Design Analysis and Testing of A Low Pressure Cryogenic Valve

The Florida State University
DigiNole Commons
Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations
The Graduate School
7-2-2004
Design, Analysis, and Testing of a Low Pressure

Cryogenic Valve
Anthony James Gleaton
Florida State University
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THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DESIGN, ANALYSIS, AND TESTING OF A

LOW PRESSURE CRYOGENIC VALVE
By
ANTHONY JAMES GLEATON
A Thesis submitted to the

Department of Mechanical Engineering
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
Degree Awarded:
Summer Semester, 2004
The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Anthony James Gleaton defended on
July 2, 2004.
__________________________
Cesar Luongo
Professor Directing Thesis
__________________________
Steven Van Sciver
Committee Member
__________________________
David Cartes
Committee Member
Approved:
______________________________________
Chiang Shih, Chair, Mechanical Engineering
______________________________________
Ching-Jen Chen, Dean, College of Engineering
The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First, I thank God for His wisdom and His perfect plan for my life. I firmly believe that
He is always with me, constantly providing encouragement and fresh ideas when I need them
most.
Thank you Dr. Luongo and the Center for Advanced Power Systems for providing the
opportunity, both financially and academically, for me to pursue my Masters degree.
Many thanks to Bill Kottke at Air Products and Chemicals for his vision, experience, and
insight during the critical, initial stages of this project. Without his assistance, my journey would
have been much rockier.
Thank you Danny Crook and Cliff Loughmiller for providing practical knowledge and
experience throughout this project. Thank you for rarely criticizing but rather teaching a young
engineer the tricks of the trade.
Thank you Ed Hill and Tim Gamble for your machining and welding work at the FAMUFSU College of Engineering. You taught me that transferring computer design to an actual
working part may not always be a simple task.
Thank you Dr. Steve Woodruff for you many hours of discussion on fluid mechanics.
Many days I felt like you were the only person I could talk to. Thanks for listening to my
problems.
Finally, thanks to my family and especially my girlfriend, Cassidy, who stood by me
throughout these two years. Cassidy, you dealt with me when I was grumpy, frustrated, or so
excited that I could talk to you for an hour about a project you knew little about. Thanks to you
all for encouraging me to stay and get another degree. My experiences during this time have
been unforgettable.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii
List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... xi
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
1-1 The Center for Advanced Power Systems .......................................................................... 1
1-2 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage........................................................................ 1
1-2.1 Superconductivity ....................................................................................................... 1
1-2.2 Cryogenics .................................................................................................................. 2
1-2.3 Thermal Radiation and the Liquid Nitrogen Shield.................................................... 3
1-3 Liquid Nitrogen Reconditioning and Transfer Station ....................................................... 4
1-3.1 Linear Cryogenic Pump .............................................................................................. 5
1-3.2 300-Gallon Liquid Nitrogen Tank .............................................................................. 5
1-3.3 LN2 Cycle in the LN2 RTS.......................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2: CRYOGENIC NITROGEN VALVE..................................................................... 8
2-1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 8
2-1.1 Pressure Relief Valves ................................................................................................ 8
2-1.2 Floating Valves ........................................................................................................... 9
2-2 Valve Design..................................................................................................................... 10
2-2.1 LN2 RTS Nitrogen Requirements ............................................................................. 10
2-2.2 Specifications for a New Valve ................................................................................ 12
2-2.3 LN2 RTS Floating Valve........................................................................................... 13
2-2.4 Valve Supporting Structure....................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 3: FLOATING VALVE ANALYSIS....................................................................... 15
3-1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 15
3-2 Valve Set Pressure ............................................................................................................ 15
3-3 Pressure Drop with Bernoullis Equation ......................................................................... 16
3-3.1 Flow Assumptions .................................................................................................... 17
3-3.2 Basic Equations......................................................................................................... 17
3-3.3 Temperature Influences on Nitrogen ........................................................................ 18
3-4 Modeling the Floating Valve ............................................................................................ 18
3-4.1 Flow Regimes ........................................................................................................... 18
3-4.2 Flow Geometries....................................................................................................... 19
3-4.3 Floating Valve Entrance ........................................................................................... 20
3-4.4 Regime A .................................................................................................................. 21
3-4.5 Regime B .................................................................................................................. 21
3-4.6 Regime C .................................................................................................................. 21
3-4.7 Regime D .................................................................................................................. 21
3-4.8 Regime E................................................................................................................... 21
3-4.9 Flow Efficiencies ...................................................................................................... 21
iv
3-4.10 Modeling Setup in EXCEL....................................................................................... 22

3-4.10.1
3-4.10.2
3-4.10.3
3-4.10.4
Divisions
Flow Point and Flow Section Calculations
Boundary Conditions
Iteration Cycle
3-5 EXCEL Model Results for Three Piston Weights ............................................................ 25

3-5.1 Floating Piston Weight: 4.641 lb ............................................................................. 26
3-5.4 Remarks on the EXCEL Model Results ................................................................... 29
3-5.4.1 First Graph: Tank Pressure vs. Floating Piston Height
3-5.4.2 Second Graph: Tank Pressure vs. Nitrogen Mass Flow Rate
3-5.5 Nitrogen Flow Velocities.......................................................................................... 31

CHAPTER 4: VALVE TESTING ............................................................................................... 39
4-1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 39
4-2 Testing Apparatus ............................................................................................................. 39
4-2.1 Instrument Selection and Placement......................................................................... 39
4-2.1.1
4-2.1.2
4-2.1.3
Pressure Measuremen
Position Measurement
Temperature Measurement
4-2.2 Nitrogen Interface ..................................................................................................... 40

4-2.2.1
4-2.2.2
Compressed Nitrogen Gas

Liquid Nitrogen
4-3 Testing Goals & Procedures ............................................................................................. 41

4-3.1 Set Pressure............................................................................................................... 41
4-3.1.1
4-3.1.2
Goal
Procedure
4-3.2 Simmering Effect ...................................................................................................... 41

4-3.2.1
4-3.2.2
Goal
Procedure
4-3.3 Pressure Drop............................................................................................................ 41

4-3.3.1
4-3.3.2
Goal
Procedure
CHAPTER 5: VALVE TESTING RESULTS............................................................................. 43

5-1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 43
5-2 Set Pressure Results .......................................................................................................... 43
5-3 Simmering Effect Results ................................................................................................. 44
5-3.1 Low Mass Flow Rates............................................................................................... 44
5-3.2 High Mass Flow Rates .............................................................................................. 44
5-3.3 Flow Regimes and the Simmering Effect ................................................................. 44
5-4 Pressure Drop Results ....................................................................................................... 45
5-4.1 Low Mass Flow Rates............................................................................................... 47
5-4.2 High Mass Flow Rates .............................................................................................. 47
5-4.2.1
5-4.2.2
5-4.2.3
Results
Drag Influences on the Floating Piston
Remarks
5-5 Liquid Nitrogen Results.................................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 52

6-1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 52
6-2 300-Gallon Tank Pressure Relief...................................................................................... 52
6-3 The Simmering Effect of the Floating Valve.................................................................... 52
6-4 EXCEL Modeling vs. the Actual Valve Performance ...................................................... 53
6-5 Final Remarks ................................................................................................................... 53
APPENDIX A:
APPENDIX B:
APPENDIX C:
APPENDIX D:
APPENDIX E:
APPENDIX F:
Regime A EXCEL Model Results for 4.641 lb Floating Piston ........................ 55

Regime B EXCEL Model Results for 4.641 lb Floating Piston......................... 71
Regime C EXCEL Model Results for 4.641 lb Floating Piston......................... 86
Regime D EXCEL Model Results for 4.641 lb Floating Piston ...................... 100
Regime E EXCEL Model Results for 4.641 lb Floating Piston ....................... 112
Nitrogen ............................................................................................................ 122
References................................................................................................................................... 124
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 125
Biographical Sketch .................................................................................................................... 126
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1
Enthalpy comparisons for subcooled liquid nitrogen ..........................10
Table 2.2
N2 mass flow rates (kg/s) calculated at 200 psi ...................................11
Table 2.3
Percentage of LCP pumping capacity required (200 psi) ....................12
Table 3.1
Internal tank pressure vs. piston weight...............................................16
Table 3.2
Calculation matrix for regime divisions ..............................................22
Table 3.3
Maximum mass flow rate through Ledge C before set

pressure is exceeded.............................................................................30
Table 3.4
Mach numbers for critical flow areas in floating valve .......................32
Table 5.1
Measured set pressure for each floating piston weight........................43
Table 5.2
Comparison between calculated and measured set pressure................43
Table 5.3
Modeled and experimental pressure drop differences for

low mass flow rates..............................................................................45
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1
SMES Superconducting coil (A), with coil splices and

LHe vents (B) inside vacuum vessel (C) ............................................2
Figure 1.2
Temperature scale displaying absolute zero (0 K),

nitrogen boiling point (77 K), and atmospheric conditions
(298 K) ................................................................................................3
Figure 1.3
SMES without LN2 shield (left) and with LN2 shield

(right) ..................................................................................................4
Figure 1.4
Cylindrical air gap linear motor, by California Linear

Devices................................................................................................5
Figure 1.5
LN2 system layout of major components............................................6
Figure 1.6
Heating effect on saturated liquid nitrogen.........................................7
Figure 1.7
Heating effect of SMES cycle on liquid nitrogen...............................7
Figure 2.1
Simple schematic of a spring-operated pressure relief

valve....................................................................................................8
Figure 2.2
Simple schematic of a floating relief valve.........................................9
Figure 2.3
Nitrogen mass flow rate for temperature change vs. heat

load....................................................................................................11
Figure 2.4
Cross-section of actual RTS floating valve ......................................13
Figure 2.5
Cross-section of valve and supporting structure...............................14
Figure 3.1
Free body diagram of floating piston................................................17
Figure 3.2
Regions of the floating valve ............................................................18
Figure 3.3
Loss coefficients for sudden flow area changes ...............................19
Figure 3.4
Coefficient of fluid resistance for discharge from a tube

onto a baffle ......................................................................................19
Figure 3.5
Bottom view of the actual valve base ...............................................20
Figure 3.6
Regime calculation breakdown.........................................................23
Figure 3.7
Flow point/section communication diagram.....................................24
Figure 3.8
Diagram of iteration cycle performed in EXCEL. Gray

boxes indicate values changed during cycle .....................................25
Figure 3.9
EXCEL model analysis graph of tank pressure vs.

floating piston height for 4.641 lb floating piston ............................26
Figure 3.10

nitrogen mass flow rate for 4.641 lb floating piston.........................26
Figure 3.11

viii
Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15
Modified Regime E EXCEL model analysis graph of tank

pressure vs. nitrogen mass flow rate for 4.641 lb floating
piston.................................................................................................31
Figure 3.16
Floating valve entrance for all regimes.............................................32
Figure 3.17
Beginning of Regime A. dZ = 0.000..............................................33
Figure 3.18
Regime A modeling diagram ............................................................33
Figure 3.19
Beginning of Regime B & end of Regime A. dZ =

0.047 Ledge A of floating piston clears Ledge A of
valve base..........................................................................................34
Figure 3.20
Regime B modeling diagram ............................................................34
Figure 3.21
Beginning of Regime C & end of Regime B. dZ =

0.0895 Ledge B of floating piston clears Ledge B of
valve base..........................................................................................35
Figure 3.22
Regime C modeling diagram ............................................................35
Figure 3.23
Beginning of Regime D & end of Regime C. dZ =

0.188 Flow area of Ledge B gap equals flow area of
Ledge C gap ......................................................................................36
Figure 3.24
Regime D modeling diagram ............................................................36
Figure 3.25
Beginning of Regime E & end of Regime D. dZ = 0.323

Ledge A of floating piston clears Ledge B of valve base .................37
Figure 3.26
Regime E modeling diagram ............................................................37
Figure 3.27
Pressure drop for rectangular section elbows ...................................38
Figure 4.1
Hand-held digital manometer ...........................................................40
Figure 4.2
Static pressure port (top) and gas/liquid input port

(bottom) on base assembly pipe........................................................40
Figure 4.3
Position indicator fixed above small tube which extends

down to the floating piston ...............................................................40
Figure 4.4
500 psig pressure regulator ...............................................................41
Figure 5.1
4.641 lb floating piston Low nitrogen mass flow rate

test result averages ............................................................................45
ix
Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4
4.641 lb floating piston High nitrogen mass flow rate

test results..........................................................................................47
Figure 5.5
Flow past a flat plate .........................................................................49
Figure 5.6
Drag coefficients for different objects ..............................................49
Figure 5.7
Warm vs. cold nitrogen gas experimental results for

8.252 lb floating piston .....................................................................50
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CAPS
Center for Advanced Power Systems
LCP
Linear Cryogenic Pump
LHe
Liquid Helium
LN2
Liquid Nitrogen
LN2 RTS
Liquid Nitrogen Reconditioning and Transfer Station
MLI
Multi-Layer Insulation
SMES
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
xi
ABSTRACT
The design of a unique liquid nitrogen pumping station requires a unique pressure relief
valve. This new relief valve must operate at low pressure differentials, work effectively at low
cryogenic temperatures, and release a wide range of nitrogen vapor mass flow rates. A floating
valve design was selected, one that requires no springs and relieves pressure based upon the
weight of the actuating piston. Before testing began, an analytical flow model of pressure loss
through the valve was completed and valve set pressures were calculated. The purpose of the
valve testing was to both prove the concept of the valve and verify results from the modeling.
Experimental results revealed accurate agreement between the model and the test for low mass
flow rates. However, at high mass flow rates, the model and test results did not agree, as the
effects of vortices above the valve were not included within the model. While the basic concept
and operation of the floating valve were established, further and more precise testing are required
to develop a complete understanding of the valves operation.
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1-1 The Center for Advanced Power Systems

In 2000, The Center for Advanced Power Systems (CAPS) was established by Florida
State University and the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, in cooperation with the National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), in Tallahassee, FL. The Center for Advanced
Power Systems focuses on advanced power technologies with particular emphasis on
transportation systems, as well as traditional utility systems [CAPS]. CAPS is also interested in
the application of recent advances in power semiconductors, materials, advanced controls, and
superconductivity to advanced power system technologies [CAPS].
CAPS moved into a new facility in 2003, establishing one of the premier power research
facilities in the country. Because of CAPS early affiliation with the NHMFL, a portion of the
Office of Naval Research (ONR) funding was earmarked for research in superconductivity.
Eventually, specific programs in superconducting materials, motors, transformers, and magnetic
energy storage devices were developed. The latter of this list, superconducting magnetic energy
storage, and its supporting systems, created the basic need for the project described in this thesis.
1-2 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

The need for a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system started with the
implementation of sensitive power electronics in the machinery used by different sectors of
industry (Figure 1.1). Equipment like variable speed drives and induction motors require
uninterruptible, high quality power. Currently, any industry requiring continuous processing
while using these machines is subject to potential problems caused by voltage instabilities.
Therefore, companies need a reliable method to ensure a constant source of power. Large banks
of batteries and capacitors may work for smaller applications, but a SMES unit is designed for
applications that require megawatts of supplemental power within fractions of a second.
1-2.1 Superconductivity
The advantages of a SMES system are based on the properties of superconducting
materials, or superconductors. When an electrical current is induced through a normal material
like copper, some energy is dissipated due to resistive heating, which represents lost electrical
energy (lost work). With superconductors, once they are cooled below a critical temperature,
their electrical resistance becomes zero1; hence, they

become perfect conductors of electricity. In a
superconducting loop, direct electrical current can
theoretically flow forever, as long as the
superconductor is kept below its critical
temperature, which varies for each superconducting
C
material. In addition to offering little or no
resistance to electrical flow, the current density of
superconducting wires is many times greater than
traditional copper wire [American Superconductor].
One popular application of metal wire is the
A
B
electromagnet. When an electrical current flows
through a metal wire, the wire generates a magnetic
field. Coiling the wire around a common center can
increase this magnetic field. The more wrappings of
wire around the coil, the more powerful the
FIGURE 1.1 SMES SUPERCONDUCTING
electromagnet. Common examples of
COIL (A), WITH COIL SPLICES AND LHE
electromagnets are electric motors, speakers, and
VENTS (B) INSIDE VACUUM VESSEL (C)
solenoids. Another important use of the
electromagnet is its ability to store energy. However, because of the electrical resistance of the
wire in the coil, electromagnets are neither highly efficient nor effective at storing energy. With
the discovery of superconductivity, a traditional electromagnet can now become a
superconducting magnet by using a superconductor as the coil material. Now, all the benefits of
superconductivity can be transferred and applied to make an even more powerful and efficient
magnet.
1-2.2 Cryogenics
Without the science of cryogenics, superconducting technology would not exist.
Cryogenics is the branch of physics that deals with the production and effects of very low
temperatures [Merriam-Webster]. In order to reach the critical temperatures of a
superconductor, cryogenic systems comprised of fluids like liquid helium (LHe) and liquid
nitrogen (LN2) are necessary. Early superconductor critical temperatures were below 10 K. The
only element that does not freeze at this temperature is helium, which liquefies at 4.2 K, at 1 atm
(Figure 1.2). Because of this uniqueness, LHe became the choice fluid for cooling
superconductors with critical temperatures above 4.2 K. However, in order to produce LHe, an
intense refrigeration process must occur. Huge amounts of energy are spent to cool helium from
room temperature (298 K, 77 F) to liquid temperature (4.2 K, -452 F). This is a difference of
over 500 F! As technology improves, the efficiency of this process increases. But, it still
remains very costly. Currently, the CAPS SMES uses a niobium-titanium (NbTi)
superconductor, with critical temperature of 9 K, and is designed to operate at LHe temperatures.
In addition to cooling the superconductors below their critical temperatures, in a system
like the SMES, cryogens are relied upon to transfer heat away from the magnetic coil (typically
its non-superconducting components) and provide a shield that intercepts thermal radiation from
the outside environment. To accomplish this, the superconducting loops are enclosed in baths of
1
A superconductor carries direct current (DC) with near-100% efficiency, but still exhibits a slight dissipation of
energy with alternating current (AC).
cryogenic fluids, which may be either flowing or (in a few cases) stationary. As long as the
cryogens successfully transfer heat away from the superconducting coils, thus keeping the
superconductors below their critical temperature, the magnetic field will remain active.
1-2.3 Thermal Radiation and the Liquid Nitrogen Shield

There are three basic modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the
adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles [engel], and can
occur in solids, liquid, or gases. Conduction is typically greater in solids because they are much
more dense, thus their particles are closer together. Convection is the mode of energy transfer
between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas which is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid motion. The faster the fluid motion, the greater the
convective heat transfer [engel]. If the fluid becomes motionless, conduction between the
solid surface and the fluid becomes the primary heat transfer mode. Radiation is the energy
emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves [engel]. There are many types of
radiation (i.e. X-rays, gamma rays, radio waves) but thermal radiation, or radiation emitted by
objects because of their temperature, is the most important for heat transfer problems. Radiation
does not require a medium (such as a solid, liquid, or gas) in which to travel. For example, the
energy from the sun reaches Earth through the vacuum of space by means of radiation.
Several steps are taken to minimize heat transfer input into the SMES superconducting
coil. For conduction, contact points between metals are
reduced and materials with low thermal conductivities
are chosen. For convection, a vacuum is produced
inside the SMES vessel. For radiation, shields are
installed between the hot and cold surfaces. These
shields may consist of a multilayer insulation (MLI) of
highly reflective material (similar to aluminum foil, and
seen on many spacecraft or satellites orbiting the earth)
or a single layer containing a moving fluid of either
liquid or vapor (as designed for the CAPS SMES).
MLI is the new technology for radiation insulation and
is very lightweight and effective. However, MLI
requires 30-80 layers to be effective, and is very
expensive to purchase and install. The second method
uses liquid or vapor shields to surround the primary
(inner) cryogen. A secondary cryogen (most
commonly LN2) is circulated through the shield to
absorb incoming radiation. Studies have shown that
by using a liquid nitrogen shield, approximately 99.6%
of the total radiant heat influx can be intercepted by the
less expensive liquid [Timmerhaus & Flynn].
Because of the low cost of LN2 relative to LHe, this
design may save costs in the long term. In contrast, this
technique increases the weight of the entire system, and
FIGURE 1.2 TEMPERATURE SCALE
has the constant need for the secondary liquid cryogen.
DISPLAYING ABSOLUTE ZERO (0K),
Vapor shields typically use the cold gas from the
NITROGEN BOILING POINT (77K), AND
primary liquid cryogen to absorb incoming radiation.
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS (298K)
3
FIGURE 1.3 SMES WITHOUT LN2 SHIELD (LEFT) AND WITH LN2 SHIELD (RIGHT)
This set-up eliminates the need for an additional cryogenic liquid, but the radiant heat intercept
ability is less when compared to the liquid shield.
The selection of a thermal radiation shield for the CAPS SMES depended upon two
factors: availability of LN2 and cost. A future goal of CAPS is to provide LN2 onsite for the
different users within CAPS. The SMES will be just one of these users. The impending
availability of LN2 was a driving factor for incorporating a LN2 shield, as opposed to a simple He
vapor shield, into the SMES design. MLI was eliminated because of the costs associated with
wrapping the relatively large surface of the SMES with 30-80 layers. Without a shielding device
like the LN2 shield, the inner LHe of the superconducting coil at 4K (-452F) absorbs thermal
radiation from the SMES vessel at 298K (77F) (Figure 1.3, left). When a LN2 shield is
installed, the inner LHe at 4K only absorbs thermal radiation from the LN2 at 77K (-321F)
(Figure 1.3, right). The radiation surface temperature difference for the superconducting coil is
reduced from over 290K (500F) to merely 73K (131F). From the thermal radiation equation
(Eq. 1.1), it is evident that reducing the temperature difference can greatly reduce the overall
radiation energy.
4
Q& rad = A(Ts4 Tsurr
)
(EQ. 1.1)
= surface emissivity
= Stefan - Boltzmann constant
where
A = surface area
Ts = surface temperature
Tsurr = surrounding temperature
With implementation of a LN2 shield, the inner LHe enclosure absorbs less radiation energy and
thus uses less overall LHe, which results in a more cost effective solution for CAPS in the long
term.
1-3 Liquid Nitrogen Reconditioning and Transfer Station

