Malaysia Weather Data

Chapter
2 Malaysias Weather Data

Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline for Passive Design (Draft 1)
CKTang
Foreword
This document is produced as part of Component 4, Building Sector Energy Efficiency Program
(BSEEP)byCKTang(ck@gbeet.com)andNicChin(nc.environmentology@gmail.com).
Theviewsexpressedinthisdocument,whichhasbeenproducedwithoutformalediting,arethose
of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of neither JKR nor UNDP. Comments and
opinions from readers are encouraged and please email it to either ck@gbeet.com or
nc.environmentology@gmail.comorcommentatourFacebookpage:www.facebook.com/bseepc4
CKTang
June6,2012
Page2of30
Table of Contents
2
MalaysiasWeatherData(3rdDraft)...............................................................................................5
2.1
Introduction............................................................................................................................5
2.2
Sourceofweatherdata...........................................................................................................5
2.3
LocationandSunPath............................................................................................................6
2.4
DryBulbTemperature............................................................................................................8
2.4.1
DesignPotential..............................................................................................................8
2.4.2
DesignRisk......................................................................................................................9
2.4.3
ChartsandTableofRawData.........................................................................................9
2.5
WetBulbTemperature.........................................................................................................10
2.5.1
DesignPotential............................................................................................................10
2.5.2
DesignRisk....................................................................................................................10
2.5.3
ChartsandTableofRawData.......................................................................................11
2.6
HumidityRatio(MoistureContent)......................................................................................12
2.6.1
2.6.2
DesignRisk....................................................................................................................12
2.6.3
2.7
DewPointTemperature........................................................................................................14
2.7.1
2.7.2
DesignRisk....................................................................................................................14
2.7.3
2.8
RelativeHumidity..................................................................................................................16
2.8.1
2.8.2
DesignRisk....................................................................................................................16
2.8.3
2.9
HorizontalGlobalRadiation..................................................................................................18
2.9.1
2.10
DiffuseSolarRadiation..........................................................................................................19
2.10.1
2.11
DirectSolarRadiation...........................................................................................................20
2.11.1
2.12
ComparisonofGlobal,DirectandDiffuseRadiation............................................................21
2.12.1
Page3of30
2.12.2
DesignRisk....................................................................................................................21
2.12.3
2.13
CloudCover(Oktas)..............................................................................................................22
2.13.1
2.13.2
DesignRisk....................................................................................................................23
2.13.3
2.14
EffectiveSkyTemperature....................................................................................................24
2.14.1
2.14.2
DesignRisk....................................................................................................................25
2.14.3
2.15
GroundTemperature............................................................................................................26
2.15.1
2.15.2
DesignRisk....................................................................................................................26
2.16
WindSpeed...........................................................................................................................27
2.16.1
2.16.2
DesignRisk....................................................................................................................27
2.16.3
2.17
WindDirection&HoursofAirTemperaturebelow29C.....................................................29
2.17.1
2.17.2
DesignRisk....................................................................................................................29
2.17.3
WindChartsofAirTemperatureBelow29C...............................................................30
Page4of30
2 Malaysias Weather Data

2.1 Introduction
AclearunderstandingofMalaysiasweatherdataenablesdesignertodesignbuildingthatresponse
to the climate instead of against it. The climate in Malaysia is fairly consistent daily for the entire
year;thereforeitisusefultogetanoverviewofanaveragedayperformanceandthemaximumand
minimum hourly weather data for a full year. This chapter provides information on dry bulb
temperature,wetbulbtemperature,relativehumidity,humidityratio(moisturecontent),dewpoint
temperature, global radiation, direct radiation, diffuse radiation, cloud cover and wind speed &
direction, effective sky temperature and ground temperature. Charts are provided for ease of
understanding the data and table of raw cross tabulation data made using pivot table function in
Excelisalsoprovidedforuserswhowishtomakeuseofthesedataformoreindepthanalysison
theirown.
2.2 Source of weather data

ThehourlyweatherdataofKualaLumpurusedinthischapterwasbasedonaTestReferenceYear
(TRY)1 weather data developed in University Teknologi Malaysia (UiTM) under DANCED (Danish
InternationalAssistant)projectforEnergySimulationsforBuildingsinMalaysia.TheTRYisbasedon
21years(1975to1995)ofweatherdatafromtheMalaysianMeteorologicalStationinSubang,Klang
Valley,Selangor.ThehourlyweatherdatathatwereobtainedfromthisstationisasshowninTable
below.
Table2.1:WeatherdatacollectedinSubang
SubangMeteorologicalStation
(KlangValley,Selangor,Malaysia)
Longitude:101deg33'
Latitude:3deg7'
Parameters(hourly2)
Units
Cloudcover
[oktas]
Drybulbtemperature
[C]
Wetbulbtemperature
[C]
Relativehumidity
[%]
Globalsolarradiation
[100*MJ/m]
Sunshinehours
[hours]
Winddirection
[deg.]
Windspeed
[m/s]
ATestReferenceyear(TRY)consistsofweatherdataforagivenlocation.InorderfortheTRYtobe
representativeoftheclimateitwasconstructedonthebasisofatleast10yearsweatherdata.The
TRY is made up from actual monthly data (not average values) that are picked after having been
subjectedtodifferenttypesofanalysis.
It should be noted that typical energy simulation program require 2 extra data that were not
collected by the Malaysian Meteorological Service, namely the direct and diffuse radiation. The
Reimann, G. (2000) Energy Simulations for Buildings in Malaysia, Test Reference Year, 18-25.
The values are integrated over a period of one hour, but the exact time interval has not been specified.
Page5of30
missing radiation data was calculated for the TRY via Erbs Estimation Model from the horizontal
globalsolarradiation.
Althoughnotperfect,theTRYiscurrentlytheonlyknownsetofweatherdataforenergysimulation
thatwascompiledbasedonstatisticalanalysisandithasbeenusedinmanyenergysimulationsof
various buildings in Malaysia with satisfactory results. This weather data was also used for the
developmentoftheconstantsintheOverallThermalTransmissionValue(OTTV)equationfoundin
theMalaysiaStandard(MS)1525(2007),EnergyEfficiencyinNonResidentialBuilding.
2.3 Location and SunPath

