model
Second Outline Level

She identifed
21 nursing
Third Outline
problems
Level
Outline
She defnedFourth
nursing
as a
service to Level
individuals and

Fifth to
Outline
families; therefore
the
Level
society*

Sixth
Faye Glenn Abdellah= 21
Outline
Level

21 Nursing Problems

To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort

To promote optimal activity; exercise; rest and sleep

To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury, or

other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of
infection

To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort

To promote optimal activity: exercise, restand sleep

To promote safety through the prevention of accidents, injury,

or other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of
infection

To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct

To identify and accept positive and negative expressions,

feelings, and reactions

To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and

organic illness

To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non verbal

communication

To promote the development of productive interpersonal

relationships

To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual

goals

To create and / or maintain a therapeutic environment

To facilitate awareness of self as an individualwith varying

To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all

body cells

To facilitate the maintenance of nutritionof all body cells

To facilitate the maintenance of elimination

To facilitate the maintenance of fuid and electrolyte balance

To recognize the physiological responses of the body to

disease conditions

To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and

functions

To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function.

To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of

limitations, physical and emotional

To use community resources as an aid in resolving

problems arising from illness

To understand the role of social problems as infuencing

factors in the case of illness

Dorothy Johnson

Conceptualized
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Behavioral
the outline
System Model
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Subsytems Second Outline Level

Third Outline
Ingestive
Level

Eliminative

Fourth Outline
Level
Affliative

Fifth Outline
Dependence
Level

Achievement
Sixth
Sexual and role identityOutline
behavior
Level

In addition she viewed that each person strives to achieve

balance and stability both internally and externally and to
function effectively by adjusting and adapting to
environmental forces through learned patterns of
response

Furthermore, she believed that the patient strives to

become a person whose behavior is commensurate with
social demands; who is able to modify his behavior in ways
that support biologic imperatives; who is able to beneft to
the fullest extent during illness from the health care
professionals knowledge and skills; and whose behavior
does not give evidence of unecessary trauma as a
consequence of illness

Dorothy Johnson Behavioral Systems model

Dorothea Orem

Developed the self-care and selfcare defcit Theory

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She defned
textdefned
format self care as the
practice of activities that individuals
Second Outline
initiate and perform
on theirLevel
own

behalf in maintaining
health and
Third life,
Outline
well being. Level
Outline
She conceptualizesFourth
three Nursing
systems as follows:Level

Fifth Outline
Wholly compensatory
Level

Partially compensatory
Sixth
Outline
Supportive educative
Level

Madeline Linenger

Developed Transcultural
Nursing Model

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She advocated that Nursing
text format
is a humanistic and scientifc
Outline
Level
modeSecond
of helping
a client
specifc cultural
through
Third Outline
caring process*
Level to improve
or maintain health condition
Fourth Outline
Levelcaring is
Advocated that
Fifth Outline
universal and varies
transculturally. Level
Major

concepts include
care, caring,
Sixth
cultural values Outline
and cultural
variations
Level

Furthermore, Leininger believed that caring serves to

ameliorate or improve human conditions and life base.
And that care is the essence and the dominant, distinctive
and unifying feature of nursing

Madeleine Leininger - Transcultural

Imogene King

Postulated the Goal attainment

Theory
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edit the
She described
nursing
as outline
a helping
textthat
format
profession
assists individuals
and groups Second
in society
to attain,
Outline
Level
maintain, and restore health*
Third Outline
In addition, kingLevel
viewed nursing as
an interaction process
between
Fourth
Outline
client and nurse whereby
Level during
perceiving, setting goals,
acting

Fifthand
Outline
on transactions occurLevel
and goals are
achieved

Sixth
Imogene King = GoalOutline
Attainment
Level
Theory

Myra Levin

She advocated that nursing is a

human interaction and

Click four
to edit
the outline
proposed
conservation
text format
principles
of nursing which are
concerned with unity and
Second Outline Level
integrity of the individual.