The design of the liquid nitrogen (LN2) shield for the SMES requires a method by which
to circulate the LN2. Current methods simply rely upon differential pressure as the driving
forcehigh pressure LN2 at the inlet flows to a lower pressure at the outlet. Consequently, only
by changing the differential pressure can the mass flow rate of the LN2 be changed, and this
action may either be slow or not even available to the user. In the event of a critical heat flux
into the LN2 shield, the mass flow rate must be able
to increase immediately to carry away the
additional heat load. Hence, engineers at Air
Products and Chemicals have developed a special
pump for cryogenic fluids that allows the mass flow
rate and pressure of a cryogenic fluid system to be
modified instantly. And, for its particular
application at CAPS for the SMES unit, a
supporting system, or reconditioning and transfer
station, was designed for this pump at Air Products
and Chemicals. This section describes the basic
layout and function of the LN2 reconditioning and
transfer station (LN2 RTS), and outlines the area
where this thesis is concentrated.
1-3.1 Linear Cryogenic Pump
Stator
Armature
FIGURE 1.4 CYLINDRICAL AIR GAP LINEAR
MOTOR, BY CALIFORNIA LINEAR DEVICES
The design of the LN2 RTS is primarily based around the linear cryogenic pump (LCP).
The LCP was designed, patented, and built by Air Products and Chemicals, based in Allentown,
PA. Cryogenic refers to the LCPs application to the extreme operating conditions of the
cryogenic world. Its special design considerations help reduce heat leak into the LN2 flow and
ensure that its materials will withstand the low operating temperatures. Linear corresponds to
the action of the LCPs cylindrical air gap linear motor, designed by California Linear Devices,
based in Carlsbad, CA. The motor is actually an electro-magnetic motor that converts electrical
energy into the mechanical linear motion. The motors center armature (Figure 1.4) behaves
similarly to that of a car engines pistonmotion is uniaxial (side-to-side in Figure 1.4). This
linear, reciprocating armature is controlled by a fully programmable microprocessor, which can
vary the armatures stroke, speed, acceleration, and motion delay. Pump describes the basic
purpose of the LCPcirculating a fluid at a specific pressure and mass flow rate around a fluid
circuit. The pumping action of the LCP is produced as the armature applies force onto the fluid.
The faster the armature movement, the higher the pressure and mass flow rate. The designed
discharge pressure for the LCP is 250 psi, and the maximum volumetric flow rate is 3.5 gpm at a
speed of 100 cpm.
1-3.2 300-Gallon Liquid Nitrogen Tank

The second major component of the LN2 RTS is the 300-gallon LN2 tank. This tank was
originally built by Air Products and Chemicals in 1962 as a storage dewar for liquid oxygen.
Several modifications are planned to retrofit this tank to the desired needs and specifications of
CAPS and the LN2 RTS.
The primary purpose of the 300-gallon tank is to act as an interface between the LN2
main supply, the LCP, and the equipment requiring LN2. The basic system is shown in Figure
1.5. This system represents a closed-loop system, where the outputs from the SMES and
multiple end-users at CAPS are returned to the 300-gallon tank. By recycling the LN2, CAPS is
conserving LN2 (and consequently money). However, the design of such a closed-loop system
demands an interface or buffer volume, like the 300-gallon tank, that can both equalize various
incoming pressures and exchange heat absorbed by the LN2.
The 300-gallon tanks inner operating pressure is uniqueless than 1 psi above
atmospheric pressure. This specification is explained further in the following section. One
5
FIGURE 1.5 LN2 SYSTEM LAYOUT OF MAJOR COMPONENTS.

LP = LOW PRESSURE; MP = MEDIUM PRESSURE; HP = HIGH PRESSURE
problem associated with the low operating pressure is the design of a suitable nitrogen (N2) gas
vent. In consideration of safety, all pressure vessels must have an inherent method to relieve
internal pressure. These relief devices differ depending upon the application. For cryogenic
vessels, the extreme temperature difference between the cryogen and the atmosphere complicates
the solution. In cooperation with engineers at Air Products and Chemicals, this thesis project
focuses on the design, analysis, and testing of a relief valve for the 300-gallon tank.
1-3.3 LN2 Cycle in the LN2 RTS

The primary purpose of the LN2 RTS is to pump liquid nitrogen through the shield of the
SMES. During this process, it is important that the LN2 remain liquid throughout the shield and
all system piping. If the pressure drop or energy influx is too large, vapor will form within the
flow. Vapor introduction causes flow instabilities and pressure fluctuations, which are
undesirable. When LN2 is on the saturated liquid curve (Figure 1.6, #1), any additional energy
(enthalpy) begins producing vapor (#2). To prevent any vapor production in the shield and
piping, the pressure of LN2 must be increased. Figure 1.7 shows the simplified steady-state cycle
of LN2 through the SMES system:
#1-2: LN2 pressure is increased by LCP to a set pressure; small energy
influx from LCP.
#2-3: Large energy influx from SMES shield; small pressure drop
from piping.
#3-4: Large pressure drop as LN2 returns to 300-gallon tank; energy
absorbed in LN2 by cycle is released as vapor.
#4-1: LN2 remaining after vapor boil-off is reused by LCP; N2 vapor accumulates
inside top of 300-gallon tank and is released by N2 valve.
As mentioned earlier, point 3 in Figure 1.7 is the critical point for the cycle. At the end of the
SMES cycle, if point 3 is located left of the saturated liquid curve, the LN2 flow will remain
liquid. However, if the LN2 begins absorbing too much energy, the LCP can increase the
pressure of the LN2 to counter the production of vapor within the cycle. This effect is shown by
points 2*, 3*, and 4* in Figure 1.7. Sensors and instruments are used to monitor LN2 flow and
relay information to the LCP. Because of the various pumping pressures and flow rates, the
vapor produced within the 300-gallon tank is not constant, which is an important factor in the
design of a relief valve for the 300-gallon tank.
FIGURE 1.6 HEATING EFFECT ON SATURATED
FIGURE 1.7 HEATING EFFECT OF SMES CYCLE
LIQUID NITROGEN
ON LIQUID NITROGEN
CHAPTER 2
CRYOGENIC NITROGEN VALVE
2-1 Introduction
To ensure a constant operating pressure inside the 300-gallon tank, a pressure relief valve
must be installed to release the nitrogen vapor accumulating in the top of the tank. This valve is
the basic component of a larger vent system, and is the focus of this thesis project. This chapter
explains the difference between standard pressure relief valves and the CAPS liquid nitrogen
reconditioning and transfer station (LN2 RTS) cryogenic valve. Also, highlights of the design
process for the cryogenic nitrogen valve are discussed.
2-1.1 Pressure Relief Valves

Typical pressure relief valves are actuated by a spring (Figure 2.1), which is adjusted to
allow the valve piston to open at a specific pressure. Hookes Law defines the linear relationship
of springs as:
F = kx
(EQ. 2.1)
F = applied force
x = displacement from equilibrium

k = spring constant
Because most springs have a fixed spring constant,
engineers know the force needed to stretch or compress the
spring a specific distance. In the simple valve example
shown in Figure 2.1, the high-pressure fluid applies a force
upon the lower piston. As pressure builds, the spring is
compressed as the piston is pushed upwards. Eventually,
the lower pistons bottom surface will reach the vent hole,
and flow movement will occur. The initial pressure at
which this occurs is the valves set pressure, and depends
upon both the type of spring and its initial state of
compression (which can be adjusted). To increase the flow
rate through the valve, the lower piston must continue to
rise in order to increase the vent hole opening. Raising the
lower piston is accomplished by a pressure increase inside
the tank. For most systems this is acceptable; for the 300gallon tank, pressure must be maintained near the set
pressure, and not deviate above it. Therefore, a spring valve
where,
FIGURE 2.1 SIMPLE SCHEMATIC

OF A SPRING-OPERATED
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
FIGURE 2.2 SIMPLE SCHEMATIC OF A FLOATING RELIEF VALVE;
P = PRESSURE, T = TIME, PS = SET PRESSURE
is not desired for use within the 300-gallon tank.
2-1.2 Floating Valves

Valves that rely upon their weight to regulate pressure are not new. Some flapper valves
use the same technique and most float valves rely upon buoyancy to actuate. The floating valve
design is very similar to Figure 2.1, but without a spring and adjustment screw. The set pressure
for the floating valve can be increased or decreased by adding or subtracting weight from the
floating piston, respectively. Figure 2.2 demonstrates the basic operation of the LN2 RTS
floating valve. In Figure 2.2a, pressure steadily increases with time with the build-up of nitrogen
vapor. During this phase, the weight of the piston is greater than the force applied by the
pressure. There is no nitrogen vapor flow movement. In Figure 2.2b, the force of the pressure
balances the weight of the piston, and the piston is free to move. Eventually, pressure is released
as nitrogen vapor escapes through the vent hole. The vent hole may never be fully open for lowflow cases. Also, a sinusoidal or simmering effect is expected as pressure builds and is
subsequently released. In Figure 2.2c, increased flows of nitrogen vapor will force the vent hole
completely open. The simmering effect is gone, and ideally, the pressure inside the tank will
stabilize around the set pressure (PS). However, the valve will have a critical flow rate, where
pressure inside the tank will begin rising due to the fixed vent hole area.
2-2 Valve Design

Several factors must be evaluated before a final valve design and its dimensions are
produced. This section discusses the requirements and expected performance of a valve for the
LN2 RTS.
2-2.1 LN2 RTS Nitrogen Requirements

The primary sizing factor for the valve is the nitrogen mass flow rate. Throughout the
operation of the LN2 RTS, this mass flow rate may vary significantly, depending mostly on the
heat load from the SMES shields. The heat load is estimated to be a minimum 100W for steadystate operation and a maximum 600W for SMES shield cool-down. Intuitively, the nitrogen
mass flow rate should increase to maintain effective cooling of the shields during cool-down.
However, by pressurizing the liquid nitrogen into a subcooled state, more enthalpy (heat) is
required to vaporize the liquid (see the example in section 1-3.3). Therefore, the required
increase of nitrogen mass flow rate is not so severe.
The linear cryogenic pump (LCP) design discharge pressure is 250 psi (1.737 MPa), but
nominally operates at a discharge pressure of 200 psi (1.379 MPa). Table 2.1 shows the enthalpy
benefit of subcooling liquid nitrogen within the LN2 RTS circuit. The enthalpy change required
to reach the saturated liquid line on Nitrogens Pressure vs. Enthalpy diagram (Figure A.1) is
shown in the h vapor column. The corresponding temperature change is shown in the T
vapor column.
TABLE 2.1
ENTHALPY COMPARISONS FOR SUBCOOLED LIQUID NITROGEN
Temp (K)
77.35
77.35
77.35
77.35
Pressure (psi)
14.7
75
150
200
h vapor (kJ/kg)
0
35.96
58.43
70.00
T vapor (K)
0
17.06
26.90
31.59
At a subcooled pressure of 200 psi at 77.35 K, liquid nitrogens temperature can increase over 31
K before it begins to vaporize. The required mass flow rate of nitrogen ( m& N 2 ) can be calculated
from the heat load (Pheat) and the enthalpy change (hheat) from the temperature increase (Theat):
P
(EQ. 2.2)
m& N 2 = heat
hheat
Table 2.2 shows the results from Eq. 2.2, for a range of values for Pheat and Theat, at 200 psi.
10
TABLE 2.2
Pheat (W)
N2 MASS FLOW RATES (KG/S) CALCULATED AT 200 PSI
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
2.5
7.5
0.1180
0.1080
0.0980
0.0880
0.0790
0.0690
0.0590
0.0490
0.0390
0.0290
0.0200
0.0590
0.0540
0.0490
0.0440
0.0390
0.0340
0.0290
0.0240
0.0200
0.0150
0.0098
0.0390
0.0360
0.0330
0.0290
0.0260
0.0230
0.0200
0.0160
0.0130
0.0098
0.0065
Theat (K)
10
15
0.0290
0.0270
0.0240
0.0220
0.0190
0.0170
0.0150
0.0120
0.0097
0.0073
0.0049
0.0190
0.0180
0.0160
0.0140
0.0130
0.0110
0.0096
0.0080
0.0064
0.0048
0.0032
20
25
30
0.0140
0.0130
0.0120
0.0110
0.0095
0.0083
0.0071
0.0059
0.0047
0.0036
0.0024
0.0110
0.0100
0.0093
0.0084
0.0075
0.0065
0.0056
0.0047
0.0037
0.0028
0.0019
0.0091
0.0084
0.0076
0.0068
0.0061
0.0053
0.0046
0.0038
0.0030
0.0023
0.0015
FIGURE 2.3 NITROGEN MASS FLOW RATE FOR TEMPERATURE CHANGE VS. HEAT LOAD
11
As expected, the nitrogen mass flow rate is lowest for low SMES shield heat load (Pheat) and high
liquid nitrogen temperature change (Theat). Table 2.2 and Figure 2.3 help define the operating
range of the floating valve. If a maximum Theat of 10 K is desired, the valve must have the
ability to release 0.029 kg/s of vapor at 600 W; for a maximum Theat of 5K, a release of 0.059
kg/s of vapor is required.
Finally, the required nitrogen mass flow rate to cool the SMES shields must be compared
to the mass flow rate available from the LCP. At 100% pump speed (at 100 cycles per minute),
the LCP pumps 3.5 gpm of liquid nitrogen. This volumetric flow rate ( v&LCP ) is equivalent to
2.208E-4 m3/s. Liquid nitrogens density (LN2) of 809.94 kg/m3 (77.35 K, 200 psi) and
Equation 2.3 yield a maximum LCP nitrogen mass flow rate of 0.1788 kg/s.
m& LCP = v&LCP LN 2
(EQ. 2.3)
The required nitrogen mass flow rate for the SMES shields is well within the pumping capacity
of the LCP, as shown in Table 2.3.
TABLE 2.3
Heat load (W)
PERCENTAGE OF LCP PUMPING CAPACITY REQUIRED (200 PSI)
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
2.5
65.9
60.4
54.9
49.4
43.9
38.5
33.0
27.5
22.0
16.5
11.0
32.9
30.1
27.4
24.6
21.9
19.2
16.4
13.7
11.0
8.2
5.5
Temperature Change (K)

7.5
10
15
20
25
30
21.8
20.0
18.2
16.4
14.5
12.7
10.9
9.1
7.3
5.5
3.6
6.3
5.7
5.2
4.7
4.2
3.7
3.1
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.0
5.1
4.7
4.2
3.8
3.4
3.0
2.5
2.1
1.7
1.3
0.8
16.3
14.9
13.6
12.2
10.9
9.5
8.1
6.8
5.4
4.1
2.7
10.8
9.9
9.0
8.1
7.2
6.3
5.4
4.5
3.6
2.7
1.8
8.0
7.3
6.6
6.0
5.3
4.6
4.0
3.3
2.7
2.0
1.3
2-2.2 Specifications for a New Valve

While the liquid nitrogen pumped through the LN2 RTS circuit is pressurized to 200 psig,
the pressure inside the 300-gallon tank must be maintained at less than 1.0 psig above
atmospheric pressure. A pressure relief valve for the 300-gallon tank must meet this
specification. The new valve must also allow both low and high mass flow rates of nitrogen
vapor to escapeapproximately 0.005 kg/s to 0.18 kg/s (about 0.5 to 24 lb/min). The low mass
flow rates represent normal steady-state operation of the LN2 RTS, while cool-down of the
SMES LN2 shield is represented by the high mass flow rates. In order to prevent backflow into
the 300-gallon tank, the valve must permit only one-directional flow and seal effectively when
no-flow cases exist. Finally, the valve must operate at 80K.
12
2-2.3 LN2 RTS Floating Valve

In an effort to meet the above specifications for a new valve, Air Products and Chemicals
proposed a floating valve design. This design does not incorporate a spring to counter the tank
inner pressure, but simply relies upon the weight of a floating piston inside the valve. Once the
set pressure is reached and the weight of the floating piston is overcome, the floating piston lifts
and allows the N2 vapor to escape. When cases of increased N2 flow occur, no additional force is
needed to lift the pistonpressure inside the tank does not exceed the operating level. When noflow cases exist, an o-ring in the floating piston seals to prevent a backflow of gas.
Figure 2.2 showed simple examples of floating pressure relief valves. The actual valve
for the 300-gallon tank in the LN2 RTS is very similar, with a few modifications. Figure 2.4
shows a section view of the RTS floating valve in Autodesk Inventor, a 3D modeling computer
program. This valve is comprised of five pieces, shown as:
A) Valve housingstainless steel tube
B) Valve basestainless steel
C) Valve center pinstainless steel
D) Valve floating pistonbrass
E) Valve piston o-ringTeflon
The valve is symmetric around the center axis. Flow enters the bottom through slots in the valve
base (also shown in Fig. 3.5), passes by the o-ring, and finally exits into the space above the
piston. The floating piston is limited to vertical motion by the center pin, which is secured to the
base. A groove secures the piston o-ring to the piston. When pressure inside the tank is not high
enough to lift the piston, the piston o-ring sits on the base, effectively sealing the inner tank
region from the outer environment.
Most of the parts are made from stainless steel because it has both a low thermal
conductivity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. Brass was chosen for the floating
piston to create a dissimilar metal interaction between the piston and the center pin. While the
coefficient of thermal
expansion for brass is greater
than that of stainless steel, the
difference is not expected to
cause problems. Teflon was
chosen above a more common
o-ring material like rubber
because it has greater
survivability in cryogenic
environments.
The contour of the
mating interface between the
base and the floating piston
was designed to both minimize
the expected simmering
phenomena described
previously and support the
transition between low- and
high-flow cases. Optimization
FIGURE 2.4 CROSS-SECTION OF ACTUAL RTS FLOATING VALVE
of this interface was not
13
performed, but test results should provide

evidence of success or failure of these two
goals.
The floating valve is only one subassembly of the larger vent system for the
RTS. While the entire vent system was
designed over the course of this project, only
the performance of the floating valve was
analyzed.
2-2.4 Valve Supporting Structure

With the exception of one non-critical
aluminum piece, the entire valve supporting
structure is made of 304/304L stainless steel.
The structure is composed of a series of
interlocking pipes and flanges that support
one another and ultimately the valve. Figure
2.5 shows a section view of the structure in
Autodesk Inventor. The base assembly of the
supporting structure is colored blue. The
entire valve assembly connects to this
modified weld-neck flange and pipe. The
next assembly is the valve housing assembly,
colored green. The valve base and pipe slide
into the base assembly, with a modified slipon flange bolting to the weld-neck flange.
Finally, the top assembly, colored red, slides
into the valve housing assembly and prevents
the floating piston from lifting above the
valve center pin. The top assembly is
connected to the previous assemblies by two
sets of threaded rods and nuts (not shown in
Figure 2.5 for clarity of the entire structure).
This assembly also contains parts that will be
ultimately modified for future installation
into the 300-gallon tank.
FIGURE 2.5 CROSS-SECTION OF VALVE AND

SUPPORTING STRUCTIRE
14
CHAPTER 3
FLOATING VALVE ANALYSIS
3-1 Introduction
In order to verify the design of the liquid nitrogen reconditioning and transfer station
(LN2 RTS) floating valve, two values must be calculated. First, the set pressure of the valve
must be determined, since the primary function of the floating valve is to relieve pressure inside
the 300-gallon tank. Second, the pressure drop across the valve must be calculated because the
pressure difference between the 300-gallon tank and the atmosphere is small. Most industrial
valves and fittings have a head loss factor associated with them, allowing system designers to
anticipate pressure losses. Because the LN2 RTS floating valve is unique, no such data exists for
its design. Bernoullis Equation and other loss coefficients are used to calculate the pressure
drop across the valve.
3-2 Valve Set Pressure

The set pressure of the LN2 RTS floating valve is determined by the design of the floating
piston. For zero mass flow rate cases, only the downward weight of the piston (Eq. 3.1) counters
the upward force applied by the gage pressure in the 300-gallon tank (Figure 3.1). This upward
force is calculated from the effective surface area on the piston enclosed by the piston o-ring (Eq.
3.2).
W piston = F = m g
(EQ. 3.1)
W piston = Piston Weight

where,
F = Force
m = mass
g = gravitational acceleration
F = Pg Aoring
(EQ. 3.2)
Pg = gage pressure of tank

where,
D2
= o - ring area
4
A relationship between the piston weight and the tank pressure is established by:
15
Aoring =
W piston
(EQ. 3.3)
= Pg
Aoring
The results from Eq 3.3 are shown in Table 3.1. From this table, the correct piston weight can be
determined from the desired tank inner pressure. From Table 3.1, two general relationships
between tank pressure and piston weight can be made: 0.0822 psig lb and 12.16 lb psig .
Basically, for every one pound of piston weight, the set pressure increases by 0.0822 psig. Also,
for every 1 psig of desired set pressure, 12.16 lb of piston weight is required.
While Table 3.1 represents the important initial set pressure for the valve, once the valve
is opened, the set pressure changes due to a change in area in Equation 3.3. As the piston lifts,
the effective area increases. With the piston weight remaining constant, the tank pressure
decreases. If the effective area remains constant at stages during valve operation, the tank
pressure will begin to settle upon a new set pressure. This effect is discussed in Section 3-5.4.
By using gage pressure for the 300-gallon tank, the additional downward force on the
floating piston from atmospheric pressure is disregarded. Initially, it was assumed that the
pressure immediately above the floating piston was atmospheric pressure. For the static case of
the set pressure and low nitrogen mass flow rates, this assumption is valid. However, once large
amounts of nitrogen vapor begin flowing through the valve, the pressure immediately above the
floating piston is not atmospheric pressurean additional force from pressure must be added to
the calculation.
TABLE 3.1
INTERNAL TANK PRESSURE VS. PISTON WEIGHT
Tank Press.
(psig)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Piston Weight Tank Press.