Theglobalpositionandsolarnoonofsix(6)citiesinMalaysiaprovidedinTable2.2.
Table2.2:GlobalPositioningandSolarNoonof6CitiesinMalaysia
Locations
Latitude(N) Longitude(E)
1.KualaLumpur(Subang)
3.12
101.55
2.Penang
5.30
100.27
3.JohorBharu
1.48
103.73
4.KotaBharu
6.17
102.28
5.Kuching
1.48
110.33
6.KotaKinabalu
5.93
116.05
SolarNoon
13:11
13:16
13:02
13:08
12:36
12:13
SunPathdiagramfor6locationsaboveispresentedinthissectionandshowedthatthesunposition
isalmostthesameforallsix(6)locations,exceptforthehourofthesolarnoon.Solarnoon(when
thesunisatitshighestpoint)is13:11inKualaLumpur,whileinKotaKinabaluitis1hourearlierat
12:13.
The sun path is generally eastwest with the sun approximately 25 to the north during summer
solsticeand25tothesouthduringwintersolsticeforalllocationsinMalaysia.
Thesunpathdiagramisausefultooltohelpinthedesignofexternalshadingdevices.Thesunpath
diagramisusedtoestimatesunangleatvarioustimeofdayandyear,allowingarchitectstodesign
shadingdevicestoblockorallowdirectsunlightatwhatevertimeorday.
Page6of30
Chart2.1:SunpathofKualaLumpur
Chart2.2:SunpathofPenang
Chart2.3:SunpathofJohorBharu
Chart2.4:SunpathofKotaBharu
Chart2.5:SunpathofKuching
Chart2.6:SunpathofKotaKinabalu
Page7of30
Chart2.7:LargeSunpathofKualaLumpur
2.4 Dry Bulb Temperature

The daily average, maximum and minimum dry bulb temperature is provided by the chart in this
section. The standard deviation is more than 2C from 2pm to 6pm indicating that the afternoon
hourshaveahigherchangeoftemperaturefromdaytoday;whileinthehoursofmidnightto7am,
thestandarddeviationofthedrybulbtemperatureislessthan1C,indicatingafairlyconsistentand
predictabledrybulbtemperaturefrommidnighttoearlymorninghours.
Theaveragedrybulbtemperatureofthewholeyear(includingdayandnight)is26.9C.
The average peak dry bulb temperature is just below 32C at the hour of 1pm to 2pm, while the
maximumdrybulbtemperatureoftheTRYis35.6Cat3pm.
Theaverage lowdrybulbtemperature is23.7Cat6aminthemorning;whilethelowestdrybulb
temperatureoftheTRYis20.6at7aminthemorning.
2.4.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

The understanding of the dry bulb temperature allows a clear appreciation of when natural
ventilation will work and when it is not likely to work. In addition, data center designers can also
makeuseofthisknowledgetoprovidenaturalventilationtothecomputerserverwheneverpossible
tosavesignificantamountofairconditioningenergy.
Page8of30
2.4.2 DESIGN RISK

TheTRYis21yearsofweatherdatainSubangAirportfromyear1975to1995.Duringtheseyears,
theSubangAirportlocationisfairlywellsurroundedbygreeneries.Thepeakdrybulbtemperature
incitiesisexpectedtobehigherduetourbanheatislandeffect.
2.4.3 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA
DryBulbTemperature
Average
Minimum
Maximum
36
DegreeCelcius
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
20
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
Average
24.6
24.3
24.1
23.9
23.8
23.7
23.8
25.2
27.3
29.0
30.1
30.9
31.3
31.3
30.7
29.8
28.9
28.0
26.9
26.2
Minimum
22.5
22.0
21.8
21.5
21.0
20.8
20.6
22.1
22.8
23.7
23.8
23.9
22.3
24.1
23.4
23.2
23.4
23.4
23.3
23.0
Maximum
27.0
26.8
26.5
26.3
26.2
26.0
26.3
28.5
30.8
32.4
33.4
34.0
34.8
35.2
35.6
34.8
33.8
33.0
30.4
29.8
Std
Dev.
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.1
1.7
1.4
Page9of30
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
25.7
25.4
25.0
24.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.5
28.8
28.6
28.1
28.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
2.5 Wet Bulb Temperature

Thewetbulbtemperatureisfairlyconsistentbetweendayandnightandthroughouttheyear.The
average peak of the wet bulb temperature is 25.4C at 2pm, while the maximum wet bulb
temperatureintheTRYis28.4Cat2pm.
Theaveragelowofwetbulbtemperatureis23.1Cat6am,andthebottomwetbulbtemperaturein
theTRYis19.9Cat7aminthemorning.