Third Outline
Described the
LevelFour
Conservation Principles
Fourth Outline
Conservation Level
of Energy

Fifth Outline
Conservation of Structural
Level
Integrity

Sixth
Conservation of Personal
Outline
Integrity
Level

Conservation of energy the human body functions by utilizing

energy. The human needs energy producing input (food, oxygen, fuids) to
allow energy utilization as output

Conservation of structural integrity the human body has a

physical boundaries (skin and mucous membrane) that must be maintained
to facilitate health and prevent harmful agents from entering the body

Censervation of personal integrity the nursing interventions

are based on the conservation of the individual clients personality. Every
individual has a sense of identity, self worth and self esteem, which must
be preserved and enhanced by nurses

Conservation of social integrity the social integrity of the client

refects the family and the community in which the client functions.
Healthcare institutions may separate individuals from their family. It is
important for the nurses to consider the individual in the context of the
family

Myra LEVIN Conservation

Hildegard Peplau

Introduced
Click to the
editInterpersonal
the outline
Model
text format

Second nursing
Outline Level
She defned
as an

interpersonal
process of
Third Outline
therapeutic
Level interactions
between an individual whos
Fourth Outline
sick or in need of health
Level
services and a nurse

Fifth Outline
especially
educated
to
recognize and Level
respond to

the need for helpSixth

Outline
Level

She identifed the four phases of the nurse-client

relationship namely

Orientation the nurse and the client initially do not know

each others goal and testing the role each will assume1

Identifcation the client responds to the professionals or the

signifcant others who can meet the identifed needs2

Exploitation the client utilizes all available resources to move

toward a goal of maximum health or functionality

Resolution Refers to the termination phase of the nurse

client relationship3

Hildegard PepLau Interpersonal Model

Martha Rogers

Conceptualized the Science of Unitary

Human Beings
Energy Field Click to edit the outline
text format

Human Field*

Environmental Field*

Second Outline Level

Third Outline
Level feld in constant
Unitary Man is an energy
interaction with the environment
Fourth Outline
Level
The unitary human being and the

Fifththerefore
Outline
environment are integral and
Level
viewed as a whole*
Furthermore, she believed that human being is characterized
by

Sixth
the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and
thought,
Outline
sensation and emotion
Level

Click to edit the outline

text format
Second Outline Level

Martha ROgers UNItary maN

Third Outline
Level
Fourth Outline
Level

Fifth Outline
Level

Sixth
Outline
Level

Sister Callista Roy

Presented the adaptation model

Clickperson
to edit
outline
She viewed each
as the
unifed
textsystem
formatin constant
biopsychosocial
interaction with a changing environment1

Second Outline Level

The system consists

of input,
control

Third
Outline
process, output and feedback

Level

In addition she advocated

that allOutline
people
Fourth
have certain needs which
they endeavor to
Level
meet in order to maintain integrity2

Fifth Outline
Accordingly she believed that adaptive human behaviorLevel
is directed as an
attempt to maintain homeostatis or integrity of the individual
by

conserving energy and promoting the survival, growth,Sixth

production and
Outline
mastery of human system
Level
RAM Roys Adaptation Model

Nursing operates in all three circles, but it shares them

with other professions to different degrees

Care nurturance
and exclusive
to nursing*
Click
to edit
the outline

format
Core involves thetext
therapeutic
use of self and
emphasizes the use of refection*

Second Outline Level

Cure Pathological conditions

are focuses on nursing

Third
Outline
related to the physicians orders*

Level

Second, relates to the core postulate of her theory

Fourth Outline
As the patient needs less medical
Levelcare, he or she
needs more professional Nursing
care and teaching

Fifth Outline
Third , wholly professional nursing care will hasten recovery
Level
Describes the concept of team nursing, which gives
the

Sixth
care of less complicated cases to caregivers with less
Outline
training
Level
Lydia HALL CaRE, CoRE, CuRE

Ida Jean Orlando (Pellitier)

Conceptualized
Click toThe
edit Dynamic
the outline
Nurse text
Patient
format
Relationship
Model
Second Outline Level
She believedthat
theOutline
nurse helps
Third
patients meet aLevel
perceived need
that the patients cannot meet for
Fourth Outline
themselves
Level

Fifth
Outline
She observed that the
nurse
Level to
provides direct assistance
meet an immediate need
Sixthfor help
in order to alleviate distress
Outline or
helplessness*
Level

She also indicated that nursing actions can be automatic1

or deliberative2

She also advocated that the three elements composing

nursing situation are: client behavior, nurse reaction and
nurse action

Ida Jean Orlando Nursing Process Theory

Jean Watson

Conceptualized the Human Caring

Click toHuman
edit the
outline
Model (Nursing:
Science
and
text format
Human Care).