(lb)
(psig)
2.0
0.164
2.5
0.206
3.0
0.247
3.5
0.288
4.0
0.329
4.5
0.37
5.0
0.411
5.5
0.452
6.0
0.493
Piston Weight
(lb)
2.432
3.648
4.865
6.081
7.297
8.513
9.729
10.945
12.161
3-3 Pressure Drop with Bernoullis Equation

The Bernoulli Equation is a powerful and useful equation because it relates pressure
changes to velocity and elevation changes along a streamline [Fox & McDonald]. By creating a
map of fluid velocity through the LN2 RTS floating valve with the continuity equation, changes
in pressure are easily calculated with the Bernoulli Equation. However, before the Bernoulli
Equation can be used, several assumptions must be made concerning the nitrogen vapor flow
through the valve.
16
3-3.1 Flow Assumptions

In order to develop the Bernoulli
Equation from Eulers equations for motion,
four assumptions are made: frictionless,
Piston Weight
steady, incompressible, streamline flow.
First, the nitrogen vapor flow is assumed
frictionless through the valve because the
viscous losses are small compared to the
pressure losses associated with the valves
internal geometry. Second, the flow is
Tank Pressure
assumed steady because only steady-state
conditions will be tested. Third, the flow is
assumed incompressible because the
nitrogen vapor velocity throughout the valve
FIGURE 3.1 FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF
never exceeds a Mach number of 0.3.
FLOATING PISTON
Fourth, the flow is calculated along a
streamline that represents the average conditions of the flow for a given flow area.
3-3.2 Basic Equations

With these assumptions, Bernoullis Equation between two points on a streamline
reduces to:
p1 V12
p
V2
+
+ g z1 = 2 + 2 + g z 2
(EQ. 3.4)
2
By stating that z1 = z2, and rearranging Equation 3.4:
p1 p 2 =
(V22 V12 )
(EQ. 3.5)
p = pressure
= density
V = velocity
g = gravitational constant
z = height
Equation 3.5 is important because it shows that the pressure drop between two points on a
streamline is directly related to the change in velocity of the moving fluid. The pressure in
Bernoullis Equation is commonly referred to as thermodynamic, or static, pressure. By
applying the conservation of mass, or the continuity equation (Eq. 3.6), and rearranging it for the
same two points on the streamline (Eq. 3.7), velocities inside the valve are calculated from the
initial mass flow rate and change of flow area.
(EQ. 3.6)
V d A = 0
where,
CS
1 V1 A1 = 2 V2 A2 = m&
where,
17
A = area
m& = mass flow rate
(EQ. 3.7)
3-3.3 Temperature Influences on Nitrogen

Whether as a liquid or a vapor, many properties of nitrogen are highly dependent upon
temperature. Three of these properties that are important to the floating valve are density,
viscosity, and speed of sound. The calculated pressure changes depend upon nitrogens
densityas temperature increases, the density decreases. The Reynolds number for each flow
point inside the valve depends upon density and viscosityas temperature increases, the
viscosity increases. Lastly, the Mach numbers inside the valve depend upon the local speed of
sound of nitrogenas temperature increases, the speed of sound increases. The temperature
inside the actual valve must be measured to ensure an accurate model of the floating valve.
3-4 Modeling the Floating Valve

The floating valve must be broken down into smaller divisions before the entire pressure
drop across the valve can be calculated. Special applications of Bernoullis Equation are
required for many regions inside the floating valve to ensure accurate modeling. This section
describes the modeling method used inside the floating valve.
3-4.1 Flow Regimes

As the floating piston rises and falls above the valve base, the flow streamlines inside the
valve change due to the unique profiles of these parts. The modeling technique must be varied to
ensure accurate modeling of the entire performance of the floating valve. Flow between the
piston and the base can be divided into five sections or regimes, all dependent upon the piston
height above the base. Regimes A-E are shown at the end of the chapter (Figures 3.17-3.26), and
are described in further detail in this section. These figures are two-dimensional cross-sections
of the valve and in each figure, dZ refers to the height of the floating piston above the valve base.
FIGURE 3.2 REGIONS OF THE FLOATING VALVE
18
3-4.2 Flow Geometries

A modeling standard must be
developed for each type of geometry
contained in the nitrogen flow path of
the floating valve. The valve geometries
can be classified into six basic
categories: contraction, expansion,
converging nozzle, diverging nozzle,
baffle, and elbow. Each flow regime is
further divided into flow sections, which
are outlined by specifically chosen flow
points. It is these flow sections that are
classified as contraction, diverging
nozzle, etc. All of the critical valve
FIGURE 3.3 LOSS COEFFICIENTS FOR SUDDEN FLOW
AREA CHANGES [FOX & MCDONALD]
regions that help define the flow points
and sections are shown in Figure 3.2.
Contraction and expansion refer to flow sections that contain an abrupt or sudden change
in flow area. This flow area change may occur within a channel or describe the entrance or exit
to/from a plenum chamber. A plenum is an air-filled space in a structure [Merriam-Webster].
The modeling method for contractions and expansions was taken directly from Fox &
McDonald. Their insight and graphs (Figure 3.3) provided valuable information for head losses
associated with sudden changes of flow area. From Figure 3.3, area ratios (AR) of 0.0 represent
flow to/from a plenum chamber. As the graph indicates, the loss coefficient for contractions, KC,
is found from the bottom left-hand curve. Accordingly, the loss coefficient for expansions, KE,
is found from the top right-hand curve. Also, the velocity used in each head loss equation refers
only to the flow through the smaller flow area, and not a difference between flow velocities (a
modification from Bernoullis Equation). Finally, pressure drop is calculated by multiplying the
head loss by the flow density. Every regime contains contractions and expansions.
Converging and diverging nozzles refer to flow sections containing gradual reductions
FIGURE 3.4 COEFFICIENT OF FLUID RESISTANCE FOR DISCHARGE FROM A TUBE

ONTO A BAFFLE [FRIED & IDELCHIK]
19
and enlargements, respectively, in flow area. A

converging nozzle modeled the flow between Plenum B
and Ledge B for all regimes except Regime E. A
diverging nozzle was used to model the nitrogen flow
through Channel 1 and the O-ring Gap because the flow
area slightly increases due to the radial increase along the
flow path. Pressure drop through the nozzle is calculated
with the simplified Bernoullis Equation (Eq. 3.2) and a
flow efficiency term, as described in Section 3-4.9.
Flow entering the floating valve at Channel 1,
exiting Plenum A, is modeled in all regimes as flow
obstructed by a baffle. A baffle is a device (as a plate,
FIGURE 3.5 BOTTOM VIEW OF THE
wall, or screen) to deflect, check, or regulate flow (as of a
ACTUAL VALVE BASE
fluid, light, or sound) [Merriam-Webster]. This baffle is
basically the floating piston, and Fried and Idelchik have a
good approximation in their text (Figure 3.4). However, two geometrical assumptions must be
made. First, the coefficient of fluid resistance, , for discharge from a tube onto a baffle is a
function of the piston height divided by the flow diameter through the valve base. Figure 3.5
shows a bottom view of the actual valve base, with three cutouts for flow to enter Plenum A of
the valve. The total flow area through these cutouts is known, and an equivalent flow diameter,
D0, must be calculated. Second, as the flow transitions from Plenum A to Channel 1, the valve
base is not filleted, but rather chamfered. An equivalent radius must be assumed, which yields
an r D0 ratio of about 0.1. While this is lower than the approximation allows, for this analysis,
a 0.2 ratio was used.
Finally, a rectangular-section elbow models nitrogen flow through 90 bends in the
floating valve. This technique is used in Regimes A, C, and D. Fried & Idelchik (Figure 3.27)
provide a detailed description on determining pressure drop for this type of elbow. Case 1 in
Figure 3.27 was not valid due to low Reynolds numbers in the floating valve, which were on the
order of 104. Therefore, the modified Case 2, with Equation 3.8, was used.
= k k Re loc
where
(EQ. 3.8)
= total loss coefficient

k = roughness coefficient
k Re = Re coefficient
loc = elbow coefficient

The values for loc and kRe were used as described in Figure 3.27. However, since all the
surfaces inside the floating valve are smooth, the roughness coefficient was taken to be 1.0.
3-4.3 Floating Valve Entrance

Entrance into the floating valve is modeled identically for each of the regimes discussed
in the following sections, and is shown in Figure 3.16. For all regimes, Point 0 (P-0) describes
the conditions inside the base assembly pipe (refer to Figure 2.5) and Point 1 (P-1) describes the
conditions inside the valve base (refer to B in Figure 2.4). The transition between P-0 and P-1 is
always modeled as a contraction.
20
3-4.4 Regime A
Regime A (Figures 3.17 and 3.18) begins at 0.000 and ends at a floating piston height of
0.046. Interestingly, the critical flow area is shared between two points. Until a height of
0.019, the highest velocities in Regime A are at Point A5. After this height, and for the
remainder of Regime A, the critical flow area is at Point A12.
During steady-state operation of the LN2 RTS, it is expected that the valve will remain in
Regime A. The mass flow rate of N2 gas leaving the 300-gallon tank should not exceed the mass
flow rate calculated for Regime A.
3-4.5 Regime B
Regime B (Figures 3.19 and 3.20) begins at 0.048, where Ledge A of the piston reaches
Ledge A of the base, and ends at a floating piston height of 0.088. For the entirety of Regime
B, the critical flow area is located at Ledge B, or Point B11 (which corresponds to Point A12).
3-4.6 Regime C
Regime C (Figures 3.21 and 3.22) begins at 0.090, where Ledge B of the piston reaches
Ledge B of the base, and ends at a floating piston height of 0.186. For the entirety of Regime
C, the critical flow area is located at Ledge B, or Point C8.
In addition, the expansion from Ledge A (Point C6) into Plenum B has changed. Plenum
B now functions as an elbow that directs flow into Ledge B (Point C8).
3-4.7 Regime D
Regime D (Figures 3.23 and 3.24) begins at 0.188, where the critical flow areas of
Ledge B and Ledge C are equal, and ends at a floating piston height of 0.323. For the entirety
of Regime D, the critical flow area is located at Ledge C, or Point D8.
The modeling of Regime D is not much different than that of Regime C; only two points
were eliminated. Nonetheless, the dramatic shift of critical flow areas between these regimes
provided a basis for creating this additional regime.
3-4.8 Regime E
Regime E (Figures 3.25 and 3.26) begins at 0.325, where Ledge A of the piston reaches
Ledge B of the base, and ends at a floating piston height of about 1.0. For the entirety of
Regime E, the critical flow area is located at Ledge C, or Point E5.
3-4.9 Flow Efficiencies

The pressure calculations from Bernoullis Equation rely upon ideal conditionssmooth
pipes, uniform flow, exact dimensions, etc. However, ideal conditions are seldom the actual
conditions. To account for these actual conditions within the ideal calculations, an efficiency
term must be introduced. Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the effective or useful output to
the total input in any system [Dictionary.com]. The efficiency is always less than one, and is
multiplied or divided into the pressure drop calculation, depending upon the situation. Most
efficiencies for standard machinery applications are well-known, but fluid flow efficiencies
through channels are more abstract. Equation 3.9 shows the efficiency equation for a diverging
nozzle (DN), with Equation 3.10 showing the efficiency equation for a converging nozzle (CN):
Pactual ,DN = DN Pideal ,DN
(EQ. 3.9)
21
Pactual ,CN =
Pideal ,CN
(EQ. 3.10)
CN
where,
Pactual = Actual pressure change
Pideal = Ideal pressure change

For diverging nozzles, the pressure change is positive, and the actual pressure gain is less than
the ideal pressure gain. For converging nozzles, the pressure change is negative, and the actual
pressure loss is greater than the ideal pressure loss.
Efficiency modifications for the contraction/expansion, baffle, and rectangular-section
elbow pressure changes are not required because the calculations have already accounted for the
actual conditions.
3-4.10 Modeling Setup in EXCEL

Microsoft EXCEL provides a valuable calculation platform, and the embedded Visual
Basic program allows many mathematical processes to be programmed. The modeling layout
inside EXCEL is simple. However, before diving into a detailed model explanation, a brief
orientation is necessary.
3-4.10.1 Divisions
There are three main divisions for each regime in the model: flow points, flow sections,
and floater height. As mentioned in Flow Regimes, the definition of flow points and flow
sections depend upon the flow geometry between the floating valve and valve base interface.
While flow points and flow sections are related, each performs a different set of calculations.
Further, all calculations for each flow point and section are dependent upon the floater height, or
dZ. An example of this calculation matrix (showing only the row/column headers) is shown in
Table 3.2. Each regime contains a similar layout, but flow point and flow section names change,
as do the dZ values. Flow points and sections are always listed horizontally, and floater height is
always listed vertically.
3-4.10.2 Flow Point and Flow Section Calculations
Within each flow point, there are several values that need to be calculated: radius, flow
area, velocity, Reynolds number, and pressure. The flow point radius (rpoint) is required to
calculate the flow area (Aflow):
(EQ. 3.11)
A flow = 2 rpo int G
where, G = flow gap (height or width)
TABLE 3.2 CALCULATION MATRIX FOR REGIME DIVISIONS
Point 0
Section 0-1
Point 1
dZ
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
22
Section 1-2
Point 2
The flow area, nitrogen mass flow rate ( m& N 2 ), and nitrogen density (N2) are required to
calculate the point flow velocity (Vpoint):
m& N 2
V po int =
(EQ. 3.12)
N 2 A flow
The point flow velocity, nitrogen density, nitrogen absolute viscosity (N2), and a characteristic
length (L) are required to calculate the Reynolds number (Re):
N 2V po int L
Re =
(EQ. 3.13)
N2
Lastly, the flow point pressure (Ppoint2) is calculated from the previous flow point pressure
(Ppoint1) and the change in pressure of the previous flow section (P1-2):
Ppo int 2 = Ppo int 1 + P1 2
(EQ. 3.14)
Within each flow section, there are also several values that need to be calculated:
average pressure, surface area, average force, and change in pressure. The average pressure for a
flow section (Pavg1-2) is simply the average of the flow points immediately before (Ppoint1) and
after (Ppoint2) the section:
Ppo int 1 + Ppo int 2
(EQ. 3.15)
Pavg1 2 =
2
FIGURE 3.6 REGIME CALCULATION BREAKDOWN
23
The surface area (Asection) is the circular area between the adjacent flow points (rpoint1 and rpoint2)
projected onto the floating piston:
Asec tion = (rpo2 int 2 rpo2 int 1 )
(EQ. 3.16)
The average pressure and surface area are required to calculate the average force (Favg1-2) the
current section applies onto the floating piston:
Favg1 2 = Pavg1 2 Asec tion
(EQ. 3.17)
Finally, the modified Bernoullis Equation, with all associated efficiencies (), is required to
calculate the pressure change within the section (P1-2):
p1 2 =
N2
(V po2 int 2 V po2 int 1 )
(EQ. 3.18)
2
Figures 3.6 and 3.7 summarize the relationship between the floater height, flow points,
and flow sections, as described in Equations 3.11-3.18. Figure 3.6 displays the basic path of
calculations. However, Figure 3.7 reveals the true interconnectivity between the flow points and
sections. Each flow point and flow section transfers information before it and after it, much like
actual fluid flow communicates upstream and downstream.
3-4.10.3 Boundary Conditions
After calculating all the values for every flow point and section within a regime, the only
remaining task is to define boundary conditions. Two primary boundary conditions exist: the
pressure at the last flow point in every regime is assumed to be atmospheric pressure; the total
force from each flow section applied up on the floating piston must equal the weight of the
floating piston pushing down. These conditions also provide goals for the model to converge
upon.
3-4.10.4 Iteration Cycle
In order to complete the model,
two values must be guessed: nitrogen
mass flow rate and 300-gallon tank
pressure. With these inputs, all other flow
point and section values can be calculated.
However, most likely, the boundary
conditions or goals are not initially met,
and an error for both goals is generated.
The flow rate and tank pressure must be
altered, the calculations reworked, and the
errors checked again. An EXCEL
program called goalseek simplifies this
lengthy iteration cycle. The goalseek
function finds a specific result for a cell
by changing the value of another cell.
Basically, goalseek is instructed to both
reduce the last flow point pressure error to
zero by changing the mass flow rate and
FIGURE 3.7 FLOW POINT/SECTION COMMUNICATION
reduce the force error to zero by changing
DIAGRAM
the tank pressure. With a little
24
FIGURE 3.8 DIAGRAM OF ITERATION CYCLE PERFORMED IN
EXCEL. GRAY BOXES INDICATE VALUES CHANGED

DURING CYCLE
programming, Visual Basic can goalseek all the dZ values within a regime from the touch of a
macro button. The iteration cycle is outlined in Figure 3.8.
3-5 EXCEL Model Results for Three Piston Weights

Three separate floating piston weights were tested for the floating valve: 4.641 lb, 6.111
lb, and 8.252 lb. This section describes the set pressure and pressure drop expected for each
case. Because of the similarity between the EXCEL models for all three cases, generalized
remarks are made at the end of this section.
25
3-5.1 Floating Piston Weight: 4.641 lb

The calculated set pressure for a floating piston weight of 4.641 lb is 0.381 psig. Figures
3.9 and 3.10 display the EXCEL model analysis for this floating valve weight. The tabulated
EXCEL model results are in Appendices A-E.
FIGURE 3.9 EXCEL MODEL ANALYSIS GRAPH OF TANK PRESSURE VS. FLOATING
PISTON HEIGHT FOR 4.641 LB FLOATING PISTON
FIGURE 3.10 EXCEL MODEL ANALYSIS GRAPH OF TANK PRESSURE VS. NITROGEN MASS
FLOW RATE FOR 4.641 LB FLOATING PISTON
26

3.11 and 3.12 display the EXCEL model analysis for this floating valve weight.
FIGURE 3.11 EXCEL MODEL ANALYSIS GRAPH OF TANK PRESSURE VS.

FLOATING PISTON HEIGHT FOR 6.111 LB FLOATING PISTON
27

3.13 and 3.14 display the EXCEL model analysis for this floating valve weight.
FIGURE 3.13 EXCEL MODEL ANALYSIS GRAPH OF TANK PRESSURE VS. FLOATING
PISTON HEIGHT FOR 8.252 LB FLOATING PISTON
28
3-5.4 Remarks on the EXCEL Model Results

Basically, a distinctive trend is noticed across the results: both types of graphs have
almost identical profiles for all floating piston weights. Therefore, a general analysis of the two
graph types accurately describes the results for all three piston weights. Please refer to Figure
3.2 for descriptions of the valves internal geometry.
3-5.4.1 First Graph: Tank Pressure vs. Floating Piston Height
This graph shows the calculated tank pressure results for various piston heights, and is
shown in Figures 3.9, 3.11, and 3.13. This TP-PH graph can be divided into three regions:
beginning, middle, and end.
The beginning of all the TP-PH graphs first display a quick pressure drop from the set
pressure. At a piston height of 0.020, the pressure drop for each different piston weight is 23%.
The built-up nitrogen vapor inside the tank is released as the piston initially rises. Until about
0.020, the o-ring gap is the restricting flow area and every thousandth of an inch increase in
piston height allows more nitrogen to flow through the valve, rapidly reducing the tank pressure.
Second, the set pressure and Regime A modeling for each piston weight correlate almost
perfectly to one another, though both were calculated using a different method. This confirms
that the EXCEL model is starting at the correct pressure.
In the middle of each TP-PH graph, pressure gradually decreases as the piston rises, but
slight differences in this decrease are obvious. After a piston height of about 0.020 in Regime
A, the restricting flow area transitions from the o-ring gap to Ledge B, which is a non-varying
flow area until Regime C. Therefore, the latter half of Regime A and all of Regime B exhibit
very small decreases in pressure. A new set pressure is being established. Using the area up to
Ledge B under the piston in Equation 3.3, the new set pressure is 0.265 psig for the 4.641 lb
piston. With the transition to Regime C, the flow area at Ledge B begins increasing as the piston
rises. With a concave down profile, the pressure steadily decreases. However, the beginning of
Regime D signals yet another change in the restricting flow area, from Ledge B to Ledge C.
Because the Ledge C flow area does not change, the tank pressure begins to stabilize, as
evidenced by the concave up profile.
The end of the TP-PH graph is very visible as the tank pressure converges on
approximately 52% of the original set pressure, for all piston weights. This stabilization is most
evidenced in Regime E. The 52% value represents the lowest pressure inside the tank during
valve operationthe additional lifting of the piston caused no change in flow area at Ledge C
and subsequently no decrease in tank pressure. A second new set pressure occurs here. Using
the area up to Ledge C under the piston in Equation 3.3, the new set pressure is 0.187 psig for the
4.641 lb piston. Although the model calculates pressures for piston heights over 1.0, the TP-PH
graphs only show piston heights up to 0.50 for clarity and scaling purposes. However, it is
expected that once nitrogen mass flow rates force the velocity through Ledge C to approach the
sonic velocity for nitrogen, tank pressure will start to increase. This expectation leads the
discussion to the second set of graphs.
3-5.4.2 Second Graph: Tank Pressure vs. Nitrogen Mass Flow Rate
The second set of graphs (Figures 3.10, 3.12, and 3.14) show the dependence of tank
pressure on the nitrogen mass flow rate. The TP-MFR graphs display a more realistic view of
the EXCEL modelin reality, the nitrogen mass flow rate causes the change in floating piston
height and hence the drop in tank pressure. However, due to the unique interface between the
floating piston and the valve base, the simplest method to calculate these values was to vary the
29
piston height, hence Regimes A-E were created. Understanding the TP-PH graphs is facilitated
through analysis of the TP-MFR graphs, which contain the same beginning, middle, and end
regions.
The beginning of the TP-MFR graph behaves similarly to the TP-PH graph in that
initially, there exists a rapid decrease in pressure due to the increase in both mass flow rate and
flow area. As before, the restricting flow area for this case is the o-ring gap. Also, the set
pressure at zero mass flow rate fits nicely with the Regime A curve.
The middle of the TP-MFR graph is also defined by the location of the restricting flow
area. The minimal pressure drops in the TP-PH graphs during the latter part of Regime A and all
of Regime B are clearly visible here also. In addition, the tank pressure and mass flow rate do
not change during Regime B. Very little increase in mass flow rate lifts the floating piston
through Regime B. This is a critical point to understand, because it is evident that a specific
range of floating piston heights neither contribute to nor aid the valve design. This range is
roughly between 0.030 and 0.096, which basically defines the fixed flow area region at Ledge
B. As in the TP-PH graph, the first new set pressure is also seen here. However, once the flow
area at Ledge B is allowed to change (Regime C), a gradual decrease in pressure occurs for an
increase in mass flow rate. For Regime C, the spacing between the model data points on the TPMFR graphs remains relatively uniform. However, with the transition to Regime D, and the
variable flow area at Ledge B replaced by the fixed flow area at Ledge C, the model data point
spacing shrinks. This effect is evidence that the mass flow rate is affecting the piston height
much more. Basically, small changes in mass flow rate are creating large changes in piston
height.
The end of the TP-MFR graph (Regime E) continues the trend started in the middle
section: small increases in mass flow rate cause larger increases in piston height, with little
decrease in tank pressure. However, above a piston height of about 1.0, the nitrogen mass flow
rate and tank pressure change less than 0.02%these properties are no longer affected by the
rise in piston height. As in the TP-PH graph, the second new set pressure occurs here also.
Though the flow area was fixed during Regime E, below 1 piston height, pressure losses were
still obtained from the non-restricting flow areas inside the valve. However, above 1, no
additional pressure losses are achieved inside the valve, as the primary pressure losses result
from Ledge C and the valve entrance at the base. Because the majority of the pressure losses are
centered at Ledge C above a 1 piston height, a tank pressure and mass flow rate relationship
was created as if only Ledge C impeded the nitrogen flowthis calculation is labeled Ledge C
on the TP-MFR graph. This relationship shows that if the mass flow rate is increased above the
calculated levels in Regime E, the tank pressure will begin to rise. Eventually, the tank pressure
will exceed the set pressure. From the Ledge C calculations, Table 3.3 shows when this limit is
reached for each piston weight. After comparing these maximum mass flow rates with those
required by the SMES in Table 2.2, sufficient cooling power is achieved before the set pressures
are finally exceeded.
TABLE 3.3
MAXIMUM MASS FLOW RATE THROUGH LEDGE C BEFORE VALVE SET PRESSURE IS EXCEEDED
30
FIGURE 3.15 MODIFIED REGIME E EXCEL MODEL ANALYSIS GRAPH OF TANK