Thewetbulbtemperatureisagoodindicatorofthepotentialofdirectevaporativecoolingstrategy.
If the direct evaporative cooling system is 100% efficient, the lowest air temperature of a
evaporative cooling system achievable is the wet bulb temperature. The efficiency of direct
evaporativecoolingdevicesdependsonthesystemwaterdropletsize,wettedsurfaceareaandair
speedandhasefficiencyupto90%3.Duringdaytime,thedrybulbtemperatureissignificantlyhigher
than wet bulb temperature; therefore, evaporative cooler will work well. However, during night
time, the dry bulb temperature is very close to the wet bulb temperature, the effectiveness of
evaporativecoolingisreducedsignificantly,i.e.thereductionofairtemperatureisverysmallwith
theuseofevaporativecooling,evenat90%efficiency.
Thewetbulbtemperatureisalsoaveryimportantfactorforsizingandpredictingtheperformance
ofcoolingtower.Thelowerthewetbulbtemperature,thebetteristheperformanceofthecooling
tower.Ashraerecommendsdesigninganapproachtemperatureofthecoolingtowertobe5.5Cto
thewetbulbtemperature.Thelowerthecondenserwatertemperatureasitexitsfromthecooling
tower,the moreefficient itisforthe performance ofthechiller.BasedontheTRYdata,itwillbe
best to run the chiller early in the morning, when the wet bulb temperature is lowest, to gain
maximumefficiencyfromthechiller.Unfortunatelymostbuildingsareoccupiedfrom8amonwards
and the use of thermal storage solutions will normally introduce further inefficiencies that may
negateanyefficiencygainedbyrunningthechillersystemintheearlymorninghours.
2.5.2 DESIGN RISK

Thewetbulbtemperatureisnotaffectedmuchbyurbanheatislandeffect.Therefore,thewetbulb
temperatureprovidedbytheTRYisreliabletobeused.
http://www.wescorhvac.com/Evaporative%20cooling%20white%20paper.htm
Page10of30
WetBulbTemperature
Average
Minimum
Maximum
30
DegreeCelcius
28
26
24
22
20
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
18
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
Average
23.8
23.6
23.5
23.3
23.2
23.1
23.2
23.9
24.5
24.8
25.0
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.3
25.2
25.0
24.8
24.7
24.5
24.4
24.2
24.1
23.9
Minimum
21.9
21.5
21.3
20.9
20.7
20.1
19.9
21.1
21.9
22.3
22.1
22.6
22.2
22.5
22.4
22.4
22.4
21.9
22.6
22.2
22.1
22.0
21.9
22.0
Maximum
26.0
25.8
25.4
25.4
25.2
25.0
25.2
25.9
26.5
26.9
26.9
27.2
27.4
28.4
27.8
27.8
27.5
27.3
26.9
26.7
26.3
26.4
26.3
26.0
Std Dev.
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
Page11of30
2.6 Humidity Ratio (Moisture Content)

ThehumidityratioormoisturecontentoftheTRYweatherdataisfairlyconsistentthroughoutthe
year.TheaveragemoisturecontentintheTRYis18.3g/kgandisconsistentdayornight.Daytoday
fluctuationishighestat2pmintheafternoonwithapeakstandarddeviationof1.6g/kg.

Thehumidityratiogiveusinformationabouthowmuchwaterisinonekilogramofair,therefore,it
gives a potential water quantity that can be squeezed out from the air. The following known
methodologiesforsqueezingwateroutfromtheairare:
Coldsurfacesthatarebelowthedewpointtemperature.
Desiccantmaterialthatabsorbmoisturefromtheair.
A clear understanding of humidity ratio (moisture content) provides a very useful method for
engineerstoestimatetheamountoflatentloadandcondensationratethatthesystemneedtobe
designedfor.Forexample,thehumidityratioprovidesanindicationofamountofwaterthatneeds
to be extracted from the outdoor air to supply airconditioned air at 11C and 100% relative
humidity (approximately 8.2 g/kg) at the cooling coil (offcoil condition). As the average moisture
content of outdoor air in Malaysia is 18.3 g/kg, an average extraction of 10.1 gram of water from
eachkilogramofoutdoorairisrequiredtoprovideasupplyofairconditionedairat11Cand100%
relativehumidity.Thisvalueprovidesanapproximationofcondensationrateoftypicalcoolingcoilin
Malaysianairhandlingunitsduetointakeoffreshair.
2.6.2 DESIGN RISK

Water features and greeneries would increase the moisture content in the air. During
photosynthesisprocess,greeneriesexpelmoisturefromleavestoprovideevaporativecoolingtothe
environment.Therefore,itisnotnecessarytruethatplacingfreshairintakeductneartogreeneries
(totakeincoolerair)willyieldlowerenergyusebecauseitmayhavehighermoisturecontentinit.
Page12of30
MoistureContent
Average
Minimum
Maximum
24
22
g/kg
20
18
16
14
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
12
MoistureContent
40%
36.2%
%ofHoursinaYear
35%
30%
25.4%
25%
20.0%
20%
15%
9.1%
10%
5%
0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.8%
5.0%
2.6%
0.7% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0%
MoistureContent(g/kg)
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
Average
18.4
18.2
18.1
17.9
17.8
17.7
Minimum
15.0
14.6
14.8
15.3
15.0
14.4
Maximum
21.3
20.8
20.5
20.5
20.3
20.0
Std
Dev.
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
Page13of30
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
17.8
18.3
18.3
18.1
17.9
17.9
17.9
18.0
18.2
18.4
18.4
18.6
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.7
18.7
18.5
14.2
14.8
15.1
13.8
13.7
13.5
13.2
13.0
13.2
13.9
14.4
15.1
15.1
14.9
15.0
15.1
15.0
15.1
20.0
20.7
21.1
21.0
20.7
21.0
21.2
23.7
21.6
22.2
22.6
22.6
21.7
21.7
21.4
21.2
21.2
20.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
2.7 Dew Point Temperature