Second
Outlinethe
Level
She emphasized
that nursing
application of theThird
art and
human
Outline
Science through Level
transpersonal caring
transactions to help person achieve
Fourth Outline
mind-body soul harmony*

Level
She included health promotion
and

Fifth Outline
treatment of illness in nursing
Level
She believed that a person is valued being to be cared
for,

Sixth
respected, nurtured, understood and assisted; a fully
functional
Outline
integrated self
Level
Jean Watson Science and Philosophy of Caring

10 Carative Factors in Nursing

Forming humanistic altruistic value system

Instilling faith- hope

Cultivating sensitivity to self and others

Developing helping trust relationship

Promoting expression of feelings

Using problem solving for decision making

Promoting teaching - learning

Promoting supportive environment

Assisting with gratifcation of human needs

Allowing for existential- phenomenological forces

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Introduced
Click
the Science
to edit the
of human
outline
Becoming text format

Second
OutlineofLevel
She emphasized
free choice

personal meaning
in relating
value
Third
Outline
properties, co-creating
Level of
rhythmical patterns, in exchange
Fourth Outline
with the environment, and
Level
contrascending in many dimensions

Fifth Outline
as possibilities
unfold*
She believed that each choice
open certain
opportunities
Level
while closing others

Sixth
Since each individual makes his or her own personal choices,
Outline
the role of the nurse is that of guide, not a decision maker
Level

Rosemarie Riso Parse Theory OF HUMAN BeCOminG

Joyce Travelbee

She advocatedSecond
that theOutline
goal ofLevel

Nursing is to assist
individual
or
Third
Outline
family in preventing
or coping with
Level
illness, regaining health, fnding
Fourth Outline
meaning in illness, or maintaining
Level
maximal degree of health

Outline
She further viewed that interpersonal process isFifth
a human

Level
to human relationship formed during illness and

Sixth
experience of suffering*
Outline
The H2H in nursing situations, is the means through which
Level
the purpose of nursing is accomplished

She postulated
Clickthe
to Interpersonal
edit the outline
aspects of Nursing
text format
Model.

The H2H relationship is established when the nurse and

the recipient of her care attain a rapport after having
progressed through the stages of original encounter,
emerging identities, empathy and sympathy. (continuum of
suffering)

Transitory feeling of displeasure

Extreme anguish

Malignant phase of despairful not caring

Terminal Phase of apathetic indifference

She believed that a person is a unique, irreplaceable

individual who is in a continuous process of becoming,

Patricia Benner
to edit the outline
Dr PatriciaClick
Bennerintroduced
textthat
format
the concept
expert nurses
Outline Level
develop skillsSecond
and understanding
of patient care over
Third time
Outline
through a soundLevel
educational
Fourth Outline
base as well as a multitude
of
Level
experiences.
She further explains that the development of knowledge

Fifth Outline
in applied disciplines
such
as
medicine
and
nursing
is
She proposed that one
could
Level
composed of the extension of practical knowledge
skills
gain
knowledge
and
Sixth
(know how) through research and the characterization
Outline
("knowing
how")
without
and understanding of the "know how" of clinical ever
Level
learning
the
theory
("knowing
experience.

Benners Stages of clinical competence

Stage 1: Novice

Beginners have had no experience of the situations in

which they are expected to perform. Novices are taught
rules to help them perform.

The rules are context-free and independent of specifc

cases; hence the rules tend to be applied universally.

The rule-governed behavior typical of the novice is

extremely limited and infexible.

As such, novices have no "life experience" in the

application of rules."Just tell me what I need to do and

Stage 2: Advanced Beginner

Advanced beginners are those who can

demonstrate marginally acceptable performance,
those who have coped with enough real situations
to note, or to have pointed out to them by a
mentor, the recurring meaningful situational
components.

These components require prior experience in

actual situations for recognition.