PRESSURE VS. NITROGEN MASS FLOW RATE FOR 4.641 LB FLOATING PISTON
The Ledge C calculations demonstrate that the tank pressure eventually increases as a
function of the velocity squared. However, the EXCEL model never shows this. It is possible
that the EXCEL model begins breaking down in Regime E, where piston height increases do not
affect flow area and tank pressure. Because the mass flow rate is dependent upon other factors in
the model, it never increases to the Ledge C calculation levels. However, if the model was
altered, holding a constant piston height of 0.325 inches while increasing the nitrogen mass flow
rate through the valve, a new Regime E would develop (see Figure 3.15). The new Regime E
shows a higher tank pressure per mass flow rate than the Ledge C calculations due to its
inclusion of the additional pressure losses inside the valve.
3-5.5 Nitrogen Flow Velocities

One of the assumptions made in Section 3-3.1 for Bernoullis Equation was that the
nitrogen flow was incompressible because the local Mach number (M) (Eq. 3.19) throughout the
floating valve never exceeds 0.3.
V
M =
(EQ. 3.19)
c
V = flow velocity
where,
c = local speed of sound
Besides validating this assumption, it is also important to check for critical, or choked, flow
conditions throughout the valve that would severely limit the mass flow rate. The highest flow
velocities in the floating valve occur at the critical flow areas in each regime. By determining
the local Mach numbers for these critical flow area, both the incompressible assumption and the
choked flow concern can be assessed. Table 3.4 shows the Mach numbers for the greatest local
speeds in each original regime in the floating valve. The nitrogen speed of sound was calculated
at 1 atm, 70 F (test conditions). These values are well within the required limits. Also shown
31
are the velocities at Ledge C, for the maximum flow cases discussed in Table 3.3. These
numbers also effectively describe the conditions of the modified Regime E, shown in Figure
3.15.
TABLE 3.4
MACH NUMBERS FOR CRITICAL FLOW AREAS IN FLOATING VALVE
FIGURE 3.16 FLOATING VALVE ENTRANCE FOR ALL REGIMES
32
FIGURE 3.17 BEGINNING OF REGIME A. DZ = 0.000
FIGURE 3.18 REGIME A MODELING DIAGRAM
33
FIGURE 3.19 BEGINNING OF REGIME B & END OF REGIME A. DZ = 0.047 LEDGE A OF FLOATING
PISTON CLEARS LEDGE A OF VALVE BASE
FIGURE 3.20 REGIME B MODELING DIAGRAM
34
FIGURE 3.21 BEGINNING OF REGIME C & END OF REGIME B. DZ = 0.0895 LEDGE B OF FLOATING
PISTON CLEARS LEDGE B OF VALVE BASE
FIGURE 3.22 REGIME C MODELING DIAGRAM
35
FIGURE 3.23 BEGINNING OF REGIME D & END OF REGIME C. DZ = 0.188 FLOW AREA OF LEDGE B
GAP EQUALS FLOW AREA OF LEDGE C GAP
FIGURE 3.24 REGIME D MODELING DIAGRAM
36
FIGURE 3.25 BEGINNING OF REGIME E & END OF REGIME D. DZ = 0.323 LEDGE A OF FLOATING
PISTON CLEARS LEDGE B OF VALVE BASE
FIGURE 3.26 REGIME E MODELING DIAGRAM
37
FIGURE 3.27 PRESSURE DROP FOR RECTANGULAR SECTION ELBOWS
[FRIED & IDELCHIK]
38
CHAPTER 4
VALVE TESTING
4-1 Introduction
With flow analysis results from EXCEL, a full-scale test was designed to validate the
computational analysis. This test included building and assembling an accurate working model
of the valve and its supporting structure. The following chapter describes the testing apparatus,
goals, and procedures.
4-2 Testing Apparatus

The testing apparatus is essentially a full-scale prototype of the floating valve. By
creating the actual valve and its supporting structure, little work is necessary to modify the valve
to operate and function on the actual 300-gallon tank. Instruments were placed to have minimal
impact on the valve assembly.
4-2.1 Instrument Selection and Placement

In order to achieve the testing goals, three measurements must be taken: pressure,
position, and temperature.
4-2.1.1 Pressure Measurement
A digital handheld manometer from Mannix Testing and Measurement, model DM8215
(Figure 4.1), was chosen to measure pressure for the experiment. A static pressure port (Figure
4.2) was installed on the base assembly pipe to record pressure within the valve. However, the
digital manometer cannot operate below 0C. To ensure that the gas in the connection between
the static pressure port and digital manometer remains above this temperature, approximately ten
feet of coiled copper tubing was installed between them. Periodically during the testing, the
connection gas temperature was checked.
The digital manometer has two pressure taps: positive and negative. The positive tap was
connected to the static pressure port and the negative tap was left open to the atmosphere,
resulting in the manometer reading a gage pressure. Because atmospheric pressure constantly
changes, updated pressure readings from the internet were obtained before each test.
4-2.1.2 Position Measurement
A position indicator with 0.001 increments from Starrett, model #25-441, was chosen to
measure the vertical displacement of the floating piston. The position indicator was connected to
the valve assembly, as shown in Figure 4.3. A long, thin-walled tube was placed on top of the
39
FIGURE 4.1 HANDHELD DIGITAL

MANOMETER
FIGURE 4.2 STATIC PRESSURE

PORT (TOP) AND GAS/LIQUID
INPUT PORT (BOTTOM) ON BASE
ASSEMBLY PIPE
FIGURE 4.3 POSITION INDICATOR

FIXED ABOVE SMALL TUBE WHICH
EXTENDS DOWN TO THE FLOATING
PISTON
floating piston and extended vertically up to the position indicator. The extra weight of the tube
was added to the weight of the floating piston.
4-2.1.3 Temperature Measurement
A handheld Fluke thermometer with a type K thermocouple lead was used to measure the
temperature of the nitrogen gas inside the valve assembly. This measurement was required to
calculate the nitrogen density and also helped ensure that the digital manometer was reading
accurately.
4-2.2 Nitrogen Interface

Both compressed nitrogen gas and liquid nitrogen were supplied to the valve at different
stages of the test. The compressed gas was used for most of the testing while the liquid was used
to validate the valve operation at low temperatures. Both gas and liquid flows were connected to
the bottom port on the side of the base assembly pipe (Figure 4.2). This connection was made
normal to the pipe axis in an effort to disperse the incoming flow.
4-2.2.1 Compressed Nitrogen Gas
3000 psi cylinders of compressed nitrogen gas supplied most of the gas used during the
testing of the floating valve. The pressurized nitrogen flow was easily controlled with two
different pressure regulators. Initially, a 50 psig two-stage pressure regulator from Airgas, model
Y12-244B, was used. However, higher mass flow rates were required, and a 500 psig singlestage pressure regulator from Air Products, model E11-X-C444G, was installed (see Figure 4.4).
A 3/8 ID hose, rated to 250 psig, connected the regulators to the lower port in the base assembly
pipe.
4-2.2.2 Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid nitrogen was supplied to the floating valve from a 250 L dewar. Internal pressure
and floating piston height were monitored during both the cool-down of the base assembly and
40
the steady-state boiling off of liquid nitrogen. Nitrogen vapor temperature at the digital
manometer never dropped below its operating temperature. The pressure vs. piston height values
were compared to that of the compressed gas test to 1) ensure the floating valve functioned in a
cryogenic environment, and 2) verify that while the two tests were performed at different
temperatures, their results were similar.
4-3 Testing Goals & Procedures

Three goals exist for the valve testing, with each goal focusing on a specific design aspect
of the valve. This section describes these testing goals and the procedures used to verify them.
4-3.1 Set Pressure

4-3.1.1 Goal
The primary purpose of the floating valve is to relieve the 300-gallon tank pressure at a
specific, or set, pressure. Calculations for this set pressure are shown in Section 3-2. The set
pressure test must verify these calculations to demonstrate that the set pressure can be predicted
from the weight of the floating piston.
4-3.1.2 Procedure
Because the floating valves set pressure is determined by weight, the set pressure was
measured for three different weights of the floating piston. To increase the weight, metal rings
were placed on top of the floating piston, and the total weight was measured before each test.
With the floating piston in place, nitrogen flow was carefully increased until movement on the
dial indicator was noticed. The pressure was immediately recorded from the digital manometer.
4-3.2 Simmering Effect

4-3.2.1 Goal
The unique piston/base interface was designed to reduce an expected simmering effect.
This effect is characterized by rapid vertical oscillations of the floating piston as it initially
releases pressure during low nitrogen flow cases. The vertical motion of the floating piston must
be monitored during its initial pressure release to prove the effectiveness of the interface design.
4-3.2.2 Procedure
At the conclusion of each set pressure
test, the simmering effect was also tested. As
the nitrogen flow from the cryostat was
gradually increased, the relationship between the
tank pressure and the vertical position of the
floating piston was closely monitored. Any
signs of cyclical behavior between these values
drew concern as a possible simmering effect.
4-3.3 Pressure Drop

4-3.3.1 Goal
The major thesis work was verified
during this test. The EXCEL model of the
pressure drop through the floating valve must be
41
FIGURE 4.4 500 PSIG PRESSURE REGULATOR
compared to the pressure drop through the actual test valve. In addition, the tank pressure was
monitored to ensure the set pressure was not exceeded.
Ideally, measurement of nitrogen flow rate was preferred for model validation. However,
nitrogen flow rate was not measured because: 1) flow meters were very expensive and 2) flow
velocity inside the base assembly pipe was too low for pitot tube measurement of stagnation
pressure. Therefore, a relationship from the EXCEL model, a graph of tank static pressure vs.
piston height, was used to validate the pressure drop across the floating valve.
4-3.3.2 Procedure
By varying the unknown nitrogen flow rates from the compressed gas cylinder,
measurements of tank pressure (static port) and corresponding piston height (position indicator)
were taken. These values were then compared to the expected model values.
42
CHAPTER 5
VALVE TESTING RESULTS
5-1 Introduction
This chapter both displays and discusses the results from the valve testing. For each
testing goal, comparisons are made between the results and the modeled analysis from EXCEL.
5-2 Set Pressure Results

For each floating piston weight tested in the valve, several measurements of the set
pressure were recorded. Table 5.1 displays each measured set pressure for the corresponding
piston weight. Table 5.2 displays the averaged measured set pressure next to the predicted set
pressure, for each piston weight.
The difference between the values in Table 5.2 is very small. The valve performed
exactly as predicted, releasing pressure inside the pipe at the desired value. Also, prediction of
the set pressure based upon the floating piston weight was also a success. The relationships
between tank pressure and piston weight discussed in Section 3-2 are validpiston weight
linearly affects the valve set pressure.
TABLE 5.1
MEASURED SET PRESSURE FOR EACH FLOATING PISTON WEIGHT
TABLE 5.2
COMPARISON BETWEEN CALCULATED AND MEASURED SET PRESSURE
43
5-3 Simmering Effect Results

While the intended goal was to quantitatively measure the valves simmering effect
(cyclical build-up/release of pressure), the actual testing yielded a more qualitative result. The
simmering effect of the floating piston depended upon the amount of nitrogen mass flow rate
through the valve. Low and high mass flow rates, and essentially the flow regimes, affected the
behavior of the piston.
5-3.1 Low Mass Flow Rates

The 50 psig regulator provided low mass flow rates to the valve during testing. During
these tests, the highest recorded height of the piston was 0.010. Rapid increases and/or
decreases of nitrogen flow were discovered to quickly induce a cyclical, vertical behavior of the
piston. For the low mass flow rates, once the simmering effect occurred, it was not observed to
stop. However, it was soon discovered that the simmering effect could be avoided if the nitrogen
flow was gradually, not quickly, increased or decreased. This technique enabled data to be
recorded. Nonetheless, even with gradual flow increases, the simmering effect always
eventually occurred.
5-3.2 High Mass Flow Rates

The 500 psig regulator provided much higher mass flow rates. During these tests, the
highest recorded piston height was 0.240. As in the low mass flow rates, the simmering effect
was immediately induced by rapid changes in nitrogen flow. Further, the amplitude of the piston
cycles was much greater. Surprisingly, at the high piston heights, once the nitrogen flow was
held constant, the amplitude of the piston cycles began to decrease. This dampening eventually
caused the simmering effect to completely cease and allowed the piston to actually float on top
of the valve base. This observation proves that the valve and floating piston function as
designed, but there must exist a region where the dampening of the simmering effect first
initiates.
5-3.3 Flow Regimes and the Simmering Effect

As the nitrogen mass flow rate varies, both the floating piston height and flow regime
change. In the low mass flow rates, the valve is classified as Regime A. For the recorded piston
heights, the o-ring gap is the critical flow area. In the high mass flow rates, the recorded piston
height classifies the valve as both Regimes C and D. Here, depending on the regime, Ledge B
and Ledge C are the critical flow areas. Ledges B and C have the buffer volumes of Plenums B
and C, respectively, while the o-ring gap has none. It is unsure if these plenums help reduce the
simmering effect, or if another phenomenon is responsible. It is known from the EXCEL
analysis that Regimes C and D exhibit a steady, controlled pressure change, as opposed to the
rapid changes displayed in Regime A (see Figures 3.9 and 3.10).
44
5-4 Pressure Drop Results

Much like the simmering effect, the results from the valve pressure drop testing are
divided into low and high nitrogen mass flow rates. This division facilitates both the result
reporting and discussion.
TABLE 5.3
MODELED AND EXPERIMENTAL PRESSURE DROP

DIFFERENCES FOR LOW MASS FLOW RATES
FIGURE 5.1
4.641 LB FLOATING PISTON LOW NITROGEN MASS FLOW RATE TEST RESULT AVERAGES
45
FIGURE 5.2
FIGURE 5.3
46
5-4.1 Low Mass Flow Rates

In the low nitrogen mass flow rate tests, the 50 psig regulator was used and the highest
measured floating piston height was 0.010. These tests are important because they resemble the
typical steady-state operation of the valve for the SMES. In addition, the largest tank pressure
change per piston height occurs in this region.
Instead of showing tables of data for the low mass flow rates, the averaged test values for
each piston weight are shown in Table 5.3 and Figures 5.1-5.3. All figures are scaled
appropriately so general trends between the calculated values can be discussed. In the graph,
errors bars exist on both axes. On the x-axis, a 0.001 range (0.0005) is shown to account for
possible misreading of the position indicator. On the y-axis, 0.045 is shown to account for the
accuracy of the digital manometer (0.3% over maximum range of 15 psig). From these graphs,
three observances can be made. First, for each piston weight, the experimental values are
consistently higher than the modeled values. The percent difference for selected points is shown
in Table 5.3. Second, instead of immediately losing pressure, the experimental tank pressure
slightly increases for the first 0.002 0.003 of piston height. This also consistently occurs for
all piston weights. Third, the general trend between the modeled and experimental values for
each piston weight is similar. In this mass flow rate range, the experimental tank pressures do
eventually decrease at a rate comparable to the modeled values.
5-4.2 High Mass Flow Rates

In the high nitrogen mass flow rate tests, the 500 psig regulator was used and the highest
measured floating piston height was 0.240. These tests are important because they resemble the
increased nitrogen mass flow rates sometimes required by the SMES liquid nitrogen shields.
FIGURE 5.4
4.641 LB FLOATING PISTON HIGH NITROGEN MASS FLOW RATE TEST RESULTS
47
The floating valve must not only be reliable at steady-state operating conditions, but must be able
to effectively release large amounts of nitrogen vapor. The EXCEL models accuracy to predict
the valve behavior is discussed in this section.
5-4.2.1 Results
Because each high mass flow rate test rapidly uses an entire cylinder of compressed
nitrogen, only two tests were performed. However, the data obtained was sufficient to compare
with the EXCEL model. Figure 5.4 displays the results of the high mass flow rate tests, for the
4.641 lb piston weight. The error bars are described in Section 5-4.1. From the results in Figure
5.4, two main observations can be made. First, for piston heights less than 0.120, the model and
experimental results follow similar trends: initial rapid decrease in tank pressure followed by a
region of constant tank pressure. The rapid decrease also agrees with the experimental results
from the low mass flow rates. Second, while the EXCEL model predicts a further decrease in
tank pressure, the experimental results show a different trendthe experimental tank pressures
actually begin increasing until about 0.22, where they level off. This contradiction is important
because it shows a clear disagreement between the expected trend and the actual trend.
However, without the ability to achieve greater mass flow rates through the valve, it is uncertain
if the model and experimental results would continue to disagree. In any case, currently, the
model is not accurate in the higher mass flow rates.
5-4.2.2 Drag Influences on the Floating Piston
For any body either within a moving fluid or moving through a fluid, both shear and
pressure forces act upon this body. Drag is the component of force acting parallel to the
direction of motion, while lift acts perpendicular to the bodys motion. Drag is composed of
both friction and pressure drag. For streamlined, aerodynamic bodies, friction drag is the
dominating force. However, for blunt bodies like cylinders and the floating piston, form or
pressure drag is the dominating force. The drag force (FD) is partially determined by the drag
coefficient (CD) and is defined as:
1
FD = CD V 2 A
(EQ. 5.1)
2
Drag may depend upon both viscous and pressure forces. However, for the valve, wall shear
stress contributions to the drag force are small. Therefore, FD may also be written as:
FD =
P dA
(EQ. 5.2)
surface
In Equation 5.1, the area is commonly expressed as the frontal area, or projected area, of the
object. For Equation 5.2, the area is expressed as the total surface area of the object. After
equating Equations 5.2 and 5.1 and rearranging:
2P
CD =
dA
(EQ. 5.3)
V 2 A surface
For most blunt bodies inside a viscous fluid flow, a change in pressure (P, in Eqs. 5.2 & 5.3)
occurs between the front and back sides of the object. Fox and McDonald state, The presence
of an adverse pressure gradient often leads to separationflow separation prohibits the
analytical determination of the force acting on a body. Therefore, for most shapes of interest, we
must resort to the use of experimentally measured coefficients to compute lift and drag. In a lab
environment, pressure sensors located on the object measure this pressure gradient, and a drag
coefficient can be determined. For Reynolds numbers greater than 1000, the drag coefficients
for several objects are shown in Figure 5.6.
48
FIGURE 5.6 DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR DIFFERENT OBJECTS
[FOX & MCDONALD]
FIGURE 5.5 FLOW