Thedewpointtemperatureisdirectlylinkedtothemoisturecontentintheair.However,thedew
point temperaturehas theadvantage ofproviding usinformationonthe condensationriskdueto
exposuretooutdoorair.Anysurfacetemperaturethatisbelowthedewpointtemperaturewillhave
condensationonit.TheaveragedewpointtemperatureintheTRYis23.4Candisfairlyconsistent
dayornightandthroughouttheyear.Thepeakstandarddeviationofthedewpointtemperatureis
1.5Cat2pmintheafternoon.
Morethan70%ofthehours,thedewpointtemperatureisbelow24Candmorethan95%ofthe
hoursthedewpointtemperatureisbelow25C.

Thedewpointtemperatureprovidesanindicationwhencondensationwilloccur.Aslongassurface
temperatureiskeptabovethedewpointtemperature,therewillbenocondensation.Forexample,
ifasurfacetemperatureexposedtooutdoorairiskeptabove25C,theriskofcondensationisless
than 5% and above 26C, the risk of condensation is less than 0.5%. This provides a possibility to
provideradiantcoolingtooutdoorarea(e.g.alfrescodinning,etc.)wherethesurfacetemperature
can be kept above the dew point temperature to avoid condensation while minimizing energy
consumptiontocooloccupantsinanoutdoorspace.
2.7.2 DESIGN RISK

If there are water features, greeneries and cooking done (evaporation of water) within the space,
themoisturecontentintheairmayincreaseandcausesthedewpointtemperaturetoincreaseas
well.Therefore,condensationmayoccurathighersurfacetemperatureduetothesemicroclimatic
conditions.
Page14of30
DewPointTemperature
Average
Minimum
Maximum
29
DegreeCelcius
27
25
23
21
19
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
17
DewPointTemperature
45%
41.0%
%ofHoursinaYear
40%
35%
30%
22.7%
25%
22.5%
20%
15%
7.0%
10%
5%
4.0%
1.9%
0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.5%
0.3% 0.0% 0.0%
0%
DewPointTemperature(degreeCelcius)
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
Average
23.5
23.4
23.2
23.1
23.0
22.9
Minimum
20.3
19.8
20.1
20.6
20.3
19.6
Maximum
25.9
25.5
25.3
25.3
25.1
24.9
Std
Dev.
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
Page15of30
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
22.9
23.4
23.4
23.2
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.1
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.7
23.8
23.9
23.9
23.8
23.7
23.6
19.4
20.1
20.4
19.0
18.8
18.6
18.3
18.0
18.3
19.1
19.6
20.4
20.4
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.3
20.4
24.9
25.4
25.7
25.7
25.4
25.7
25.8
27.7
26.1
26.6
26.9
26.9
26.2
26.2
26.0
25.8
25.8
25.6
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
2.8 Relative Humidity

Relativehumidityisameasureoftheamountofwater(moisture)inairascomparedtothe
maximumamountofwatertheaircanabsorb,expressedinpercentage.Itisnotadirectindicatorof
howmuchwaterisintheair,asprovidedbythehumidityratio(moisturecontent)ordewpoint
temperature.Thedrybulbtemperaturedeterminesthemaximummoisturetheaircanabsorb;
therefore,relativehumidityisdirectlylinkedtoboththehumidityratio(moisturecontent)aswellas
drybulbtemperature,expressedinpercentageofmoistureintheair.
Duetothereasonthatmoisturecontentintheairisfairlyconstantdayornight,thechangesof
relativehumidityisstronglyrelatedtothedrybulbtemperatureoftheair.Duringnighttimeand
earlymorninghourswhenthedrybulbtemperatureislow;therelativehumidityisveryhigh
(between90%to100%relativehumidity).Howeverduringdaytimehourswhenthedrybulb
temperatureishigh;therelativehumidityhasanaveragelowof62%.

A low relative humidity is an indication of how well evaporative cooling will work. The lower the
relativehumidity,theeasieritisforwatertoevaporatetoreducethedrybulbairtemperature.At
very high relative humidity level, 90% or more, very small amount of water will be able to be
evaporated.
2.8.2 DESIGN RISK

Relativehumidityisafactorofbothdrybulbtemperatureandmoisturecontent.Itisnotpossibleto
compute energy change when provided with relative humidity alone. For example, how much
energy will it take to reduce relative humidity of 90% to 50%? It would not be possible to give an
answer to such a question. However, it will be possible to compute the energy change if the
questionisrephrasedintohowmuchenergywillittaketoreducerelativehumidityof90%at25C
toarelativehumidityof50%at23C.Relativehumidityisusefulasanindicatorofmoistureinthe
aironlywhenprovidedwiththedrybulbtemperature.

