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The word communication is derived from the Latin word communis which means common. In its
application, it means a common ground of understanding.
Communication in general is process of sending and receiving messages that enables humans to share
knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Although we usually identify communication with speech,
communication is composed of two dimensions - verbal and nonverbal.
Everything communicates, including material objects, physical space, and time systems. Although
verbal output can be turned off, nonverbal cannot. Even silence speaks.
Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated
by both the source (speaker) and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value
for the receiver (listener). Basically it is sending and receiving messages in a variety of ways without the
use of verbal codes (words). It is both intentional and unintentional. Most speakers or listeners are not
conscious of this. First known use of NONVERBAL is in 1924.
There are also many different types of nonverbal communication such as:
Facial expressions:
The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And
unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions
for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.
Body movements and posture:
Consider how our perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand up, or hold their
head. The way we move and carry a wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal
communication includes posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements.
Gestures:
Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we
are arguing or speaking animatedlyexpressing ourselves with gestures often without thinking. However,
the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so its important to be careful to
avoid misinterpretation.
Eye contact:
Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of
nonverbal communication. The way we look at someone can communicate many things, including
interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of
conversation and for gauging the other persons response.
Touch:
We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the messages given by the following: a weak
handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug, a reassuring slap on the back, a patronizing pat
on the head, or a controlling grip on our arm.
Space:
Have we ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was standing too close
and invading our space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on
the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. We can use physical space to communicate
many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and affection, aggression or
dominance.
Voice:
Its not just what we say; its how we say it. When we speak, other people read our voices in addition to
listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include our timing and pace, how loud we speak, our
tone and inflection, and sound that convey understanding, such as ahh and uh-huh. Think about how
someone's tone of voice, for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.
Area
Positive Indicators
Turn and face sender.
Relax body.
Body
Head
Tilt or turn an ear slightly toward the sender to help indicate we are listening.
Look at the person but be aware of their comfort.
Face
Smile frequently.
Keep arms relaxed and open.
Arms
Hands
Voice
Reduce verbiage.
2. Negative gesture:
Negative gestures involve certain body movements, postures, gestures, or non-verbal activities such as
shaking, tapping ones feet, looking at the watch and so on. Putting ones hands in the pockets is also a
negative gesture. If one put hand in ones pocket it usually suggest s arrogance. If one put both, it might
show nervousness.
A desire to conform
2)
3)
4)
Prestige values
5)
6)
7)
Economy
C) Personal Space:
Personal space, unlike territory, has no fixed or semi-fixed geographical position. Personal space has been
likened to an invisible bubble that moves with the individual and may expand in size or become smaller
depending on the given situation.
As human being grow and mature, they increasingly learn to control their responses to invasion of their
personal space. However, small children have not yet learned to do so. They may respond very negatively
to one another, with both verbal and physical aggression, without being aware of what exactly has
produced their behavior.
Do not jingle!
Putting one or both hands into pockets and jingling loose change or keys is a nervous habit some people
fall into.
Its distracting to the audience and takes away from message.
A good tip is to leave change; keys and everything else normally carry in pockets, somewhere safe when
speaking.
Do not fidget
Even if hands are not in pockets, do not rub nails or fingers together or any engage in any other type of
fidgeting.
No Fig Leaf stance
Hands crossed at the crotch, or over rear end, or anywhere else, indicates non-openness.
The military At Ease position, crossing our arms in front of clasping hands in front or behind also to be
avoided.
Do not rock from heels to toes
This would be very distracting to the audience, and interfere with message.
Do not lean on the lectern
It conveys too relaxed of an attitude and gives the impression that do not care.
Do not cross arms
People do that when they are feeling defensive. Be especially aware of this during Q&A session. If we do
this, the audience will pick up on it, and it is not the message we want them to receive.
Do hold head high and chin slightly up
This gives the audience the impression that we are in control.
Do not look down
I know, I know thats where notes are!