PAST A FLAT PLATE
[FOX & MCDONALD]
In the EXCEL model, drag was calculated by the pressure losses in the individual
channels of the valve. It was assumed that this method would account for all losses within the
valve. However, an additional force(s) must be acting on the piston to cause the discrepancy
shown in Figure 5.4. It has been suggested that the formation of vortices, created by flow
separation at Ledge C, above the valve at high mass flow rates may cause moderate pressure
changes. An example of these vortices inside a wake is shown in Figure 5.5. Because the
floating piston is dependent upon the balance of forces above and below it, an increasingly lower
pressure region above the piston (from a vortex) would definitely create an additional force in
the upward direction (just as an airplane wing generates lift due to low pressure regions created
above the wing). If drag was creating an upward force, it is possible that the floating piston is
lifting higher during the experimental test at a specific mass flow rate than predicted in the
EXCEL model. If this were occurring, then comparing the two tank pressure results at a common
piston height would be invalid. The effect of the vortices, and hence additional drag forces, must
be known before accurate tank pressure comparisons can be made.
Calculating the drag force on a normal object can be achieved from past experimental
data. But, the floating piston is a unique object, in a unique location. First, the floating piston is
neither described by the disk nor the hemisphere with open end facing the flow. Actually, it is
in-between these two geometries. Therefore, an averaged value of CD = 1.30 might be used.
Second, these drag coefficients are determined for objects in a free stream with a constant
velocity (Figure 5.5). The velocity through the floating valve varies, depending on location. It is
unknown if the velocity at Ledge C is an acceptable and accurate choice for Equation 5.1 or 5.3.
It is also uncertain how to compensate for a drag force and additional pressure differential
without possibly doubling forces and pressures already calculated in the EXCEL model. As
49
FIGURE 5.7 WARM VS. COLD NITROGEN GAS EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR 8.252 LB
FLOATING PISTON
mentioned earlier by Fox and McDonald, once flow separation occurs, analytical methods to
calculate force are extremely difficult.
5-4.2.3 Remarks
There exists a definite trend difference between the modeled and experimental results for
the valve. For the high nitrogen mass flow rates through the valve, the EXCEL model must be
modified. However, three conditions are needed in order for this to happen. First, the mass flow
rate through the valve must be measured. Measuring only static tank pressure and piston height
does not provide adequate flow information for an accurate comparison between the model and
the experiment. Second, conclusive analysis of additional drag forces and their impact on the
valve must be completed. If a significant impact is discovered, these forces and pressures must
be incorporated within the EXCEL model. Lastly, higher mass flow rates through the valve must
be achieved. Because of the current flow limitations, a complete picture between tank pressure
and piston height was not achieved.
5-5 Liquid Nitrogen Results

Although all of the experimental data for the valve was obtained from warm nitrogen gas,
it is important to monitor the valves operation at liquid nitrogen conditions. With the 8.252 lb
floating piston installed in the valve, liquid nitrogen was brought into the lower port of the base
assembly pipe. Data were recorded as the liquid nitrogen boiled into vapor, and actuated the
valve. During this test, the temperature inside the valve assembly reached 220 F (133 K).
Figure 5.7 compares the cold nitrogen gas results with the averaged warm nitrogen gas results.
Few data points were obtained because the boil-off of the liquid was difficult to control.
50
However, it is clear that the floating valve behaved similarly under both conditions. Further, this
test demonstrates that the valve does work in a cryogenic environment.
51
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
6-1 Introduction
With testing of the three main goals of the project complete, several immediate
conclusions on the performance of the valve can be made. However, some unexpected results
discovered during testing remain to be fully explained. This chapter summarizes the findings of
this thesis project.
6-2 300-Gallon Tank Pressure Relief

Testing of the floating valve successfully demonstrated the ability to control the pressure
relief of the 300-gallon tank. Different set pressures are easily calculated from its linear
relationship to piston weight. Additionally, both warm and cold nitrogen gas were used to verify
the operating ability of the valve. The valve performed similarly in both temperature ranges. Set
pressure is not dependent upon the fluid type, density, or temperature. Only the piston weight
and acting surface area of the floating piston determine the set pressure.
6-3 The Simmering Effect of the Floating Valve

Before testing of the floating valve began, a cyclical build-up/release of pressure, or
simmering effect, was expected. However, the true behavior of this effect was unknown. The
valve testing showed that the simmering effect was unavoidable for each case tested. But, the
endurance of the simmering effect depended upon the nitrogen mass flow rate. For low mass
flow rates, the effect never diminished. For high mass flow rates, the effect quickly ceased. It is
uncertain if additional forces from the high mass flow rate cases aided the dampening of the
effect, or if air chambers like Plenums B and C (Figure 3.2) provided a buffer for critical flow
areas (Ledges B and C) at the high floating piston heights. In future floating piston designs,
Channel 1 should be eliminated by either moving the o-ring closer to Plenum A or increasing the
chamfer on the valve base (at the beginning of Channel 1) and adding a chamfer to the
corresponding corner of the floating piston.
52
6-4 EXCEL Modeling vs. the Actual Valve Performance

The results from the EXCEL modeling looked very convincing. Modeling standards
were created for similar geometries inside the valve, data from each flow regime connected
smoothly with the surrounding regimes, and basic trends in the data were explainable. The
pressure losses associated with fluid leaving Ledge C and entering Plenum D above the floating
piston were accounted for and rapidly increasing losses at higher mass flow rates (resulting in
increased tank pressure) were recognized. Nonetheless, while the experimental data at low mass
flow rates matched the expected results, the experimental trends established at high mass flow
rates contradicted the modeled results. It appears that the Ledge C pressure losses affect the
valve sooner than originally expected, as vortices quickly form above the piston. Hence, the
Regime E modification suggested in Figure 3.15 may be required, and similar modifications for
Regimes C and D may be necessary. In addition, the original boundary conditions, the constants
upon which the model depends upon, are no longer valid. Due to increasing drag effects upon
the valve, the pressure on top of the piston (Plenum D) can no longer be considered atmospheric.
With this understood, the simple force balance between the piston weight and tank pressure
forces must now include a lifting effect from the pressure gradient, among other unknown forces.
The EXCEL model that was so easily defined, is now looking much more complicated. It is
unknown if past experimental cases of drag effects on different bodies can be adapted to the
model. Because of the flow separation and vortices now involved with the valve, analysis of the
valve is difficult without prior experimentation. Quite possibly, further testing may offer a more
defining drag coefficient and better understanding of the flow separation as it occurs inside a
confined space. Any future testing of the valve must measure the mass flow rate, which was not
originally measured, to ensure that an accurate representation of the flow is known.
At low mass flow rates, comparing the EXCEL model and experimental results yielded
similar trends and accurate results. Because the velocities at Ledge C were small, interference
from the vortices was minimal. This observation proves that the model functions as designed,
but the valid range has yet to be determined. Many analytical models are faced with this
problem of validity for specific flow ranges.
Finally, it was observed in the EXCEL modeling that the latter half of Regime A and all
of Regime B did not contribute to the performance of the valve. According to the model, a small
increase in mass flow rate quickly lifts the piston through the height of 0.030 to 0.096, while
the tank pressure remains relatively constant. This height corresponds to the constant flow area
at Ledge B. Because mass flow rates were not measured during the test, it is difficult to compare
the model and test results. In an effort to achieve the maximum mass flow rate per floater height,
Ledge B of the valve base should be lowered roughly 0.070 to eliminate this dead zone.
Generally, flow areas that increase with piston height, similar to Ledge B in Regime C, are more
effective than constant flow areas.
6-5 Final Remarks

The accuracy of the EXCEL model differed, depending upon the nitrogen mass flow rate.
The set pressure and low mass flow rate predictions were accurate, while the high mass flow
rates demonstrated that the model needs adjustment. Some valve design changes were
recognized, but several design iterations may be necessary to determine the exact modifications
that are most effective. Basically, the valve performed as designed, but not completely as
53
predicted. Without test measurement of the nitrogen mass flow rate, a complete profile of the
floating valve is absent. However, the valve both relieves tank pressure as planned and
increased amounts of nitrogen. This project displayed that while a complete understanding of
the valve is unknown, the basic concept of a floating valve is a success.
54
APPENDIX A
REGIME A EXCEL MODEL RESULTS FOR
4.641 LB FLOATING PISTON
55
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
LN2 VENT PRESSURE CALCULATIONS -- REGIME A
dZ
(m)
0.00117
0.00112
0.00107
0.00102
0.00097
0.00091
0.00086
0.00081
0.00076
0.00071
0.00066
0.00061
0.00056
0.00051
0.00046
0.00041
0.00036
0.00030
0.00025
0.00020
0.00015
0.00010
0.00005
(in)
0.046
0.044
0.042
0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032
0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
P-A0
Pipe from Tank
Flow
Flow
(kg/s)
(lb/min)
R (m)
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0055
0.0055
0.0055
0.0055
0.0054
0.0054
0.0054
0.0053
0.0052
0.0051
0.0050
0.0049
0.0046
0.0043
0.0038
0.0031
0.0022
0.0011
0.742
0.740
0.739
0.737
0.735
0.733
0.730
0.727
0.724
0.720
0.715
0.710
0.702
0.693
0.681
0.664
0.642
0.610
0.565
0.500
0.408
0.288
0.145
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
Af (m^2)
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
V (m/s)
0.236
0.235
0.235
0.234
0.234
0.233
0.232
0.231
0.230
0.229
0.227
0.225
0.223
0.220
0.216
0.211
0.204
0.194
0.179
0.159
0.130
0.091
0.046
Re(Dh)
5533
5523
5511
5498
5484
5468
5449
5428
5403
5373
5337
5294
5239
5170
5079
4957
4790
4554
4215
3729
3046
2146
1084
SPAN: P-A0 -- P-A1

Contraction
P (Pa)
1938.2
1939.8
1941.5
1943.6
1946.1
1949.2
1952.8
1957.2
1962.6
1969.3
1977.5
1987.8
2000.8
2017.5
2039.2
2067.9
2106.1
2157.1
2224.4
2310.2
2409.8
2506.2
2572.3
56
P (psia)
Kc
dP (Pa)
0.281
0.281
0.282
0.282
0.282
0.283
0.283
0.284
0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.290
0.293
0.296
0.300
0.305
0.313
0.323
0.335
0.350
0.363
0.373
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-0.7
-0.7
-0.7
-0.7
-0.7
-0.6
-0.6
-0.5
-0.5
-0.4
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
P-A1
Piston Base
Af (m^2)
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
V (m/s)
1.664
1.660
1.657
1.653
1.649
1.644
1.638
1.632
1.624
1.615
1.605
1.592
1.575
1.554
1.527
1.491
1.440
1.369
1.267
1.121
0.916
0.645
0.326
Re(Dh)
6509
6497
6483
6468
6451
6432
6410
6385
6355
6320
6279
6227
6163
6082
5975
5832
5635
5357
4958
4386
3583
2524
1275
P (Pa)
1937.4
1939.0
1940.7
1942.8
1945.3
1948.4
1952.0
1956.5
1961.9
1968.5
1976.7
1987.0
2000.0
2016.8
2038.6
2067.2
2105.5
2156.5
2224.0
2309.8
2409.5
2506.1
2572.3
P (psia)
0.281
0.281
0.281
0.282
0.282
0.283
0.283
0.284
0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.290
0.293
0.296
0.300
0.305
0.313
0.323
0.335
0.349
0.363
0.373
R
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
SPAN: P-A1 -- P-A2

Baffle
As (m^2)
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
AA
AB
AC
P-A2
Channel 1 Entrance
F (N)
h / D0
zeta
dP (Pa)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
9.741
9.749
9.758
9.768
9.781
9.796
9.814
9.837
9.864
9.897
9.939
9.990
10.056
10.140
10.250
10.394
10.586
10.843
11.182
11.613
12.115
12.600
12.933
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
22.09
23.82
25.74
27.87
30.26
32.94
35.96
39.37
43.25
47.68
52.76
58.61
65.40
73.33
82.64
93.67
106.84
122.71
142.03
165.81
195.45
232.93
281.10
-35.5
-38.2
-41.1
-44.3
-47.8
-51.7
-56.1
-60.9
-66.3
-72.3
-78.9
-86.3
-94.3
-102.9
-112.0
-120.9
-128.8
-133.7
-132.6
-121.1
-95.2
-56.3
-17.3
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.00045
0.00044
0.00043
0.00041
0.00040
0.00039
0.00038
0.00036
0.00035
0.00034
0.00033
0.00031
0.00030
0.00029
0.00027
0.00026
0.00025
0.00024
0.00022
0.00021
0.00020
0.00019
0.00017
10.643
10.931
11.234
11.552
11.888
12.241
12.613
13.004
13.415
13.845
14.293
14.755
15.224
15.690
16.132
16.513
16.773
16.808
16.448
15.432
13.419
10.105
5.482
57
Re(Dh)
5583
5573
5561
5548
5533
5517
5498
5477
5451
5422
5386
5342
5287
5217
5125
5002
4833
4595
4253
3763
3073
2165
1094
AD
AE
AF
AG
SPAN: P-A2 -- P-A3

Diverging Nozzle
P (Pa)
1901.9
1900.8
1899.7
1898.6
1897.5
1896.7
1896.0
1895.5
1895.6
1896.2
1897.8
1900.8
1905.7
1913.8
1926.6
1946.3
1976.7
2022.9
2091.4
2188.7
2314.3
2449.8
2555.0
P (psia)
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.276
0.276
0.278
0.279
0.282
0.287
0.293
0.303
0.317
0.336
0.355
0.371
Pa (Pa)
1907.8
1907.0
1906.2
1905.5
1904.8
1904.4
1904.2
1904.3
1904.9
1906.1
1908.4
1912.0
1917.7
1926.6
1940.0
1960.4
1991.3
2037.5
2105.4
2201.0
2323.6
2455.1
2556.5
As (m^2)
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
F (N)
2.209
2.208
2.208
2.207
2.206
2.205
2.205
2.205
2.206
2.207
2.210
2.214
2.221
2.231
2.247
2.270
2.306
2.360
2.438
2.549
2.691
2.843
2.961
Eff
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
dP (Pa)
11.7
12.3
13.0
13.8
14.6
15.5
16.4
17.5
18.6
19.8
21.1
22.5
24.0
25.4
26.9
28.2
29.1
29.2
28.0
24.6
18.6
10.6
3.1
AH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
AI
AJ
AK
AL
AM
AN
P-A3
Channel 1 Mid-Point
R (m)
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
0.0443738
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.00050
0.00049
0.00047
0.00046
0.00045
0.00043
0.00042
0.00040
0.00039
0.00038
0.00036
0.00035
0.00033
0.00032
0.00030
0.00029
0.00028
0.00026
0.00025
0.00023
0.00022
0.00021
0.00019
9.595
9.855
10.128
10.415
10.717
11.036
11.371
11.724
12.094
12.482
12.885
13.302
13.725
14.146
14.544
14.887
15.122
15.153
14.828
13.912
12.097
9.110
4.942
Re(Dh)
5033
5024
5013
5002
4989
4974
4957
4937
4915
4888
4855
4816
4766
4703
4621
4510
4357
4143
3835
3392
2771
1952
986
AO
AP
AQ
AR
AS
SPAN: P-A3 -- P-A4

Diverging Nozzle
P (Pa)
1913.6
1913.1
1912.7
1912.4
1912.1
1912.1
1912.4
1913.0
1914.2
1916.0
1918.9
1923.3
1929.7
1939.3
1953.5
1974.5
2005.8
2052.1
2119.4
2213.3
2332.9
2460.3
2558.1
P (psia)
0.278
0.277
0.277
0.277
0.277
0.277
0.277
0.277
0.278
0.278
0.278
0.279
0.280
0.281
0.283
0.286
0.291
0.298
0.307
0.321
0.338
0.357
0.371
Pa (Pa)
1916.9
1916.7
1916.5
1916.4
1916.5
1916.8
1917.4
1918.4
1920.0
1922.3
1925.7
1930.6
1937.6
1947.8
1962.5
1984.1
2015.8
2062.2
2129.2
2222.1
2339.6
2464.2
2559.2
As (m^2)
0.0009
0.0009
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0013
58
F (N)
1.772
1.801
1.830
1.859
1.888
1.918
1.948
1.978
2.009
2.041
2.074
2.109
2.147
2.188
2.235
2.290
2.358
2.444
2.556
2.702
2.881
3.073
3.231
Eff
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
AT
AU
AV
AW
AX
P-A4
O-ring Gap (Square Enter)
dP (Pa)
6.6
7.1
7.6
8.1
8.7
9.4
10.1
10.8
11.7
12.6
13.6
14.7
15.8
17.0
18.2
19.2
20.1
20.4
19.7
17.6
13.4
7.7
2.3
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.00054
0.00052
0.00051
0.00050
0.00048
0.00047
0.00045
0.00044
0.00042
0.00041
0.00039
0.00038
0.00036
0.00035
0.00033
0.00032
0.00030
0.00029
0.00027
0.00026
0.00024
0.00023
0.00021
8.950
9.182
9.426
9.683
9.954
10.239
10.539
10.854
11.185
11.531
11.892
12.263
12.640
13.013
13.365
13.667
13.867
13.882
13.570
12.718
11.048
8.311
4.504
Re(Dh)
4695
4681
4666
4650
4633
4615
4594
4571
4545
4516
4481
4440
4389
4327
4246
4140
3996
3795
3509
3101
2530
1781
898
P (Pa)
1920.2
1920.2
1920.3
1920.5
1920.9
1921.5
1922.5
1923.9
1925.8
1928.6
1932.5
1937.9
1945.5
1956.3
1971.6
1993.7
2025.9
2072.4
2139.1
2230.9
2346.3
2468.0
2560.3
P (psia)
0.279
0.279
0.279
0.279
0.279
0.279
0.279
0.279
0.279
0.280
0.280
0.281
0.282
0.284
0.286
0.289
0.294
0.301
0.310
0.324
0.340
0.358
0.371
AY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
AZ
BA
BB
BC
BD
BE
BF
SPAN: P-A4 -- P-A5

Contraction
Pa (Pa)
1912.9
1911.9
1910.8
1909.5
1908.2
1906.8
1905.2
1903.6
1901.7
1899.8
1897.6
1895.3
1892.9
1890.6
1888.6
1887.3
1887.8
1891.5
1901.0
1920.3
1953.4
2000.8
2054.5
BG
BH
BI
BJ
BK
P-A5
O-ring Inner Edge
As (m^2)
F (N)
AR
Kc
dP (Pa)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.00035
0.00034
0.00032
0.00031
0.00029
0.00028
0.00026
0.00025
0.00023
0.00022
0.00020
0.00019
0.00017
0.00015
0.00014
0.00012
0.00011
0.00009
0.00008
0.00006
0.00005
0.00003
0.00002
0.676
0.647
0.617
0.588
0.558
0.529
0.499
0.470
0.440
0.411
0.381
0.352
0.322
0.293
0.263
0.234
0.205
0.176
0.147
0.119
0.091
0.062
0.032
0.664
0.653
0.641
0.628
0.615
0.601
0.587
0.571
0.554
0.536
0.517
0.496
0.474
0.449
0.423
0.394
0.362
0.326
0.287
0.243
0.194
0.138
0.074
0.138
0.144
0.151
0.159
0.166
0.175
0.184
0.193
0.204
0.215
0.227
0.240
0.254
0.269
0.286
0.304
0.323
0.344
0.367
0.392
0.418
0.445
0.472
-14.6
-16.6
-19.0
-21.9
-25.3
-29.4
-34.4
-40.6
-48.2
-57.7
-69.8
-85.2
-105.1
-131.3
-166.1
-212.8
-276.2
-362.0
-476.3
-621.2
-785.9
-934.5
-1011.7
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.00036
0.00034
0.00033
0.00031
0.00030
0.00028
0.00026
0.00025
0.00023
0.00022
0.00020
0.00019
0.00017
0.00016
0.00014
0.00012
0.00011
0.00009
0.00008
0.00006
0.00005
0.00003
0.00002
13.482
14.069
14.708
15.407
16.175
17.023
17.963
19.011
20.185
21.509
23.010
24.724
26.694
28.975
31.629
34.729
38.349
42.534
47.247
52.244
56.901
60.131
60.740
59
Re(Dh)
4582
4574
4564
4553
4541
4528
4513
4495
4474
4450
4420
4384
4339
4282
4206
4106
3967
3771
3491
3088
2523
1777
898
BL
BM
BN
BO
SPAN: P-A5 -- P-A6

Diverging Nozzle
P (Pa)
1905.6
1903.6
1901.2
1898.6
1895.6
1892.1
1888.0
1883.3
1877.6
1870.9
1862.7
1852.8
1840.4
1825.0
1805.6
1780.9
1749.7
1710.5
1662.8
1609.6
1560.4
1533.5
1548.7
P (psia)
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.275
0.275
0.274
0.274
0.273
0.272
0.271
0.270
0.269
0.267
0.265
0.262
0.258
0.254
0.248
0.241
0.233
0.226
0.222
0.225
Pa (Pa)
1908.1
1906.3
1904.2
1901.8
1899.1
1896.0
1892.4
1888.2
1883.2
1877.2
1869.9
1861.1
1850.0
1836.4
1819.1
1797.3
1769.7
1735.0
1693.1
1646.7
1604.4
1582.6
1598.7
As (m^2)
F (N)
Eff
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.737
0.736
0.735
0.734
0.733
0.732
0.731
0.729
0.727
0.725
0.722
0.718
0.714
0.709
0.702
0.694
0.683
0.670
0.654
0.636
0.619
0.611
0.617
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
dP (Pa)
4.9
5.4
5.9
6.4
7.1
7.9
8.8
9.8
11.1
12.6
14.4
16.6
19.3
22.8
27.2
32.7
39.9
49.1
60.6
74.1
87.9
98.1
100.1
BP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
BQ
BR
BS
BT
BU
BV
P-A6
O-ring Center
R (m)
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.00037
0.00035
0.00034
0.00032
0.00030
0.00029
0.00027
0.00026
0.00024
0.00022
0.00021
0.00019
0.00018
0.00016
0.00014
0.00013
0.00011
0.00010
0.00008
0.00006
0.00005
0.00003
0.00002
13.147
13.718
14.342
15.023
15.773
16.599
17.516
18.538
19.683
20.973
22.437
24.109
26.030
28.253
30.841
33.864
37.394
41.475
46.071
50.943
55.485
58.633
59.228
Re(Dh)
4468
4460
4450
4440
4428
4415
4400
4383
4363
4339
4310
4275
4231
4175
4102
4003
3868
3677
3404
3011
2460
1733
875
BW
BX
BY
BZ
CA
CB
SPAN: P-A6 -- P-A7