Page16of30
RelativeHumidity
Minimum
Maximum
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
12:00:00AM
percentage(%)
Average
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
Average
93.9
94.5
94.8
95.1
95.4
95.4
95.0
89.9
79.6
71.6
66.2
63.6
62.0
62.7
66.0
70.0
73.6
78.3
83.7
87.2
89.6
91.2
92.6
93.3
Minimum
73
72
75
81
84
85
82
75
62
50
47
44
42
40
40
40
47
51
58
62
69
73
72
73
Maximum
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
98
96
97
95
99
97
97
97
98
99
98
98
99
98
99
100
Std
Dev.
3.7
3.5
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.8
2.9
4.2
7.0
7.8
7.9
8.3
8.9
10.7
12.0
13.0
12.3
10.7
8.6
6.8
5.5
4.8
4.2
4.0
Page17of30
2.9 Horizontal Global Radiation

Theaverageglobalradiationisalmostaperfectsymmetrybetweenthemorninghoursand
afternoonhourswithpeakclosetosolarnoon.Theaveragepeakis636W/mat1pmwhilethe
absolutepeakintheTRYis1077W/mat2pm,westernsun.Theabsolutepeakofsolarradiationis
almostdoubleoftheaveragepeak.Thisindicatesthattherearedayswherethecloudscoverare
low,allowingdirectsolarradiationtocausehighsolargaininbuildings.Howeveronaverage,the
cloudcoverintropicalclimateprovidesgoodprotectiontoreducetheimpactofdirectsolar
radiation.TheTRYdataalsoshowedthatitispossibleatanytimeofdayforthesolarradiationtobe
reducedclosetozero,mostlikelycausedbyheavyraincloudcovers.
GlobalRadiation
Average
Minimum
Maximum
1200
watt/m2
1000
800
600
400
200
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
Average
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.7
87.5
253.6
429.0
565.7
631.0
635.9
589.2
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
38.9
120.8
161.1
36.1
Maximum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
29.2
259.1
516.2
692.8
844.3
1006.4
1003.7
1076.5
Std
Dev.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.7
42.4
90.7
125.4
143.2
161.3
173.8
186.7
Page18of30
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
474.6
335.2
205.7
93.2
20.0
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
23.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
958.0
759.7
532.7
254.1
67.7
11.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
189.3
169.7
122.8
62.4
16.7
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.10 Diffuse Solar Radiation

Theaveragepeakdiffuseradiationis356W/mat1pm,whiletheabsolutepeakdiffuseradiationis
460W/malsoat1pm.Thestandarddeviationisgenerallylow,withthehighestat80W/mat4pm
intheafternoon.
DiffuseRadiation
Average
Minimum
Maximum
500
450
watt/m2
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
Average
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.7
62.8
153.8
231.4
290.4
334.4
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
38.7
119.7
Maximum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
29.2
116.1
227.1
316.2
386.1
434.0
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
Std
Dev.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.7
20.7
38.8
50.8
58.0
62.9
Page19of30
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
356.2
344.1
298.4
228.1
152.3
76.1
18.8
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
158.9
36.0
23.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
459.7
453.3
415.9
350.1
272.5
163.3
57.1
11.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
62.5
69.8
78.8
80.4
69.8
41.4
14.6
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.11 Direct Solar Radiation

Theaveragepeakdirectradiationis297W/mat12noon,whiletheabsolutepeakdirectradiationis
865W/mat2pmintheafternoon.Theabsolutepeakdirectsolarradiationisalmost3higherthan
theaveragepeakdirectsolarradiation.Thestandarddeviationisratherhigh,withthehighestat194
W/mat2pmintheafternoon.Allthesedataindicatesthatthereisasignificantdifferencebetween
theaverageandtheabsolutepeakdirectradiationintheTRY.Itisalsoquiteclearfromthedirect
radiationchartthattheaveragedirectradiationishigherinthemorninghoursthantheafternoon
hours.However,theabsolutepeakdirectsolarradiationoccursintheafternoonhour.
DirectRadiation
Average
Minimum
Maximum
1000
900
watt/m2
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
Average
0.0
0.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
Maximum
0.0
0.0
Std
Dev.
0.0
0.0
Page20of30
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
24.7
99.8
197.6
275.2
296.7
279.7
245.1
176.2
107.0
53.4
17.2
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.2
2.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
203.2
433.1
572.2
677.7
840.6
821.7
864.5
792.2
621.7
401.0
160.8
30.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
38.2
97.1
146.1
171.1
190.6
193.0
194.2
169.6
125.4
76.0
31.4
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.12 Comparison of Global, Direct and Diffuse Radiation

Placing the average global, direct and diffuse radiation in the same chart provides a distinct
understanding that the average direct solar radiation is more intense in the morning while the
averagediffuseradiationismoreintenseintheafternoonhours.

Itisimportanttoshadethewesternfaadefromdirectsolarradiationtoreducepeakcoolingloadin
buildings.Thepeakcoolingloadinbuildingdeterminesthesizeofairconditioningequipmenttobe
provided.Howeverforenergyefficiency,theplotofaveragesolarradiationsshowedthatitismore
important to shade the eastern faade from direct solar radiation to reduce annual energy
consumptioninbuilding.
2.12.2 DESIGN RISK

ThedirectanddiffuseradiationintheTRYisnotameasuredvaluebutcomputedfromthemeasured
horizontal global radiation using via Erbs Estimation Model. However, the result generally agrees
withdailyobservationofsolarradiationinthisclimate.Thetropicalclimatethatitrainsmoreoften
intheafternoonthaninthemorning providedtheskieswithanaveragelyheaviercloudcoversin
theafternoonthaninthemorning.
Page21of30
AverageRadiation
Global
Direct
Diffuse
700
watt/m2
600
500
400
300
200
100
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
2.13 Cloud Cover (Oktas)