Principles to guide actions begin to be formulated.

Stage 3: Competent

Competence, typifed by the nurse who has been on the job in

the same or similar situations two or three years, develops when
the nurse begins to see his or her actions in terms of long-range
goals or plans of which he or she is consciously aware.

For the competent nurse, a plan establishes a perspective, and the

plan is based on considerable conscious, abstract, analytic
contemplation of the problem.

The conscious, deliberate planning that is characteristic of this

skill level helps achieve effciency and organization.

The competent nurse lacks the speed and fexibility of the

profcient nurse but does have a feeling of mastery and the ability
to cope with and manage the many contingencies of clinical
nursing.

The competent person does not yet have enough experience to

Stage 4: Profcient

The profcient performer perceives situations as wholes rather than

in terms of chopped up parts or aspects, and performance is guided
by maxims.

Profcient nurses understand a situation as a whole because they

perceive its meaning in terms of long-term goals.

The profcient nurse learns from experience what typical events to

expect in a given situation and how plans need to be modifed in
response to these events.

The profcient nurse can now recognize when the expected normal
picture does not materialize.

This holistic understanding improves the profcient nurse's decision

making; it becomes less labored because the nurse now has a
perspective on which of the many existing attributes and aspects in
the present situation are the important ones.

Stage 5: The Expert

The expert performer no longer relies on an analytic principle

(rule, guideline, maxim) to connect her or his understanding of
the situation to an appropriate action.

The expert nurse, with an enormous background of experience,

now has an intuitive grasp of each situation and zeroes in on the
accurate region of the problem without wasteful consideration of
a large range of unfruitful, alternative diagnoses and solutions.

The expert operates from a deep understanding of the total

situation. The chess master, for instance, when asked why he or
she made a particularly masterful move, will just say: "Because it
felt right; it looked good."

The performer is no longer aware of features and rules;' his/her

performance becomes fuid and fexible and highly profcient.

This is not to say that the expert never uses analytic tools. Highly

Rozzano Locsin
Click to edit the outline
text format

Credentials

Second Outline Level

PhD: University
Third Outline

Level

of the Fourth Outline

Level
PhilippinesFifth Outline
Level
Sixth
(1988) - Manila,
Outline
PhilippinesLevel

Teaching

Philosophies of Science Grounding Nursing

Introduction to Nursing as Discipline and Profession

Nursing Research

Arts as Healing Modalities in Nursing

Philosophical & Theoretical Foundations of Advanced Practice

Nursing

Advancing Technology, Caring, and Nursing

Research interest

Experiences of Caring for/Being Cared for

Awards

Academic Excellence Award, Philippine American Society, 2010

Balik Scientist (Returning Scientist) Program, Department of Science &

Technology, Philippines 2009

University Research of the Year - Professor, Scholarly & Creative Works, FAU
2006

Outstanding Alumni Award Lifetime Achievement in Nursing Education

St. Paul University of Dumaguete, Dumaguete City, Philippines 2004

Fulbright Alumni Initiative Award Center for International Exchange of

Scholars, Washington, D.C. 2004-2006

Edith Moore Copeland Award for Excellence in Creativity (Founders Award)

Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing - Indianapolis (37th
Biennial Convention November 1-5) 2003

Julita V. Sotejo Medallion of Honor: Lifetime Achievement Award University of

the Philippines, Nursing Alumni International Inc., Los Angeles, California
2003

He describes nursing as caring through technological

competency

In his chapter, Locsin described how technological

competency in nursing practice is an expression of caring.

He outlined his theory in his book by stating the practice

of the 21st century nursing is conducted in environment
that rely on complex biomedical machine technology,
practice environments that differ vastly from those of an
earlier era.

The core of nursing, the basic service of nursing, however

has not changed.

Caring continues to be the most essential and the most

direct expression of nursing service.

Nurses now face the challenge of creating an

environment of personal care in the context of highly
sophisticated, although impersonal, health care technology

He provided a description of nursing practice, and implied

the potential for objectifcation of clients due to
technological competency.

Locsin explored the dichotomy between technology and

caring, and through references to current literature about
nursing as caring, he developed a harmonious merger of
this dichotomy