Diverging Nozzle
P (Pa)
1910.6
1909.0
1907.1
1905.0
1902.7
1899.9
1896.8
1893.1
1888.7
1883.5
1877.1
1869.4
1859.7
1847.8
1832.7
1813.7
1789.6
1759.6
1723.4
1683.7
1648.3
1631.7
1648.8
P (psia)
0.277
0.277
0.277
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.275
0.275
0.274
0.273
0.272
0.271
0.270
0.268
0.266
0.263
0.260
0.255
0.250
0.244
0.239
0.237
0.239
Pa (Pa)
1912.8
1911.4
1909.8
1908.0
1905.9
1903.5
1900.8
1897.5
1893.7
1889.2
1883.6
1876.9
1868.5
1858.1
1845.1
1828.6
1807.8
1781.9
1751.0
1717.4
1688.3
1676.3
1694.4
As (m^2)
F (N)
Eff
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.741
0.741
0.740
0.740
0.739
0.738
0.737
0.735
0.734
0.732
0.730
0.727
0.724
0.720
0.715
0.709
0.701
0.691
0.679
0.666
0.654
0.650
0.657
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
60
CC
CD
CE
CF
P (Pa)
P (psia)
P-A7
O-ring Outer Edge
dP (Pa)
4.5
4.9
5.3
5.9
6.5
7.2
8.0
8.9
10.1
11.4
13.1
15.1
17.6
20.7
24.7
29.8
36.3
44.7
55.1
67.4
80.0
89.3
91.1
R (m)
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.00038
0.00036
0.00034
0.00033
0.00031
0.00029
0.00028
0.00026
0.00025
0.00023
0.00021
0.00020
0.00018
0.00016
0.00015
0.00013
0.00011
0.00010
0.00008
0.00007
0.00005
0.00003
0.00002
12.834
13.392
14.000
14.666
15.397
16.204
17.099
18.096
19.214
20.474
21.903
23.535
25.410
27.581
30.107
33.058
36.504
40.488
44.974
49.731
54.163
57.237
57.817
Re(Dh)
4362
4354
4345
4334
4323
4310
4295
4279
4259
4236
4208
4173
4130
4076
4004
3908
3776
3590
3323
2939
2401
1692
854
1915.1
1913.9
1912.5
1910.9
1909.1
1907.1
1904.7
1902.0
1898.8
1894.9
1890.2
1884.4
1877.3
1868.5
1857.4
1843.4
1826.0
1804.3
1778.6
1751.1
1728.3
1721.0
1739.9
0.278
0.278
0.277
0.277
0.277
0.277
0.276
0.276
0.275
0.275
0.274
0.273
0.272
0.271
0.269
0.267
0.265
0.262
0.258
0.254
0.251
0.250
0.252
CG
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
CH
CI
CJ
CK
CL
CM
SPAN: P-A7 -- P-A8

Expansion
Pa (Pa)
1908.9
1906.8
1904.3
1901.5
1898.1
1894.1
1889.3
1883.6
1876.5
1867.7
1856.7
1842.6
1824.4
1800.6
1768.9
1726.1
1667.9
1588.3
1480.7
1341.4
1177.1
1017.0
910.2
As (m^2)
F (N)
0.000380
0.000363
0.000347
0.000330
0.000313
0.000297
0.000280
0.000264
0.000247
0.000230
0.000214
0.000197
0.000181
0.000164
0.000148
0.000131
0.000115
0.000098
0.000082
0.000066
0.000049
0.000033
0.000016
0.726
0.693
0.660
0.628
0.595
0.562
0.529
0.496
0.463
0.430
0.397
0.364
0.330
0.296
0.261
0.227
0.191
0.156
0.121
0.088
0.058
0.033
0.015
AR
0.633
0.624
0.614
0.603
0.592
0.580
0.567
0.553
0.537
0.521
0.503
0.484
0.463
0.440
0.415
0.387
0.356
0.322
0.284
0.241
0.193
0.138
0.074
CN
CO
CP
CQ
CR
CS
P-A8
O-ring Outer Edge (Square Exit)
Ke
dP (Pa)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
0.1283
-12.3 0.052 0.00059
0.1352
-14.1 0.052 0.00058
0.1428
-16.3 0.052 0.00056
0.1511
-18.9 0.052 0.00054
0.1603
-22.1 0.052 0.00052
0.1703
-26.0 0.052 0.00051
0.1815
-30.8 0.052 0.00049
0.1939
-36.9 0.052 0.00047
0.2077
-44.5 0.052 0.00046
0.2231
-54.3 0.052 0.00044
0.2404
-67.0 0.052 0.00042
0.2600
-83.7 0.052 0.00041
0.2821 -105.8 0.052 0.00039
0.3073 -135.8 0.052 0.00037
0.3362 -177.1 0.052 0.00035
0.3696 -234.7 0.052 0.00034
0.4082 -316.1 0.052 0.00032
0.4535 -431.9 0.052 0.00030
0.5068 -595.6 0.051 0.00029
0.5703 -819.5 0.051 0.00027
0.6467 -1102.4 0.051 0.00025
0.7397 -1408.0 0.051 0.00024
0.8543 -1659.4 0.051 0.00022
V (m/s)
8.129
8.357
8.597
8.849
9.115
9.395
9.690
10.001
10.327
10.668
11.024
11.391
11.766
12.138
12.491
12.799
13.014
13.053
12.786
12.008
10.452
7.879
4.279
61
Re(Dh)
4265
4261
4256
4250
4243
4235
4224
4212
4196
4178
4154
4124
4086
4036
3969
3877
3750
3569
3307
2928
2394
1688
854
P (Pa)
1902.8
1899.8
1896.2
1892.0
1887.0
1881.1
1873.9
1865.1
1854.2
1840.5
1823.2
1800.8
1771.5
1732.7
1680.3
1608.8
1509.9
1372.3
1182.9
931.6
625.9
313.0
80.5
CT
CU
CV
CW
Eff
dP (Pa)
SPAN: P-A8 -- P-A9

Diverging Nozzle
P (psia)
0.276
0.276
0.275
0.274
0.274
0.273
0.272
0.271
0.269
0.267
0.264
0.261
0.257
0.251
0.244
0.233
0.219
0.199
0.172
0.135
0.091
0.045
0.012
Pa (Pa)
1905.0
1902.1
1898.7
1894.7
1890.0
1884.2
1877.3
1868.8
1858.1
1844.8
1827.8
1805.7
1776.8
1738.4
1686.5
1615.4
1516.8
1379.3
1189.7
937.6
630.5
315.6
81.3
As (m^2)
0.001174
0.001191
0.001208
0.001224
0.001241
0.001258
0.001274
0.001291
0.001307
0.001324
0.001341
0.001357
0.001374
0.001390
0.001407
0.001423
0.001440
0.001456
0.001473
0.001489
0.001505
0.001522
0.001538
F (N)
2.237
2.265
2.293
2.320
2.345
2.370
2.392
2.412
2.429
2.443
2.450
2.451
2.441
2.417
2.372
2.299
2.184
2.008
1.752
1.396
0.949
0.480
0.125
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
4.4
4.7
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.3
6.7
7.3
7.9
8.5
9.2
9.9
10.7
11.5
12.4
13.1
13.7
14.0
13.6
12.1
9.3
5.3
1.6
CX
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
CY
CZ
DA
DB
DC
DD
P-A9
Channel 1 End
R (m)
Af (m^2)
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.00063
0.00061
0.00060
0.00058
0.00056
0.00054
0.00053
0.00051
0.00049
0.00047
0.00045
0.00044
0.00042
0.00040
0.00038
0.00037
0.00035
0.00033
0.00031
0.00029
0.00028
0.00026
0.00024
V (m/s)
7.63
7.83
8.05
8.28
8.52
8.77
9.04
9.32
9.61
9.92
10.24
10.57
10.91
11.24
11.56
11.83
12.02
12.04
11.79
11.06
9.62
7.24
3.93
Re(Dh)
3980
3973
3966
3957
3947
3936
3923
3908
3891
3870
3845
3814
3776
3726
3661
3574
3454
3284
3040
2690
2197
1548
782
DE
DF
DG
DH
DI
DJ
DK
DL
SPAN: P-A9 -- P-A10

Rectangular Elbow
P (Pa)
1907.2
1904.5
1901.2
1897.4
1892.9
1887.4
1880.7
1872.4
1862.1
1849.0
1832.3
1810.7
1782.2
1744.2
1692.7
1621.9
1523.6
1386.3
1196.5
943.7
635.2
318.3
82.1
P (psia)
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.22
0.20
0.17
0.14
0.09
0.05
0.01
Pa (Pa)
1837.3
1832.0
1826.0
1819.4
1811.8
1803.2
1793.3
1781.8
1768.1
1751.7
1731.7
1706.8
1675.4
1634.9
1581.8
1510.8
1414.4
1282.3
1102.4
865.9
580.2
289.3
74.2
As (m^2)
F (N)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
H9/H8
62
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.54
0.57
0.61
0.65
0.69
0.74
DM
DN
DO
DP
P (Pa)
P (psia)
P-A10
Ledge A Middle
Kloc
K(Re)
2.817
2.770
2.722
2.671
2.618
2.563
2.506
2.446
2.383
2.317
2.248
2.176
2.100
2.021
1.939
1.852
1.762
1.668
1.570
1.469
1.365
1.259
1.151
1.468
1.468
1.468
1.468
1.468
1.468
1.469
1.469
1.469
1.469
1.470
1.470
1.471
1.472
1.473
1.475
1.477
1.480
1.484
1.491
1.500
1.512
1.527
dP (Pa)
-139.7
-144.9
-150.4
-156.1
-162.1
-168.3
-174.6
-181.2
-187.9
-194.7
-201.4
-207.8
-213.7
-218.5
-221.7
-222.2
-218.4
-208.1
-188.1
-155.6
-110.0
-58.0
-15.8
R (m)
Af (m^2)
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
0.00018
V (m/s)
26.95
26.90
26.84
26.78
26.71
26.63
26.54
26.44
26.31
26.17
26.00
25.79
25.52
25.18
24.74
24.15
23.33
22.18
20.53
18.16
14.84
10.45
5.28
Re(Dh)
3983
3975
3967
3957
3947
3935
3922
3907
3889
3867
3842
3810
3771
3721
3656
3568
3448
3278
3034
2684
2192
1545
780
1767.5
1759.5
1750.8
1741.3
1730.8
1719.1
1706.0
1691.2
1674.1
1654.3
1631.0
1602.9
1568.5
1525.7
1471.0
1399.7
1305.2
1178.3
1008.4
788.1
525.2
260.3
66.3
0.256
0.255
0.254
0.253
0.251
0.249
0.247
0.245
0.243
0.240
0.237
0.232
0.227
0.221
0.213
0.203
0.189
0.171
0.146
0.114
0.076
0.038
0.010
DQ
DR
DS
1
2
3 SPAN: P-A10 -- P-A111
4
Plenum B Entrance
dP (Pa)
AR
Ke
5
6
7 0.121 0.7682 -324.2
8 0.123 0.7656 -321.9
9 0.124 0.7629 -319.4
10 0.126 0.7601 -316.8
11 0.128 0.7573 -313.9
12 0.129 0.7543 -310.9
13 0.131 0.7513 -307.5
14 0.133 0.7483 -303.9
15 0.135 0.7451 -299.8
16 0.136 0.7419 -295.3
17 0.138 0.7386 -290.1
18 0.140 0.7352 -284.0
19 0.142 0.7317 -276.9
20 0.144 0.7281 -268.3
21 0.147 0.7244 -257.6
22 0.149 0.7206 -244.1
23 0.151 0.7167 -226.7
24 0.153 0.7126 -203.7
25 0.156 0.7085 -173.5
26 0.158 0.7042 -135.0
-89.5
27 0.161 0.6998
-44.1
28 0.164 0.6953
-11.2
29 0.166 0.6906
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
DT
DU
DV
DW
DX
DY
DZ
EA
EB
EC
ED
P-A11
Plenum B
R (m)
0.0563
0.0563
0.0564
0.0565
0.0565
0.0566
0.0566
0.0567
0.0567
0.0568
0.0568
0.0569
0.0569
0.0570
0.0570
0.0571
0.0571
0.0572
0.0572
0.0573
0.0573
0.0574
0.0574
Af (m^2)
0.00148
0.00146
0.00144
0.00142
0.00140
0.00138
0.00137
0.00135
0.00133
0.00131
0.00129
0.00128
0.00126
0.00124
0.00122
0.00120
0.00119
0.00117
0.00115
0.00113
0.00111
0.00109
0.00108
V (m/s)
3.27
3.30
3.34
3.37
3.41
3.44
3.48
3.51
3.54
3.57
3.60
3.62
3.63
3.64
3.62
3.59
3.52
3.40
3.20
2.88
2.39
1.71
0.88
P (Pa)
1443.2
1437.6
1431.4
1424.5
1416.9
1408.3
1398.5
1387.3
1374.3
1359.1
1340.9
1318.9
1291.6
1257.4
1213.4
1155.6
1078.5
974.6
834.8
653.1
435.7
216.2
55.1
P (psia)
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.09
0.06
0.03
0.01
EE
EF
EG
EH
SPAN: P-A11 -- P-A12

Converging Nozzle
As (m^2)
F (N)
0.00017
0.00018
0.00020
0.00022
0.00024
0.00026
0.00027
0.00029
0.00031
0.00033
0.00035
0.00036
0.00038
0.00040
0.00042
0.00044
0.00046
0.00047
0.00049
0.00051
0.00053
0.00055
0.00056
0.239
0.264
0.288
0.313
0.337
0.360
0.383
0.405
0.426
0.446
0.464
0.480
0.494
0.504
0.508
0.505
0.491
0.461
0.410
0.333
0.230
0.118
0.031
63
Bh
B75
horizB
0.0056
0.0056
0.0055
0.0055
0.0054
0.0054
0.0053
0.0053
0.0052
0.0052
0.0051
0.0051
0.0050
0.0050
0.0049
0.0049
0.0048
0.0048
0.0047
0.0047
0.0046
0.0046
0.0045
0.0040
0.0040
0.0039
0.0039
0.0038
0.0038
0.0037
0.0037
0.0036
0.0036
0.0035
0.0035
0.0034
0.0034
0.0033
0.0033
0.0032
0.0032
0.0031
0.0031
0.0030
0.0030
0.0029
0.0040
0.0040
0.0039
0.0039
0.0038
0.0038
0.0037
0.0037
0.0036
0.0036
0.0035
0.0035
0.0034
0.0034
0.0033
0.0033
0.0032
0.0032
0.0031
0.0031
0.0030
0.0030
0.0029
Pa (Pa)
1063.0
1058.9
1054.4
1049.4
1043.8
1037.5
1030.3
1022.1
1012.6
1001.5
988.1
971.9
951.9
926.7
894.4
851.8
795.1
718.5
615.5
481.6
321.3
159.4
40.7
As (m^2)
0.001331
0.001313
0.001295
0.001277
0.001259
0.001241
0.001223
0.001205
0.001187
0.001169
0.001151
0.001132
0.001114
0.001096
0.001078
0.001060
0.001041
0.001023
0.001005
0.000987
0.000968
0.000950
0.000932
F (N)
1.41
1.39
1.37
1.34
1.31
1.29
1.26
1.23
1.20
1.17
1.14
1.10
1.06
1.02
0.96
0.90
0.83
0.74
0.62
0.48
0.31
0.15
0.04
Eff
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
dP (Pa)
-760.5
-757.4
-754.1
-750.3
-746.2
-741.6
-736.3
-730.3
-723.4
-715.3
-705.6
-693.9
-679.4
-661.3
-638.0
-607.5
-566.9
-512.1
-438.6
-343.0
-228.8
-113.5
-28.9
EI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
EJ
EK
EL
EM
EN
P-A12
Floater Ledge B (Middle)
R (m)
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
0.0601345
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
33.513
33.450
33.380
33.302
33.215
33.116
33.004
32.874
32.723
32.544
32.328
32.065
31.735
31.314
30.765
30.027
29.012
27.581
25.531
22.585
18.449
12.997
6.564
Re(Dh)
3714
3707
3699
3691
3681
3670
3658
3643
3627
3607
3583
3554
3517
3471
3410
3328
3215
3057
2830
2503
2045
1440
728
EO
EP
EQ
ER
ES

Plenum C Entrance
P (Pa)
682.8
680.2
677.3
674.2
670.7
666.7
662.2
657.0
650.9
643.8
635.3
625.0
612.2
596.1
575.4
548.1
511.7
462.4
396.2
310.1
206.9
102.7
26.2
P (psia)
0.099
0.099
0.098
0.098
0.097
0.097
0.096
0.095
0.094
0.093
0.092
0.091
0.089
0.086
0.083
0.079
0.074
0.067
0.057
0.045
0.030
0.015
0.004
AR
Ke
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
dP (Pa)
-651.3
-648.9
-646.1
-643.1
-639.7
-636.0
-631.6
-626.7
-620.9
-614.2
-606.1
-596.2
-584.0
-568.6
-548.8
-522.8
-488.1
-441.1
-378.0
-295.8
-197.4
-98.0
-25.0
64
ET
EU
EV
EW
P-A13
Plenum C
Af (m^2)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
V (m/s)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
P (Pa)
31.5
31.3
31.2
31.1
30.9
30.7
30.5
30.3
30.0
29.7
29.3
28.8
28.2
27.5
26.5
25.3
23.6
21.3
18.3
14.3
9.5
4.7
1.2
P (psia)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
EX
SPAN: P-A1
Plenum
As (m^2)
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
0.004761
F (N)
0.150
0.149
0.149
0.148
0.147
0.146
0.145
0.144
0.143
0.141
0.139
0.137
0.134
0.131
0.126
0.120
0.112
0.101
0.087
0.068
0.045
0.023
0.006
Kc
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
EY
1
2
3 13 -- P-A14
4 C Exit
dP (Pa)
5
6
-10.5
7
-10.5
8
-10.4
9
-10.4
10
-10.3
11
-10.2
12
-10.2
13
-10.1
14
-10.0
15
-9.9
16
-9.8
17
-9.6
18
-9.4
19
-9.2
20
-8.8
21
-8.4
22
-7.9
23
-7.1
24
-6.1
25
-4.8
26
-3.2
27
-1.6
28
-0.4
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
EZ
FA
FB
FC
FD
FE
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
0.0723138
Af (m^2)
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
V (m/s)
6.334
6.322
6.309
6.294
6.277
6.259
6.238
6.213
6.184
6.151
6.110
6.060
5.998
5.918
5.814
5.675
5.483
5.213
4.825
4.268
3.487
2.456
1.241
Re(Dh)
3089
3083
3076
3069
3061
3052
3042
3030
3016
2999
2979
2955
2925
2886
2835
2767
2674
2542
2353
2081
1700
1198
605
FG
FH
FI

Plenum D Entrance
P-A14
Floater Ledge C (Middle)
R (m)
FF
P (Pa)
21.0
20.9
20.8
20.7
20.6
20.5
20.3
20.2
20.0
19.8
19.5
19.2
18.8
18.3
17.7
16.8
15.7
14.2
12.2
9.5
6.4
3.2
0.8
P (psia)
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
AR
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Ke
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
65
dP (Pa)
-21.0
-20.9
-20.8
-20.7
-20.6
-20.5
-20.3
-20.2
-20.0
-19.8
-19.5
-19.2
-18.8
-18.3
-17.7
-16.8
-15.7
-14.2
-12.2
-9.5
-6.4
-3.2
-0.8
FJ
FK
FL
FM
P-A15
Plenum D - Top of Floater
R (m)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Af (m^2)
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
V (m/s)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
P (Pa)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
FN
FO
P-A15
P (psia)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
P_act (Pa)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
FP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
FQ
FR
FS
FT
Ftotal (N)
F_float (N)
F_err (N)
FU
FV
P0
P_err (Pa)
0.0009
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0008
0.0007
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0006
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
20.643
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.643
20.643
20.644
20.644
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
20.64419652
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
P_tank (inH20g)
7.781
7.787
7.794
7.803
7.813
7.825
7.840
7.858
7.879
7.906
7.939
7.980
8.032
8.099
8.187
8.302
8.455
8.660
8.930
9.274
9.674
10.062
10.327
66
Pressure vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime A)
Floater
Height (in)
0.400
0.046
0.044
0.042
0.350
0.040
0.038
0.036
0.300
0.034
Pressure (psig)
0.032
0.030
0.250
0.028
0.046
0.200
0.038
0.150
0.030
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.100
0.022
Floater Height (in)
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.050
0.014
0.006
0.004
0.000
0.002
0
0.006
4
Valve Point
9 10
11 12
13 14
15
67
Pressure vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime A)

0.400
Floater
Height (in)
0.350
0.046
0.044
0.042
0.300
0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
Pressure (psig)
0.250
0.032
0.030
0.028
0.200
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.150
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.100
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.050
0.004
0.002
0.000
0
Valve Point
68
10
11
12
13
14
15
Velocity vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime A)
Floater
Height (in)
0.046
0.044
0.042
0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032
200
0.046
180
0.028
0.026
160
0.038
0.024
0.022
140
120
0.030
100
0.020
0.018
0.016
80
0.014
0.022
Floater Height (in)
60
40
0.014
20
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Velocity (ft/s)
0.030
0.006
Valve Point
69
Velocity vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime A)

210
Floater
Height (in)
200
190
0.046
180
0.044
0.042
170
0.040
160
0.038
150
0.036
0.034
Velocity (ft/s)
140
0.032
130
0.030
120
0.028
0.026
110
0.024
0.022
100
0.020
90
0.018
80
0.016
70
0.014
0.012
60
0.010
50
0.008
40
0.006
30
0.002
0.004
20
10
0
0
Valve Point
70
10
11
12
13
14
15
APPENDIX B
REGIME B EXCEL MODEL RESULTS FOR
71
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
LN2 VENT PRESSURE CALCULATIONS -- REGIME B
dZ
(m)
0.00224
0.00218
0.00213
0.00208
0.00203
0.00198
0.00193
0.00188
0.00183
0.00178
0.00173
0.00168
0.00163
0.00157
0.00152
0.00147
0.00142
0.00137
0.00132
0.00127
0.00122
(in)
0.088
0.086
0.084
0.082
0.080
0.078
0.076
0.074
0.072
0.070
0.068
0.066
0.064
0.062
0.060
0.058
0.056
0.054
0.052
0.050
0.048
P-B0
Pipe from Tank
Flow
Flow
(kg/s)
(lb/min)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0062
0.0062
0.0062
0.0062
0.842
0.842
0.842
0.841
0.841
0.840
0.840
0.839
0.838
0.838
0.837
0.836
0.835
0.833
0.832
0.830
0.829
0.827
0.824
0.822
0.820
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
V (m/s)
0.268
0.267
0.267
0.267
0.267
0.267
0.267
0.267
0.266
0.266
0.266
0.266
0.265
0.265
0.264
0.264
0.263
0.263
0.262
0.261
0.260
Re(Dh)
6283
6281
6279
6276
6273
6269
6265
6261
6256
6250
6243
6236
6228
6218
6208
6196
6182
6167
6151
6134
6116
SPAN: P-B0 -- P-B1