ThecloudcoverintheTRYismeasuredinOktasunit.OktasisdefinedbytheWorldMeteorological
Organizationasprovidedbythetablebelow4.
Oktas
Definition
Category
Sky clear
Fine
1/8 of sky covered or less, but not zero
Fine
2/8 of sky covered
Fine
3/8 of sky covered
Partly Cloudy
4/8 of sky covered
Partly Cloudy
5/8 of sky covered
Partly Cloudy
6/8 of sky covered
Cloudy
7/8 of sky covered or more, but not 8/8
8/8 of sky completely covered, no breaks
Cloudy
Overcast
ThecloudcoverisgenerallyhighintheTRYandisreflectiveofatropicalclimate.Theaveragecloud
coverhasanOktasof6.8inMalaysiaandisfairlyconsistentdayandnightandthroughouttheyear.
ThemaximumcloudcoverhasthemaximumOktasof8andcanoccursatanytimeofday.However
theminimumOktas0isrecordedbytheTRYhappeningat6amand7amintheearlymorningand
theminimumcloudcoverintheafternoonisatleast1Oktashigherthaninthemorning,indicating
thatminimumcloudcoverisheavierintheafternoonthaninthemorning.
http://worldweather.wmo.int/oktas.htm
Page22of30
Thestandarddeviationishigherinthemorningascomparedtotheafternoon,indicatingthatthere
isalargerdaytodayvariationofcloudcoverinthemorningascomparedtotheafternoon.Inother
words, in the afternoon, the sky is consistently heavy with cloud where else, in the morning; the
cloudcovermaysometimesbelow.

High Oktas numbers indicate heavy cloud cover in Malaysias climate. It also means that during
daytime, Malaysian sky is normally bright because the sky will be illuminated by the clouds as
opposedtoclearblueskies.
Heavycloudscoveralsohindersradiationheattransferbetweenobjectsonthegroundwiththesky.
In general the lower the Oktas number, the better it is for the sky to cool objects on the ground
surface.
2.13.2 DESIGN RISK

Oktas measurement is done manually by meteorologists. They would take a look at the sky and
decidehowmanyeightoftheskyiscoveredbyclouds.
CloudCover
Average
Minimum
Maximum
Oktas
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
Average
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.9
Minimum
4.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
0.0
Maximum
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
Std
Dev.
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Page23of30
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.9
0.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
2.14 Effective Sky Temperature

Itisusefultoprovidetheeffectiveskytemperatureinthischapterbecauseitprovidesanindication
of the possibility of using the sky to cool building passively. The effectiveness of radiation heat
exchange between objects on the ground surface with the sky is defined by the effective sky
temperature.TheeffectiveskytemperatureisnotprovidedbytheTRYbutisestimatedfromthedry
bulb temperature, dew point temperature and cloud cover using equations provided by Clark and
Blanplied5.
The estimated average effective sky temperature in TRY is 18C. It is higher during daytime and is
lower during night time. The average lowest effective sky temperature is 14.6C at 7am in the
morning.Whiletheabsolutelowesteffectiveskytemperaturewasestimatedtobe9.5Cat8amin
themorning.Althoughthedaytimeaverageeffectiveskytemperatureisinthelow20sC,thedirect
anddiffusesolarradiationduringdaytimeisprovidingmuchmoreheatthantheskyisremoving.
On average, the effective sky temperature is below 20C from the hours of 6pm to 11am. The
averagelowesteffectiveskytemperatureisapproximately15Cat6aminthemorning.

Thelowertheeffectiveskytemperatureis,thebetteritisfortheskytoabsorbheat(cooling)from
objectsontheground.Therefore,aslongasasurfaceisshieldedfromdirectradiationordoesnot
absorbsolarradiation(asinproductswithveryhighsolarreflectivity)orduringnighttime(nosolar
radiation),theskycanbeusedasameanofheatrejectionorcoolingsource.
Roof system that can block heat gain during day time and rejects heat during night time will
potentially be effective means of cooling a building. Buildings that are primary used during night
time such as residential homes will benefit significantly from such roof design. Movable roof
5
Gene Clark and M. Blanpied, 1979. The Effect of IR Transparent Windscreens on Net Nocturnal Cooling
from Horizontal Surfaces, Proceedings of the 4th National Passive Solar Conference, Kansas City, MO.
Page24of30
insulation,coolroofpaintsthatrejectssolarradiationduringdaytimewhilehavinghighemissivityto
rejectheatandetc.maybeinterestingsolutionsforresidentialhomes.
2.14.2 DESIGN RISK

Anaverageeffectiveskytemperatureabove20Cduringdaytimeisnotconsideredtobeefficientto
coolobjectsontheground.Therefore,usingtheskytocoolobjectsonthegroundwillonlybeuseful
duringnighttimewhentheeffectiveskytemperatureisreducedbelow20C.Incountrieswherethe
cloud cover is low and ambient air temperature is moderate, it is possible for the sky to provide
consistenteffectiveskytemperaturebelow10C(insomeplaces,evenbelow0C,makingitpossible
tomakeicewiththenightsky6).Thehigheffectiveskytemperaturefoundinthisclimateislargely
duetothehighmoisturecontentintheairandtheheavycloudcover.
EffectiveSkyTemperature
Average
Minimum
Maximum
30
meter/second
25
20
15
10
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
Average
16.20
15.89
15.55
15.24
14.98
14.74
14.56
14.75
16.43
18.51
Minimum
12.7
12.7
11.7
11.5
10.9
10.4
9.6
9.5
11.6
12.9
Maximum
20.1
19.5
19.2
18.8
18.5
18.1
17.9
18.4
20.3
22.3
Std
Dev.
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
"Lesson 1: History Of Refrigeration, Version 1 ME". Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Archived
from the original on 2011-11-06.
Page25of30
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
19.97
20.93
21.66
22.10
22.17
21.72
20.94
20.12
19.33
18.42
17.78
17.31
16.89
16.53
14.6
15.1
15.0
12.7
15.0
13.9
13.6
13.9
13.2
14.2
13.7
13.3
13.4
13.2
23.9
24.4
25.4
26.0
26.6
26.7
26.7
25.1
24.1
22.2
22.0
21.4
21.3
20.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.3
2.15 Ground Temperature

ThegroundtemperaturewascomputedfromtheTRYusingKasudasequation7at1meterdepth.It
was computed that the soil temperature is constant at 26.9C for the entire year. Further
investigation using Kasudas equation showed that at any depths greater 0.5 meter, the ground
temperaturewillbeconstantat26.9C.
Itisalsoimportanttonotethatgroundwatertemperaturewillalsobeatthesametemperatureas
theground(soil)temperature.

