Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Life span of
the electrical machines
Previously
Energy loss in
magnetic circuits
q=ChB2f+Ce(Bf)2
Energy loss
in electric
circuits
qe=J2
Energy loss in
mechanic circuits
q=
Avo R
Radiative
cooling
Avo R
Design of Electrical Machines
Th
He erm
at al
sou cir
r ce cu i
s, t an
he d
at th
sin erm
ks a l
an de
d h si g
eat n
flo
w.
Next
Conduction
cooling
Convection
cooling
Computational tools
Analytic, empiric, numeric
FEA, CFD, lumped circuits
for heat transfer and fluid
flow
Material characterization
Sub-model validation
Avo R
Complexity
Electrical machine is
A complex 3D electromagnetic structure
A complex spatial fluid dynamic structure with cooling
medium
Thermal design
Good estimate of losses
the spatial and temporal
distribution of heat sources
Waveform of a loss origin
Distribution of heat sources
Duty cycle operational
cycle time often much
shorter than thermal time
constant
Short time operation
Intermittent
Avo R
Thermal characteristics of
materials
Temperature dependence
Temperature limits
Temperature dependence
Materials temperature dependence is taken account
with material thermal coefficients D
U coil
Avo R
BRmagn
H Cmagn
10
Heat transfer
Steady state and transient
Heat transfer problem
according to temperature
(potential) and heat balance
between source, sink and
storage
Avo R
Ox
w 2w 2w 2O
O
Q
y
z
wx 2
wy 2
wz 2
Ox
www O y 2 Oz 2 Q
2
wx
wy
wz
Uc p
wwt
w k- Uc p-u Q
wt
11
Electrical
circuit
Magnetic
circuit
Thermal
circuit
Potential
U=El
NI=Hl
-=Gl
Flow
I=JA
=BA
Q=qA
R=1/l/A
R=1/l/A
R=1/l/A
U=IR
NI=R
-=QR
Resistive
element
Ohms Law
Avo R
12
Equivalent circuit
Avo R
13
Multi-physics FEM
Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
u6
u5
N 3 (x 3 ,y 3 )
-3
u4
u3
-2
u2
-1
N 2 (x 2 ,y 2 )
u1
N 1 (x 1 ,y 1 )
J x, y, z, t o p cu
oB x, y, z, t o p fe
Avo R
14
Avo R
15
Avo R
16
Avo R
17
Thermal model
k sa
k sa
0
k wsa
k ws
k ws
k mws
k ms
k mw
k ms
k mw
k mw
k sa
-amb
-surf
-win
- pm
-amb
0
0
Qwin
Q pm
-surf
Geometry of a PMSM
-win
-pm
Temperature nodes
Nodes of interest
Thermal circuits
Heat transfer rather than flow
network
Thermal resistances
Focus on thermal air-gaps
Avo R
18
Model development
Sorces and loads
Conductor losses
Convection cooling
2D heat transfer
Approximate rating
Extraction of elements
3D heat transfer
Extrucion from 2D
Focus on end turns
Avo R
19
Cooling capability
Maximize the cooling
surface area
Improve cooling medium
parameters and velocity
Smallest temperature
rise is the goal when
designing a thermal
circuit
20
Cooling Concepts
Structure
Where the energy conversion,
heat transfer and temperature
drop (-) takes place
Heat sources
Energy converted to heat
Cooling sources
Heat dissipation
Cooling concepts
arrangement of heating and
cooling sources
Indirect Cooling (high -)
Direct cooling (low -)
Avo R
21
Thermal conductivity
l
-1
-2
OA
l
-1 -2
A
l
-1 -2
Avo R
22
Thermal conductivity
Material
Air
[W/m0K]
0.025-0.035
Material
[W/m0K]
Cast iron
40-46
Nomex
0.11
Stainless-steel
25-30
Kapton
0.12
Laminated iron
20-40
Mica
0.4-0.6
Copper
360
Bonding epoxy
0.64
Aluminum
Avg.ins.system
0.2
NdFeB
SmCo
10
Avo R
200-220
23
Modeling a winding
Oeff
Ocond Oins
Oins k f Ocond 1 k f
Lkf
Oeff
Ocond
L 1 k f
Oins
L Oins k f Ocond 1 k f
Ocond Oins
24
Convection
l
hot
1 -1
-2
A
2
Q
Q
-amb
Q x
D 2 A-2 -amb
A
1
D1
qn
-hot -amb
D2
n k- h- - amb
25
Transport of heat
Ph
U c '-
5 25
W
K m2
Avo R
1 2.5
kW
m2
26
Radiation
l
hot
1 -1
-2
A
Q
-amb
Q x
-2 4 - amb 4
c rad A
100 100
D 2 rad
-2 4 -amb 4
c rad
100 100
-2 -amb
Avo R
27
A
2 -2
QP
QS
QP
QD
d-
dt Rth
C th
V U c
-amb
Avo R
QS Q D
d A D 2 dt
-m
P Rth
W th
C th Rth
- -amb
P
A D 2
V U c
A D 2
W
th
-m -amb 1 e t
28
-1
Mathematical formulation
Cth
d
-1
dt
-av
Avo R
P - 2 -1 1
C th
Rth
C th
-2 -1
2
Design of Electrical Machines
29
Home assignment 3
PMSM model based on
lumped equivalent circuits
Magnetic
thermal
Avo R
30
Thermal conductivity
elements Gij [W/K]
Avo R
31
Summary
Thermal constrains and
dependences
Thermal circuits, heat
sources and cooling options
Heat transfer model and
modelling
Do
Hc
Avo R
32