Contraction
P (Pa)
P (psia)
Kc
dP (Pa)
1886.8
1887.5
1888.4
1889.3
1890.3
1891.4
1892.7
1894.1
1895.7
1897.5
1899.5
1901.7
1904.3
1907.2
1910.4
1914.1
1918.1
1922.6
1927.4
1932.6
1938.1
0.274
0.274
0.274
0.274
0.274
0.274
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.276
0.276
0.277
0.277
0.278
0.278
0.279
0.280
0.280
0.281
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
72
F (N)
P-B1
Floating Piston Base
Af (m^2) V (m/s)
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
1.889
1.888
1.888
1.887
1.886
1.885
1.884
1.882
1.881
1.879
1.877
1.875
1.872
1.870
1.866
1.863
1.859
1.854
1.849
1.844
1.839
Re(Dh)
7391
7389
7386
7382
7379
7375
7370
7365
7359
7352
7344
7336
7326
7315
7302
7288
7272
7255
7236
7216
7195
P (Pa)
P (psia)
As (m^2)
1885.8
1886.5
1887.3
1888.2
1889.2
1890.4
1891.6
1893.1
1894.6
1896.4
1898.5
1900.7
1903.3
1906.2
1909.4
1913.0
1917.1
1921.6
1926.4
1931.6
1937.1
0.274
0.274
0.274
0.274
0.274
0.274
0.274
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.277
0.277
0.278
0.279
0.279
0.280
0.281
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
9.481
9.485
9.489
9.494
9.499
9.504
9.511
9.518
9.526
9.535
9.545
9.556
9.569
9.584
9.600
9.618
9.639
9.661
9.686
9.712
9.739
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
SPAN: P-B0 -- P-B1

Baffle
AA
AB
AC
P-B2
Channel 1 Entrance
AD
AE
AF
AG
AH
AI
SPAN: P-B2 -- P-B3

Diverging Nozzle
h / D0
zeta
dP (Pa)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
Re(Dh)
P (Pa)
P (psia)
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
6.51
6.82
7.15
7.51
7.89
8.30
8.74
9.21
9.72
10.27
10.86
11.50
12.19
12.95
13.76
14.65
15.62
16.68
17.85
19.13
20.54
-13.5
-14.1
-14.8
-15.5
-16.3
-17.1
-18.0
-19.0
-20.0
-21.1
-22.2
-23.5
-24.8
-26.3
-27.9
-29.5
-31.4
-33.3
-35.5
-37.8
-40.4
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.00072
0.00071
0.00070
0.00068
0.00067
0.00066
0.00064
0.00063
0.00062
0.00061
0.00059
0.00058
0.00057
0.00056
0.00054
0.00053
0.00052
0.00050
0.00049
0.00048
0.00047
7.594
7.728
7.867
8.010
8.159
8.312
8.472
8.637
8.808
8.985
9.168
9.359
9.556
9.761
9.974
10.194
10.423
10.662
10.910
11.170
11.443
6340.10
6337.86
6335.36
6332.56
6329.42
6325.88
6321.89
6317.38
6312.28
6306.50
6299.94
6292.51
6284.08
6274.53
6263.76
6251.66
6238.16
6223.25
6207.04
6189.65
6171.70
1872.3
1872.4
1872.5
1872.7
1872.9
1873.2
1873.6
1874.1
1874.7
1875.4
1876.2
1877.2
1878.4
1879.9
1881.6
1883.5
1885.7
1888.2
1891.0
1893.8
1896.8
0.2716
0.2716
0.2716
0.2716
0.2716
0.2717
0.2717
0.2718
0.2719
0.272
0.2721
0.2723
0.2724
0.2727
0.2729
0.2732
0.2735
0.2739
0.2743
0.2747
0.2751
73
Pa (Pa)
1875.3
1875.5
1875.7
1876.0
1876.4
1876.8
1877.3
1877.9
1878.7
1879.5
1880.6
1881.8
1883.2
1884.8
1886.7
1888.9
1891.3
1894.1
1897.1
1900.3
1903.5
As (m^2)
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
F (N)
2.172
2.172
2.172
2.173
2.173
2.174
2.174
2.175
2.176
2.177
2.178
2.179
2.181
2.183
2.185
2.188
2.190
2.194
2.197
2.201
2.204
AJ
P
Channel
Eff
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
dP (Pa)
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.9
7.1
7.4
7.7
8.0
8.3
8.7
9.1
9.4
9.8
10.3
10.7
11.2
11.7
12.3
12.9
13.5
R (m)
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
0.0444
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.00080 6.846
0.00079 6.967
0.00077 7.092
0.00076 7.221
0.00074 7.355
0.00073 7.494
0.00072 7.638
0.00070 7.786
0.00069 7.940
0.00067 8.100
0.00066 8.266
0.00064 8.437
0.00063 8.615
0.00062 8.800
0.00060 8.992
0.00059 9.191
0.00057 9.397
0.00056 9.612
0.00055 9.836
0.00053 10.070
0.00052 10.316
AK
AL
1
2
3 P-B3
4 l 1 Mid-Point
P (Pa)
Re(Dh)
5
6
5715.88
1878.2
7
5713.87
1878.5
8
5711.62
1878.9
9
5709.09
1879.3
10
5706.26
1879.8
11
5703.07
1880.4
12
5699.47
1881.0
13
5695.40
1881.8
14
5690.80
1882.7
15
5685.59
1883.7
16
5679.68
1884.9
17
5672.98
1886.3
18
5665.38
1887.9
19
5656.78
1889.7
20
5647.07
1891.8
21
5636.15
1894.2
22
5623.98
1897.0
23
5610.55
1900.0
24
5595.93
1903.3
25
5580.25
1906.7
26
5564.07
1910.3
27
AM
AN
AO
AP
AQ
AR
AS
SPAN: P-B3 -- P-B4

Diverging Nozzle
P (psia)
0.2724
0.2725
0.2725
0.2726
0.2726
0.2727
0.2728
0.2729
0.2731
0.2732
0.2734
0.2736
0.2738
0.2741
0.2744
0.2747
0.2751
0.2756
0.276
0.2765
0.2771
Pa (Pa)
1879.4
1879.8
1880.2
1880.7
1881.3
1881.9
1882.7
1883.5
1884.5
1885.6
1887.0
1888.5
1890.2
1892.2
1894.4
1897.0
1899.9
1903.1
1906.6
1910.2
1914.1
As (m^2)
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
F (N)
1.145
1.173
1.201
1.230
1.258
1.286
1.315
1.344
1.373
1.402
1.431
1.461
1.490
1.520
1.551
1.581
1.613
1.644
1.676
1.708
1.740
Eff
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
AT
AU
AV
AW
AX
AY
P-B4
O-ring Gap (Square Enter)
dP (Pa)
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.9
5.2
5.5
5.9
6.2
6.6
7.1
7.5
R (m)
Af (m^2)
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.048
0.00084
0.00082
0.00081
0.00080
0.00078
0.00077
0.00075
0.00074
0.00073
0.00071
0.00070
0.00068
0.00067
0.00065
0.00064
0.00063
0.00061
0.00060
0.00058
0.00057
0.00055
74
V (m/s)
6.532
6.640
6.752
6.868
6.987
7.111
7.240
7.373
7.510
7.653
7.801
7.955
8.114
8.279
8.450
8.628
8.812
9.004
9.204
9.413
9.632
Re(Dh)
5453.66
5445.79
5437.71
5429.39
5420.79
5411.87
5402.59
5392.88
5382.69
5371.95
5360.57
5348.46
5335.54
5321.70
5306.84
5290.90
5273.80
5255.56
5236.26
5216.00
5195.31
P (Pa)
1880.6
1881.0
1881.5
1882.1
1882.7
1883.5
1884.3
1885.3
1886.3
1887.6
1889.0
1890.7
1892.5
1894.6
1897.1
1899.8
1902.8
1906.2
1909.9
1913.8
1917.8
AZ
BA
BB
SPAN: P-B4 -- P-B

Contraction
P (psia)
0.2728
0.2728
0.2729
0.273
0.2731
0.2732
0.2733
0.2734
0.2736
0.2738
0.274
0.2742
0.2745
0.2748
0.2751
0.2755
0.276
0.2765
0.277
0.2776
0.2782
Pa (Pa)
1879.5
1879.8
1880.2
1880.7
1881.2
1881.8
1882.5
1883.2
1884.1
1885.2
1886.3
1887.7
1889.3
1891.0
1893.1
1895.4
1897.9
1900.7
1903.7
1906.8
1910.0
As (m^2)
F (N)
0.00067
0.00065
0.00064
0.00062
0.00061
0.00059
0.00058
0.00056
0.00055
0.00053
0.00052
0.00050
0.00049
0.00047
0.00046
0.00044
0.00043
0.00041
0.00040
0.00038
0.00037
1.257
1.229
1.202
1.174
1.146
1.119
1.091
1.063
1.035
1.008
0.980
0.953
0.925
0.897
0.870
0.842
0.815
0.787
0.760
0.732
0.704
AR
0.8162
0.8111
0.8059
0.8006
0.795
0.7894
0.7835
0.7775
0.7712
0.7647
0.758
0.7511
0.7439
0.7364
0.7287
0.7206
0.7121
0.7033
0.6941
0.6845
0.6744
BC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
BD
BE
BF
BG
BH
BI
BJ
BK
P-B5
O-ring Inner Edge
Kc
0.0588
0.0611
0.0635
0.0661
0.0687
0.0714
0.0742
0.0772
0.0802
0.0835
0.0869
0.0904
0.0941
0.098
0.1021
0.1064
0.111
0.1158
0.1209
0.1263
0.132
dP (Pa)
-2.2
-2.4
-2.6
-2.8
-3.1
-3.4
-3.7
-4.0
-4.4
-4.9
-5.3
-5.9
-6.5
-7.2
-8.0
-8.9
-9.9
-11.0
-12.3
-13.9
-15.6
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
Re(Dh)
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.00068
0.00067
0.00065
0.00064
0.00062
0.00061
0.00059
0.00058
0.00056
0.00054
0.00053
0.00051
0.00050
0.00048
0.00047
0.00045
0.00044
0.00042
0.00040
0.00039
0.00037
8.003
8.186
8.378
8.578
8.789
9.009
9.240
9.483
9.739
10.008
10.291
10.591
10.907
11.242
11.597
11.973
12.374
12.802
13.259
13.751
14.283
5203.57
5201.74
5199.69
5197.39
5194.81
5191.90
5188.62
5184.92
5180.74
5175.99
5170.61
5164.51
5157.59
5149.76
5140.92
5130.99
5119.91
5107.67
5094.37
5080.09
5065.36
BL
BM
BN
BO
BP
BQ
SPAN: P-B5 -- P-B6

Diverging Nozzle
P (Pa)
1878.4
1878.6
1878.9
1879.3
1879.6
1880.1
1880.6
1881.2
1881.9
1882.7
1883.7
1884.8
1886.0
1887.4
1889.1
1890.9
1893.0
1895.2
1897.6
1899.9
1902.2
P (psia)
0.2724
0.2725
0.2725
0.2726
0.2726
0.2727
0.2728
0.2728
0.2729
0.2731
0.2732
0.2734
0.2735
0.2738
0.274
0.2743
0.2746
0.2749
0.2752
0.2756
0.2759
Pa (Pa)
1879.2
1879.5
1879.9
1880.3
1880.7
1881.2
1881.8
1882.4
1883.2
1884.1
1885.1
1886.3
1887.6
1889.2
1890.9
1892.9
1895.0
1897.4
1899.9
1902.5
1905.0
75
As (m^2)
F (N)
Eff
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.725
0.726
0.726
0.726
0.726
0.726
0.726
0.727
0.727
0.727
0.728
0.728
0.729
0.729
0.730
0.731
0.732
0.732
0.733
0.734
0.735
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
BR
BS
P-B6
O-ring Center
dP (Pa)
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.7
3.9
4.2
4.4
4.8
5.1
5.5
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
Re(Dh)
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.00070
0.00069
0.00067
0.00065
0.00064
0.00062
0.00061
0.00059
0.00057
0.00056
0.00054
0.00053
0.00051
0.00049
0.00048
0.00046
0.00045
0.00043
0.00041
0.00040
0.00038
7.804
7.983
8.169
8.365
8.570
8.785
9.010
9.247
9.496
9.759
10.035
10.327
10.635
10.962
11.308
11.675
12.066
12.483
12.929
13.409
13.927
5074.01
5072.22
5070.22
5067.98
5065.46
5062.63
5059.44
5055.83
5051.75
5047.12
5041.87
5035.92
5029.18
5021.54
5012.92
5003.23
4992.43
4980.50
4967.53
4953.61
4939.24
BT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
BU
BV
BW
BX
BY
BZ
CA
CB
CC
SPAN: P-B6 -- P-B7

Diverging Nozzle
P (Pa)
P (psia)
1880.1
1880.4
1880.8
1881.2
1881.7
1882.3
1882.9
1883.7
1884.5
1885.5
1886.5
1887.8
1889.2
1890.9
1892.7
1894.8
1897.1
1899.6
1902.3
1905.0
1907.7
0.2727
0.2727
0.2728
0.2729
0.2729
0.273
0.2731
0.2732
0.2733
0.2735
0.2736
0.2738
0.274
0.2742
0.2745
0.2748
0.2752
0.2755
0.2759
0.2763
0.2767
Pa (Pa)
1880.9
1881.3
1881.7
1882.2
1882.7
1883.3
1884.0
1884.8
1885.7
1886.7
1887.9
1889.2
1890.7
1892.4
1894.4
1896.6
1899.0
1901.7
1904.5
1907.4
1910.2
As (m^2)
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
0.00039
F (N)
0.729
0.729
0.729
0.730
0.730
0.730
0.730
0.731
0.731
0.731
0.732
0.732
0.733
0.733
0.734
0.735
0.736
0.737
0.738
0.739
0.740
CD
CE
CF
CG
P-B7
O-ring Outer Edge
Eff
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
dP (Pa)
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.8
4.0
4.3
4.7
5.0
R (m)
Af (m^2)
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.00072
0.00070
0.00069
0.00067
0.00065
0.00064
0.00062
0.00060
0.00059
0.00057
0.00056
0.00054
0.00052
0.00051
0.00049
0.00047
0.00046
0.00044
0.00042
0.00041
0.00039
76
V (m/s)
Re(Dh)
7.618
7.792
7.975
8.166
8.366
8.575
8.796
9.027
9.270
9.526
9.796
10.081
10.382
10.701
11.039
11.397
11.779
12.186
12.621
13.090
13.595
4953.20
4951.45
4949.50
4947.31
4944.86
4942.09
4938.97
4935.45
4931.47
4926.95
4921.83
4916.02
4909.44
4901.98
4893.56
4884.11
4873.56
4861.92
4849.25
4835.66
4821.64
CH
CI
CJ
SPAN: P-B7 -- P-B8

Expansion
P (Pa)
1881.7
1882.1
1882.6
1883.1
1883.6
1884.3
1885.0
1885.9
1886.8
1887.9
1889.2
1890.6
1892.2
1894.0
1896.0
1898.4
1900.9
1903.7
1906.7
1909.7
1912.8
P (psia)
0.2729
0.273
0.273
0.2731
0.2732
0.2733
0.2734
0.2735
0.2737
0.2738
0.274
0.2742
0.2744
0.2747
0.275
0.2753
0.2757
0.2761
0.2765
0.277
0.2774
Pa (Pa)
1880.7
1881.0
1881.4
1881.8
1882.3
1882.9
1883.5
1884.2
1885.0
1885.9
1886.9
1888.1
1889.5
1891.0
1892.8
1894.7
1896.8
1899.1
1901.6
1903.9
1906.2
As (m^2)
0.00073
0.00072
0.0007
0.00068
0.00067
0.00065
0.00063
0.00062
0.0006
0.00058
0.00057
0.00055
0.00053
0.00051
0.0005
0.00048
0.00046
0.00045
0.00043
0.00041
0.0004
F (N)
1.382
1.3502
1.3184
1.2867
1.255
1.2234
1.1918
1.1603
1.1289
1.0976
1.0663
1.0351
1.0039
0.9729
0.9419
0.911
0.8801
0.8493
0.8185
0.7876
0.7566
AR
0.7462
0.7431
0.7398
0.7364
0.7328
0.7291
0.7251
0.721
0.7167
0.7121
0.7073
0.7023
0.697
0.6914
0.6855
0.6793
0.6727
0.6657
0.6583
0.6505
0.6422
CK
1
2
38
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
CL
CM
CN
CO
CP
CQ
CR
CS
P-B8
O-ring Outer Edge (Square Exit)
Ke
0.0590
0.0605
0.0622
0.0640
0.0658
0.0678
0.0699
0.0722
0.0746
0.0772
0.0799
0.0829
0.0860
0.0894
0.0931
0.0970
0.1012
0.1058
0.1108
0.1161
0.1220
dP (Pa)
-2.0
-2.1
-2.3
-2.5
-2.7
-2.9
-3.1
-3.4
-3.7
-4.1
-4.5
-4.9
-5.4
-6.0
-6.6
-7.3
-8.2
-9.1
-10.3
-11.6
-13.1
R (m)
Af (m^2)
0.05344
0.05339
0.05334
0.05329
0.05324
0.05319
0.05314
0.05309
0.05304
0.05298
0.05293
0.05288
0.05283
0.05278
0.05273
0.05268
0.05263
0.05258
0.05253
0.05248
0.05243
0.00096
0.00095
0.00093
0.00091
0.00089
0.00087
0.00086
0.00084
0.00082
0.00080
0.00079
0.00077
0.00075
0.00073
0.00072
0.00070
0.00068
0.00066
0.00065
0.00063
0.00061
V (m/s)
5.684
5.790
5.900
6.013
6.131
6.252
6.378
6.508
6.644
6.784
6.929
7.080
7.236
7.398
7.567
7.742
7.923
8.112
8.309
8.515
8.732
Re(Dh)
4746.03
4748.87
4751.52
4753.95
4756.12
4758.00
4759.55
4760.70
4761.42
4761.62
4761.23
4760.18
4758.38
4755.72
4752.13
4747.52
4741.84
4735.08
4727.32
4718.64
4709.51
P (Pa)
1879.7
1880.0
1880.3
1880.6
1881.0
1881.4
1881.9
1882.5
1883.1
1883.9
1884.7
1885.7
1886.8
1888.0
1889.5
1891.0
1892.7
1894.6
1896.4
1898.1
1899.7
CT
CU
CV
CW
CX
CY
CZ
SPAN: P-A8 -- P-A9

Contraction
P (psia)
0.27263
0.27267
0.27271
0.27276
0.27281
0.27287
0.27295
0.27303
0.27312
0.27323
0.27335
0.27349
0.27366
0.27384
0.27404
0.27427
0.27452
0.27478
0.27505
0.2753
0.27552
Pa (Pa)
1871.3
1870.8
1870.2
1869.5
1868.8
1868.0
1867.0
1866.0
1864.8
1863.5
1862.0
1860.4
1858.5
1856.3
1853.9
1851.2
1848.1
1844.7
1841.0
1836.8
1832.5
77
As (m^2)
F (N)
AR
0.00082
0.00084
0.00085
0.00087
0.00089
0.0009
0.00092
0.00094
0.00096
0.00097
0.00099
0.00101
0.00102
0.00104
0.00106
0.00107
0.00109
0.00111
0.00112
0.00114
0.00116
1.534
1.565
1.597
1.628
1.659
1.690
1.721
1.752
1.782
1.812
1.842
1.872
1.901
1.931
1.959
1.988
2.015
2.043
2.069
2.095
2.121
0.509
0.501
0.493
0.484
0.476
0.467
0.458
0.449
0.439
0.430
0.420
0.411
0.401
0.391
0.381
0.372
0.363
0.354
0.347
0.340
0.334
DA
P
Ledge
Kc
dP (Pa)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
0.232 -16.8 0.0561 0.00049

0.237 -18.4 0.0561 0.00047
0.242 -20.1 0.0561 0.00046
0.247 -22.1 0.0561 0.00044
0.252 -24.4 0.0561 0.00042
0.258 -26.9 0.0561 0.00041
0.264 -29.7 0.0561 0.00039
0.269 -32.9 0.0561 0.00038
0.275 -36.5 0.0561 0.00036
0.281 -40.7 0.0561 0.00035
0.287 -45.3 0.0561 0.00033
0.293 -50.7 0.0561 0.00032
0.299 -56.7 0.0561 0.00030
0.305 -63.5 0.0561 0.00029
0.311 -71.2 0.0561 0.00027
0.317 -79.7 0.0561 0.00026
0.322 -89.3 0.0561 0.00025
0.328 -99.7 0.0561 0.00023
0.332 -110.9 0.0561 0.00022
0.336 -122.6 0.0561 0.00021
0.339 -134.4 0.0561 0.00020
V (m/s)
11.17
11.56
11.97
12.41
12.89
13.39
13.93
14.50
15.12
15.78
16.49
17.24
18.06
18.92
19.84
20.81
21.83
22.89
23.97
25.05
26.10
DB
1
2
3 P-B9
4 e A Throat
Re(Dh)
5
6
4522.49
7
4520.89
8
4519.11
9
4517.11
10
4514.87
11
4512.34
12
4509.50
13
4506.28
14
4502.64
15
4498.52
16
4493.84
17
4488.54
18
4482.53
19
4475.72
20
4468.04
21
4459.40
22
4449.77
23
4439.14
24
4427.58
25
4415.17
26
4402.37
27
DC
DD
DE
DF
DG
DH
SPAN: P-B9 -- P-B10