There exist designs that channel air intake into building through an underground chamber to pre
cooltheairbeforeenteringthebuilding.However,thisstrategywillworkwellinthisclimateduring
daytime when the outdoor air temperature is higher than the soil temperature. However, during
nighttime,theoutdoorairtemperatureislowerthanthesoiltemperature;channelingnightairinto
theundergroundchamberwillheatuptheairinsteadofcoolingitdown.Inshort,thisstrategywill
workwellwithofficetypeofbuildingwherethebuildingisoccupiedduringdaytime;however,itwill
notworkwellforresidentialhomesbecausethehomesarenormallyoccupiedduringnighttime.
TheTRYhasanaveragewetbulbtemperatureof24.3Candtypicaldesignofcoolingtowercallsfor
anapproach temperature of5.5Chigherthanthe wetbulb temperature,providinganaverageof
29.8C return water temperature to the chiller. The groundwater temperature is estimated to be
26.9C;thereforeitisapproximately3Ccolderthanthewaterfromthecoolingtower.Colderwater
forthecondensingsideofthechillerwillimprovetheefficiencyofchillersignificantly.Waterfrom
deep lakes would also be good potential for such opportunity to improve efficiency of the chiller
becausethetemperatureofwaterindeeplakeswillalsofollowsthegroundtemperature.
2.15.2 DESIGN RISK

TheKasudasequationdoesnotaccountforrainfallonthesoil,aswaterfromthesoilwillevaporate
atthewetbulbtemperature,thesurfaceofthesoilmaybecooleronaverageforclimatesuchas
Malaysia where it rains fairly often and consistently throughout the year. The effect of rainfall is
7
Kasuda, T., and Archenbach, P.R. 1965. Earth Temperature and Thermal Diffusivity at Selected Stations in the United
States, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 71, Part 1.
Page26of30
expected to be minimal on the ground temperature. However, actual measurement of onsite

groundtemperatureishighlyrecommended.
Inaddition,furtherstudiesarerecommendedtoensurethatthecolderdaytimeairachievedviaan
underground chamber can be achieved without increasing the moisture content of the air. An
increaseinmoisturecontentwillincreaseenergyconsumptionoftheairconditioningsystem.
Excessive groundwater harvesting without adequate recharge will cause soil properties to
deteriorateandmay causeground tosink. Moreover,pumping wateroverlongdistanceswillalso
increase the water temperature due to frictional losses and conduction gain through the pipes,
whichmaycausethepredicted3Ccolderwatertemperaturenottobeachieved.
2.16 Wind Speed

TheaveragewindspeedintheTRYshowedthatwindspeedislow(lessthan0.5m/s)fromthehours
of8pmto8am.Thewindspeedstartstoincreaseat8amandhasanaveragepeakof3.5m/sat3pm
in the afternoon. The hourly maximum wind speed showed that it is possible to have high wind
speedanytimeoftheday,withthelowestchanceofhighwindspeedis8aminthemorning.The
dataalsoshowedthatitisalsopossibletozerowindspeedatanytimeoftheday.

Itisimportanttonotethatthepeakaveragewindspeedoccursatthesametimeofhighdrybulb
temperature.Inaddition,whenthedrybulbtemperatureislow,theaveragewindspeedisalsolow.
This indicates that building designed with crossventilation at all hours will on average bring more
hot air than cool air into the building. As the wind speed data showed that high wind speed can
occur at any time, it is also possible for cross ventilation to bring cool air to benefit the building
occupants,therefore,crossventilationdesignneedtoconsiderthehoursoccupantmakeuseofthe
spaceandalsothepossibilitytodiverthotwindawayfromoccupantsduringcertainhours/condition
ofthedayanddivertcoolairtowardsoccupantduringcertainhours/conditionoftheday.Operable
window, where the building occupant has control over when cross ventilation is used is highly
recommended.
2.16.2 DESIGN RISK

Wind speed and wind direction data should be further checked against other year data to ensure
that the data in TRY is reflective of the actual situation. The selected months of TRY data was
predominantly selected based on the dry bulb temperature, global horizontal solar radiation and
humidity ratio. Therefore, it is recommended for academicians and researchers to investigate the
winddatafurthertoconfirmthebehaviorofwindspeedandwinddirectionaccordingtothehourof
dayanddayoftheyear.
Page27of30
WindSpeed
Average
Minimum
Maximum
meter/second
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
12:00:00AM
9:00:00PM
6:00:00PM
3:00:00PM
12:00:00PM
9:00:00AM
6:00:00AM
3:00:00AM
12:00:00AM
Hours
1:00:00 AM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
4:00:00 AM
5:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
7:00:00 AM
8:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
10:00:00 AM
11:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
1:00:00 PM
2:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
4:00:00 PM
5:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
7:00:00 PM
8:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
10:00:00 PM
11:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
Average
0.44
0.46
0.45
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.54
0.85
1.44
2.15
2.46
2.77
3.05
3.36
3.50
3.30
2.58
1.69
0.94
0.56
0.47
0.43
0.38
0.46
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
6.4
5.4
7.0
6.0
7.0
7.6
5.3
4.1
5.0
6.5
6.9
7.0
6.6
7.1
7.0
7.0
5.8
7.0
5.4
5.3
5.6
4.7
7.2
5.2
Std
Dev.
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
Page28of30
2.17 Wind Direction & Hours of Air Temperature below 29C