NON-VERBAL CUE:
Nonverbal cues include all the communication between people that do not have a direct verbal
translation. They are body movements, body orientation, nuances of the voice, facial expressions,
details of dress, and choice and movement of objects that communicate. Time and space can also be
perceived as having nonverbal cues.
We should simply put, nonverbal cues include all the ways we present and express ourselves, apart from
the actual words we speak, Price adds. And they are critically important at work and in business
because perception is reality.
Because nonverbal cues are sent primarily from the emotional brain rather than the neocortex, they
create more honest and revealing messages. Nonverbal cues can help business people determine others
motivations and analyze business interactions with much more richness, depth, and insight than can come
from simply relying on spoken or printed words.
In power-differential relationships, such as with superiors and subordinates, successful interactions
depend on both parties being able to use and read body language. Superiors need to know how to make
their subordinates comfortable while communicating their desires in order to get results. Subordinates
need to know how to read the bosss subtle signals to discern the best way to approach professional
situations.
A gesture is any physical movement that helps express an idea, opinion or emotion. Strive to punctuate
words with movement that is natural, lively, purposeful and spontaneous, Price says. Be genuinely and
let motions match message. Avoid common distracting mannerisms such as finger-pointing, fidgeting,
scratching, tapping, playing with hair, wringing hands, and twisting a ring.
Dressing the part:
Shakespeare asserts in Hamlet, For the apparel oft proclaims the man. For men and women, clothing
speaks volumes in the workplace, Price says. Make sure business casual is not business careless.
Choose high quality, well-tailored garments that convey professionalism. Depending on corporate culture,
wear a business suit or at least a jacket for important meetings and presentations, especially with senior
leaders and customers. Avoid showy accessories, busy patterns, tight garments and revealing necklines.
Dress for the job we want, not the job we have. If career advancement is our goal, we should convey a
polished professional presence in the workplace.
Authoritative posture and presence:
Take up space, Wood says. Use the arms on the chair, or stand with feet a bit apart. A female leg stance
in North America is with the feet typically 4 to 6 inches apart, and a male power stance starts with the feet
more than 8 inches apart.
Appropriate facial expressions:
Each of the seven basic human emotions (anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise)
has been scientifically proven to have a certain facial expression.
Initiating interactions:
Be the first to make eye contact, offer hand to shake, have an idea or solution, go into a room, and make
the call, Wood says. We can only afford to wait and go last when we are in the C-suite and ready to
retire.
Appropriate voice tone:
Nonverbal elements include voice tone, pacing, pausing, volume, inflection, pitch and articulation. Like
facial expressions, choosing the appropriate paralanguage is critically important because it conveys
emotional meaning, attitude and impact.
Giving full attention:
When speaking with persons, need to point toes and square shoulders toward them. This conveys
attentiveness and creates open body language. We should avoid angling body away from them and need to
learn into the conversation.
Responding to others nonverbal cues:
When leading a meeting, speaking to a group, or interacting one-on-one, pay close attention to the other
persons body language and voice tone, Price says. Listen with your eyes. Their nonverbal cues can tell
us when they have a question, want to say something, agree or disagree, need a break, require more
explanation, or have an emotional response. By responding appropriately to others cues, we not only
convey confidence in ourselves, we show a high level of empathy, sensitivity and care for them which
build trust.
types of nonverbal communication with others. By noticing nonverbal behavior and practicing own skills,
we can dramatically improve our communication abilities.
CONCLUSION:
Words are accented and punctuated by body movements and gestures, while the face shows a myriad of
expressions. Men are like Geneva watches with crystal faces which express the whole movement.
It is important to be aware of the dominance of the nonverbal message. If there is disagreement between
the verbal and nonverbal message, the nonverbal will win. Also, the validity and reliability of verbal
messages are checked by nonverbal actions. Again, if discrepancy exists, the nonverbal will dictate.
Therefore sub-ordinates see the superiors nonverbal messages as more honest reflections of what he is
really thinking or feeling.
Effective communication depends on successful communication. By definition of non-verbal
communication, without uttering a single word, no one can constantly send messages to each other.
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