Base on Ashrae 55, thermal adaptive comfort model for natural ventilation, an operative
temperatureof29CinMalaysiasclimatewillprovide80%populationsatisfactionrate8.Harvesting
natural ventilation with air temperature above 29C will only heat up the environment providing
uncomfortablesettingtothebuildingoccupants;therefore,naturalventilationshouldaimtoharvest
thecoldwindthatisbelow29C.Thissectionprovidesinformationonwhichdirectionwindbelow
29CisnormallycomingfromandwhatistherighthourinadaytoharvestcoldwindinMalaysia.
Detailed analysis of the TRY of its wind direction and dry bulb air temperature yields that a
significant37.5%ofthehoursinthewholeyear,thedrybulb(wind)temperatureisbelow29C.The
occurrenceofcoldwindislargelyduringthehoursoflateeveningtomidmorning.Chartsprovided
inthissectionshowedthatcolderwindcomesfromtheNorth(946hours,29%),NorthWest(593
hours,18%),East(430hours,13%),South(326hours,10%),SouthEast(297hours,9%),SouthWest
(249hours,8%),NorthEast(248hours,8%)andlastlyWest(196hours,6%).Inshort,colderwindis
primary from north and northwest (combined to provide 47% of total cold wind available), then
followedbyeastandsouth.
Cold wind from the north and northwest normally occurs during late afternoon (~5pm) until late
morning(~9am).Whilecoldwindfromtheeastmainlyoccursinthemorninghoursof8amto9am.
Coldwindfromthesouthislowbutisconsistentthroughouttheday.

Capturing wind from the north and northwest should be the primary objective to use natural
ventilationtocooltheenvironment.Coolwindisprimaryavailablefromthehoursof5pmto9am.
When the air temperature is high during noon time, it will not be comfortable to harvest natural
ventilation. Ideally the building occupants should have control over the natural ventilation by
providing ability to the building occupants to close windows or doors, to divert wind away from
occupiedspacewhenthewindishotandtoallowwindtowardsoccupiedspacewhenthewindis
cold. Motorized louvers with temperature sensors may also be used to provide this diversion of
naturalventilationwithoutrequiringmanualintervention.
2.17.2 DESIGN RISK

Wind speed and wind direction data should be further checked against other year data to ensure
that the data in TRY is a true reflection of the actual situation. The selected months of TRY were
predominantly selected based on the dry bulb temperature, global horizontal solar radiation and
humidity ratio. Therefore, it is recommended for academicians and researchers to investigate the
winddatafurthertoconfirmthebehaviorofwindspeedandwinddirectionaccordingtothehourof
dayanddayoftheyear.
Ashrae 55
Page29of30
2.17.3 WIND CHARTS OF AIR TEMPERATURE BELOW 29C
HoursofWindDirectioninTRY
NorthWest
West
North
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
SouthWest
NorthEast
East
SouthEast
South
AllTemperature
<29deg
_______________________________EndofChapter2____________________________________
Page30of30

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Chapter

2 Malaysias Weather Data

2 Malaysias Weather Data

2.2 Source of weather data

2.3 Location and SunPath

2.4 Dry Bulb Temperature

2.4.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

2.4.2 DESIGN RISK

2.4.3 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

2.5 Wet Bulb Temperature

2.5.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

2.5.2 DESIGN RISK

2.5.3 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

2.6 Humidity Ratio (Moisture Content)

2.6.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

2.6.2 DESIGN RISK

2.6.3 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.8%

0.7% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0%

2.7 Dew Point Temperature

2.7.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

2.7.2 DESIGN RISK

2.7.3 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

0.3% 0.0% 0.0%

2.8 Relative Humidity

2.8.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

2.8.2 DESIGN RISK

2.8.3 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

2.9 Horizontal Global Radiation

2.9.1 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

2.10 Diffuse Solar Radiation

2.10.1 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

2.11 Direct Solar Radiation

2.11.1 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

2.12 Comparison of Global, Direct and Diffuse Radiation

2.12.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

2.12.2 DESIGN RISK

2.12.3 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

2.13 Cloud Cover (Oktas)

1/8 of sky covered or less, but not zero

2/8 of sky covered

3/8 of sky covered

4/8 of sky covered

5/8 of sky covered

6/8 of sky covered

7/8 of sky covered or more, but not 8/8

8/8 of sky completely covered, no breaks

2.13.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

2.13.2 DESIGN RISK

2.13.3 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

2.14 Effective Sky Temperature

2.14.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

2.14.2 DESIGN RISK

2.14.3 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

2.15 Ground Temperature

2.15.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

2.15.2 DESIGN RISK

expected to be minimal on the ground temperature. However, actual measurement of onsite

2.16 Wind Speed

2.16.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL

2.16.2 DESIGN RISK

2.16.3 CHARTS AND TABLE OF RAW DATA

2.17 Wind Direction & Hours of Air Temperature below 29C

2.17.1 DESIGN POTENTIAL