Plenum B Entrance
P (Pa)
1862.9
1861.6
1860.1
1858.5
1856.6
1854.5
1852.2
1849.6
1846.6
1843.2
1839.4
1835.0
1830.1
1824.6
1818.3
1811.3
1803.5
1794.9
1785.5
1775.5
1765.2
P (psia)
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
AR
0.299
0.289
0.279
0.269
0.259
0.249
0.239
0.229
0.220
0.211
0.201
0.192
0.183
0.175
0.166
0.158
0.151
0.143
0.136
0.130
0.125
Ke
0.4861
0.5004
0.5150
0.5296
0.5443
0.5591
0.5739
0.5888
0.6037
0.6185
0.6333
0.6480
0.6625
0.6768
0.6908
0.7044
0.7175
0.7301
0.7419
0.7528
0.7626
dP (Pa)
-35.3
-38.9
-42.9
-47.4
-52.5
-58.2
-64.7
-71.9
-80.2
-89.5
-100.0
-112.0
-125.5
-140.8
-158.0
-177.3
-198.7
-222.2
-247.7
-274.5
-302.0
DI
DJ
DK
DL
P-B10
Plenum B
Af (m^2)
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
V (m/s)
3.34
3.34
3.34
3.34
3.33
3.33
3.33
3.33
3.32
3.32
3.32
3.31
3.31
3.30
3.30
3.29
3.29
3.28
3.27
3.26
3.25
P (Pa)
1827.6
1822.7
1817.2
1811.0
1804.1
1796.3
1787.5
1777.6
1766.4
1753.7
1739.3
1723.1
1704.6
1683.8
1660.3
1634.0
1604.8
1572.6
1537.9
1501.0
1463.3
78
DM
DN
DO
DP
DQ
DR
dP (Pa)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.06013
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
SPAN: P-B10 -- P-B11

Converging Nozzle
P (psia)
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.21
Pa (Pa)
1354.0
1351.3
1348.2
1344.7
1340.8
1336.4
1331.5
1325.9
1319.6
1312.4
1304.3
1295.2
1284.8
1273.1
1259.8
1245.0
1228.6
1210.5
1190.9
1170.1
1148.8
As (m^2)
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
F (N)
2.02645
2.02231
2.01767
2.01247
2.00664
2.00007
1.99268
1.98432
1.97488
1.96419
1.95208
1.93835
1.92282
1.90526
1.88548
1.86331
1.83866
1.81157
1.78225
1.75116
1.71928
Eff
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
Fl
-982.4
-981.8
-981.0
-980.1
-979.1
-978.0
-976.8
-975.4
-973.8
-972.1
-970.0
-967.7
-965.2
-962.2
-958.9
-955.2
-951.1
-946.6
-941.6
-936.4
-930.9
DS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
DT
DU
DV
P-B11
oater Ledge B (Middle)
V (m/s)
Re(Dh)
38.057
38.044
38.029
38.012
37.993
37.972
37.948
37.921
37.890
37.855
37.816
37.771
37.721
37.663
37.599
37.526
37.445
37.356
37.258
37.154
37.046
4217.80
4216.32
4214.66
4212.79
4210.70
4208.35
4205.69
4202.69
4199.30
4195.45
4191.09
4186.15
4180.54
4174.19
4167.02
4158.97
4149.99
4140.07
4129.29
4117.72
4105.78
DW
DX
DY
DZ
EA

Plenum C Entrance
P (Pa)
880.4
879.8
879.1
878.4
877.5
876.5
875.4
874.1
872.7
871.1
869.3
867.3
865.0
862.3
859.4
856.1
852.4
848.3
843.9
839.2
834.3
P (psia)
0.1277
0.12761
0.12751
0.12739
0.12727
0.12713
0.12697
0.12678
0.12658
0.12635
0.12609
0.12579
0.12545
0.12507
0.12464
0.12416
0.12362
0.12303
0.12239
0.12171
0.121
AR
Ke
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
dP (Pa)
-839.9
-839.3
-838.6
-837.9
-837.0
-836.1
-835.1
-833.9
-832.5
-831.0
-829.3
-827.3
-825.1
-822.6
-819.8
-816.6
-813.1
-809.2
-805.0
-800.5
-795.9
EB
EC
ED
EE
P-B12
Plenum C
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
79
P (Pa)
40.6
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.4
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.2
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.9
39.7
39.6
39.4
39.3
39.1
38.9
38.7
38.4
P (psia)
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
EF
EG
EH

Plenum C Exit
As (m^2)
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
F (N)
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.191
0.191
0.191
0.190
0.190
0.189
0.189
0.188
0.187
0.186
0.185
0.184
0.183
Kc
dP (Pa)
R (m)
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
-13.5
-13.5
-13.5
-13.5
-13.5
-13.5
-13.4
-13.4
-13.4
-13.4
-13.4
-13.3
-13.3
-13.2
-13.2
-13.2
-13.1
-13.0
-13.0
-12.9
-12.8
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
EI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
EJ
EK
EL
EM
P-B13
Af (m^2)
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
V (m/s)
7.193
7.190
7.187
7.184
7.180
7.176
7.172
7.167
7.161
7.154
7.147
7.139
7.129
7.118
7.106
7.092
7.077
7.060
7.042
7.022
7.002
Re(Dh)
3507.43
3506.19
3504.81
3503.26
3501.52
3499.56
3497.36
3494.86
3492.04
3488.84
3485.22
3481.10
3476.44
3471.16
3465.20
3458.50
3451.04
3442.79
3433.82
3424.20
3414.27
EN
EO
EP
EQ

Plenum D Entrance
P (Pa)
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.8
26.8
26.7
26.6
26.6
26.5
26.4
26.3
26.2
26.1
25.9
25.8
25.6
P (psia)
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
AR
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Ke
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
ER
ES
ET
EU
P-B14
dP (Pa)
-27.0
-27.0
-27.0
-27.0
-27.0
-26.9
-26.9
-26.9
-26.8
-26.8
-26.7
-26.6
-26.6
-26.5
-26.4
-26.3
-26.2
-26.1
-25.9
-25.8
-25.6
80
R (m)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Af (m^2)
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
V (m/s)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
P (Pa)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
EV
EW
EX
P-B14
P (psia)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
P_act (Pa)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P_err (Pa)
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
EY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
EZ
FA
FB
Ftotal (N)
F_float (N)
F_err (N)
FC
FD
FE
P0
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
0.000
0.000
P_tank (inH20g)
7.575
7.578
7.581
7.585
7.589
7.593
7.598
7.604
7.610
7.618
7.626
7.635
7.645
7.657
7.670
7.684
7.700
7.718
7.738
7.759
7.781
81
Pressure vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime B)
Floater
Height (in)
0.088
0.086
0.300
0.084
0.082
0.08
0.078
0.076
Pressure (psig)
0.074
0.072
0.200
0.07
0.088
0.080
0.068
0.066
0.064
0.062
0.06
0.072
0.100
0.058
0.056
0.064
Floater Height (in)
0.054
0.052
0.05
0.056
0.000
0
Valve Point
9 10
11 12
13 14
82
0.048
0.048
Pressure vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime B)

0.300
Floater
Height (in)
0.088
0.086
0.084
0.082
0.08
0.078
0.200
0.076
Pressure (psig)
0.074
0.072
0.07
0.068
0.066
0.064
0.062
0.06
0.100
0.058
0.056
0.054
0.052
0.05
0.048
0.000
0
Valve Point
83
10
11
12
13
14
Velocity vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime B)
Floater
Height (in)
0.088
0.086
0.084
0.082
0.08
0.078
140
0.076
0.074
0.072
120
0.088
0.068
100
80
0.072
60
0.064
40
20
0.056
0
0.048
14
12 13
10 11
8 9
7
6
4 5
2 3
0 1
Valve Point
84
0.066
Velocity (ft/s)
0.08
Floater Height (in)
0.07
0.064
0.062
0.06
0.058
0.056
0.054
0.052
0.05
0.048
Velocity vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime B)

140
Floater
Height (in)
120
0.088
0.086
0.084
0.082
100
0.08
0.078
0.076
Velocity (ft/s)
0.074
80
0.072
0.07
0.068
0.066
0.064
60
0.062
0.06
0.058
0.056
40
0.054
0.052
0.05
0.048
20
0
0
Valve Point
85
10
11
12
13
14
APPENDIX C
REGIME C EXCEL MODEL RESULTS FOR
86
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
LN2 VENT PRESSURE CALCULATIONS -- REGIME C
dZ
(m)
0.00472
0.00465
0.00457
0.00450
0.00442
0.00434
0.00427
0.00419
0.00411
0.00404
0.00396
0.00389
0.00381
0.00373
0.00366
0.00358
0.00351
0.00343
0.00335
0.00328
0.00320
0.00312
0.00305
0.00297
0.00290
0.00282
0.00274
0.00267
0.00259
0.00251
0.00244
0.00236
0.00229
(in)
0.186
0.183
0.180
0.177
0.174
0.171
0.168
0.165
0.162
0.159
0.156
0.153
0.150
0.147
0.144
0.141
0.138
0.135
0.132
0.129
0.126
0.123
0.120
0.117
0.114
0.111
0.108
0.105
0.102
0.099
0.096
0.093
0.090
P-C0
Pipe from Tank
Flow
Flow
(kg/s)
(lb/min)
R (m)
0.0244
0.0240
0.0236
0.0232
0.0228
0.0224
0.0219
0.0215
0.0210
0.0205
0.0200
0.0195
0.0189
0.0184
0.0178
0.0172
0.0166
0.0160
0.0153
0.0147
0.0140
0.0133
0.0126
0.0119
0.0111
0.0104
0.0096
0.0088
0.0080
0.0071
0.0063
0.0055
0.0046
3.228
3.179
3.127
3.074
3.019
2.961
2.902
2.841
2.778
2.713
2.645
2.576
2.504
2.430
2.354
2.276
2.196
2.113
2.028
1.941
1.852
1.760
1.666
1.570
1.472
1.371
1.268
1.161
1.054
0.945
0.835
0.722
0.608
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
Af (m^2)
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
V (m/s)
1.026
1.010
0.993
0.977
0.959
0.941
0.922
0.903
0.883
0.862
0.840
0.818
0.796
0.772
0.748
0.723
0.698
0.671
0.644
0.617
0.588
0.559
0.529
0.499
0.468
0.436
0.403
0.369
0.335
0.300
0.265
0.229
0.193
Re(Dh)
24085
23716
23331
22933
22522
22095
21654
21198
20727
20240
19737
19219
18684
18133
17565
16982
16381
15764
15131
14481
13815
13132
12432
11715
10981
10229
9459
8662
7864
7052
6227
5389
4539
SPAN: P-C0 -- P-C1

Contraction
P (Pa)
1640.4
1648.4
1656.8
1665.3
1673.9
1682.7
1691.6
1700.6
1709.7
1718.9
1728.1
1737.4
1746.7
1756.0
1765.2
1774.4
1783.5
1792.4
1801.2
1809.9
1818.3
1826.4
1834.3
1841.9
1849.1
1856.1
1862.7
1874.7
1879.9
1884.4
1888.2
1891.5
1894.1
P (psia)
AR
0.238
0.239
0.240
0.242
0.243
0.244
0.245
0.247
0.248
0.249
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.255
0.256
0.257
0.259
0.260
0.261
0.262
0.264
0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269
0.270
0.272
0.273
0.273
0.274
0.274
0.275
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
87
Kc
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
dP (Pa)
-13.5
-13.1
-12.7
-12.2
-11.8
-11.4
-10.9
-10.5
-10.0
-9.5
-9.1
-8.6
-8.1
-7.7
-7.2
-6.7
-6.2
-5.8
-5.3
-4.9
-4.4
-4.0
-3.6
-3.2
-2.8
-2.4
-2.1
-1.7
-1.4
-1.2
-0.9
-0.7
-0.5
P-C1
Af (m^2)
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
V (m/s)
7.242
7.130
7.015
6.895
6.771
6.643
6.511
6.374
6.232
6.085
5.934
5.778
5.618
5.452
5.281
5.106
4.925
4.740
4.549
4.354
4.154
3.948
3.738
3.522
3.302
3.076
2.844
2.604
2.364
2.120
1.872
1.620
1.365
Re(Dh)
28332
27897
27445
26977
26493
25991
25473
24936
24382
23809
23218
22608
21978
21330
20663
19976
19270
18544
17799
17035
16251
15448
14625
13781
12917
12033
11127
10189
9251
8296
7325
6339
5340
P (Pa)
1626.9
1635.3
1644.1
1653.0
1662.1
1671.3
1680.7
1690.1
1699.7
1709.3
1719.0
1728.8
1738.6
1748.3
1758.1
1767.7
1777.2
1786.6
1795.9
1805.0
1813.8
1822.4
1830.7
1838.7
1846.3
1853.6
1860.6
1873.0
1878.4
1883.2
1887.3
1890.8
1893.6
P (psia)
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.240
0.241
0.242
0.244
0.245
0.247
0.248
0.249
0.251
0.252
0.254
0.255
0.256
0.258
0.259
0.260
0.262
0.263
0.264
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269
0.270
0.272
0.272
0.273
0.274
0.274
0.275
S
1
2
3
4
5 As (m^2)
6
0.0050
7
0.0050
8
0.0050
9
10 0.0050
11 0.0050
12 0.0050
13 0.0050
14 0.0050
15 0.0050
16 0.0050
17 0.0050
18 0.0050
19 0.0050
20 0.0050
21 0.0050
22 0.0050
23 0.0050
24 0.0050
25 0.0050
26 0.0050
27 0.0050
28 0.0050
29 0.0050
30 0.0050
31 0.0050
32 0.0050
33 0.0050
34 0.0050
35 0.0050
36 0.0050
37 0.0050
38 0.0050
39 0.0050
SPAN: P-C1 -- P-C2

Baffle
F (N)
8.180
8.222
8.266
8.311
8.357
8.403
8.450
8.498
8.546
8.594
8.643
8.692
8.741
8.790
8.839
8.888
8.935
8.983
9.030
9.075
9.120
9.163
9.204
9.244
9.283
9.320
9.355
9.417
9.444
9.468
9.489
9.507
9.521
AA
AB
AC
AD
P-C2
Channel 1 Entrance
h / D0
zeta
dP (Pa)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
Re(Dh)
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.23
1.25
1.27
1.30
1.32
1.35
1.37
1.40
1.43
1.45
1.48
1.51
1.54
1.57
1.60
1.63
1.66
1.69
1.72
1.75
4.50
4.79
5.10
5.44
5.81
6.21
-32.8
-32.4
-31.9
-31.4
-30.9
-30.3
-29.7
-29.0
-28.2
-27.4
-26.6
-25.7
-24.7
-23.7
-22.7
-21.6
-20.5
-19.3
-18.2
-17.0
-15.7
-14.5
-13.2
-12.0
-10.7
-9.5
-8.2
-17.7
-15.5
-13.3
-11.1
-8.9
-6.7
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.00135
0.00133
0.00131
0.00129
0.00127
0.00125
0.00123
0.00121
0.00119
0.00117
0.00116
0.00114
0.00112
0.00110
0.00108
0.00106
0.00104
0.00102
0.00100
0.00098
0.00096
0.00094
0.00093
0.00091
0.00089
0.00087
0.00085
0.00083
0.00081
0.00079
0.00077
0.00075
0.00073
15.589
15.571
15.543
15.505
15.456
15.396
15.323
15.237
15.137
15.023
14.892
14.745
14.581
14.398
14.195
13.971
13.725
13.456
13.162
12.842
12.495
12.118
11.709
11.267
10.789
10.272
9.713
9.100
8.457
7.767
7.028
6.237
5.391
24303.05
23930.16
23542.44
23140.96
22725.34
22295.22
21850.25
21390.12
20914.54
20423.24
19915.99
19392.62
18852.96
18296.89
17724.32
17135.21
16529.23
15906.96
15268.05
14612.48
13940.18
13251.03
12544.86
11821.44
11080.46
10321.63
9544.67
8740.28
7935.15
7115.98
6283.31
5437.93
4580.45
88
AE
AF
AG
AH
AI
dP (Pa)
R (m)
SPAN: P-C2 -- P-C3

Diverging Nozzle
P (Pa)
1594.1
1603.0
1612.2
1621.6
1631.2
1641.0
1651.0
1661.2
1671.5
1681.9
1692.5
1703.1
1713.8
1724.6
1735.4
1746.1
1756.7
1767.3
1777.7
1788.0
1798.1
1807.9
1817.5
1826.7
1835.6
1844.2
1852.4
1855.2
1862.9
1869.9
1876.3
1882.0
1886.9
P (psia)
0.2312
0.2325
0.2338
0.2352
0.2366
0.238
0.2395
0.2409
0.2424
0.2439
0.2455
0.247
0.2486
0.2501
0.2517
0.2532
0.2548
0.2563
0.2578
0.2593
0.2608
0.2622
0.2636
0.2649
0.2662
0.2675
0.2687
0.2691
0.2702
0.2712
0.2721
0.273
0.2737
Pa (Pa)
1606.7
1615.5
1624.7
1634.0
1643.6
1653.3
1663.1
1673.2
1683.3
1693.6
1703.9
1714.4
1724.8
1735.3
1745.8
1756.2
1766.4
1776.7
1786.7
1796.5
1806.2
1815.5
1824.5
1833.3
1841.6
1849.6
1857.3
1859.5
1866.6
1873.0
1878.8
1884.0
1888.4
As (m^2)
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
F (N)
1.861
1.871
1.882
1.892
1.903
1.915
1.926
1.938
1.949
1.961
1.973
1.985
1.998
2.010
2.022
2.034
2.046
2.058
2.069
2.081
2.092
2.103
2.113
2.123
2.133
2.142
2.151
2.153
2.162
2.169
2.176
2.182
2.187
Eff
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
25.1
25.1
25.0
24.8
24.7
24.5
24.3
24.0
23.7
23.3
22.9
22.5
22.0
21.4
20.8
20.2
19.5
18.7
17.9
17.0
16.1
15.2
14.2
13.1
12.0
10.9
9.7
8.6
7.4
6.2
5.1
4.0
3.0
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
AJ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
AK
AL
AM
AN
AO
P-C3
Channel 1 Mid-point
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
Re(Dh)
0.00149
0.00147
0.00145
0.00143
0.00141
0.00139
0.00137
0.00135
0.00132
0.00130
0.00128
0.00126
0.00124
0.00122
0.00120
0.00118
0.00115
0.00113
0.00111
0.00109
0.00107
0.00105
0.00103
0.00101
0.00098
0.00096
0.00094
0.00092
0.00090
0.00088
0.00086
0.00084
0.00081
14.054
14.038
14.013
13.978
13.934
13.880
13.814
13.737
13.647
13.544
13.426
13.294
13.145
12.980
12.797
12.595
12.373
12.131
11.866
11.578
11.265
10.925
10.557
10.158
9.727
9.261
8.757
8.204
7.624
7.002
6.336
5.623
4.860
21910.30
21574.13
21224.58
20862.63
20487.93
20100.16
19699.00
19284.17
18855.41
18412.48
17955.18
17483.33
16996.80
16495.48
15979.28
15448.17
14901.85
14340.85
13764.85
13173.82
12567.70
11946.40
11309.76
10657.56
9989.54
9305.42
8604.95
7879.76
7153.90
6415.38
5664.69
4902.54
4129.48
AP
AQ
AR
AS
AT
AU
AV
SPAN: P-C3 -- P-C4

Diverging Nozzle
P (Pa)
1619.2
1628.0
1637.1
1646.4
1655.9
1665.5
1675.3
1685.2
1695.1
1705.2
1715.4
1725.6
1735.8
1746.0
1756.2
1766.3
1776.2
1786.0
1795.7
1805.1
1814.2
1823.1
1831.6
1839.8
1847.6
1855.1
1862.1
1863.8
1870.3
1876.1
1881.4
1886.0
1889.9
P (psia)
0.2349
0.2361
0.2374
0.2388
0.2402
0.2416
0.243
0.2444
0.2459
0.2473
0.2488
0.2503
0.2518
0.2532
0.2547
0.2562
0.2576
0.259
0.2604
0.2618
0.2631
0.2644
0.2657
0.2668
0.268
0.2691
0.2701
0.2703
0.2713
0.2721
0.2729
0.2735
0.2741
Pa (Pa)
1619.1
1628.0
1637.1
1646.4
1655.9
1665.5
1675.2
1685.1
1695.1
1705.2
1715.3
1725.5
1735.7
1745.9
1756.1
1766.2
1776.1
1785.9
1795.5
1804.9
1814.1
1822.9
1831.5
1839.7
1847.5
1854.9
1862.0
1863.6
1870.1
1876.0
1881.2
1885.9
1889.8
As (m^2)
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
0.00128
F (N)
2.069
2.081
2.092
2.104
2.116
2.129
2.141
2.154
2.166
2.179
2.192
2.205
2.218
2.231
2.244
2.257
2.270
2.282
2.295
2.307
2.318
2.330
2.341
2.351
2.361
2.371
2.380
2.382
2.390
2.398
2.404
2.410
2.415
AR
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.89
0.89
0.88
0.88
0.87
0.87
0.86
89
AW
AX
AY
AZ
P (Pa)
P (psia)
P-C4
O-ring Inner Edge
Kc
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.018
0.019
0.020
0.021
0.023
0.024
0.026
0.028
0.029
0.031
0.033
0.035
0.038
0.040
dP (Pa)
-0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.2
-0.2
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.00145
0.00142
0.00140
0.00138
0.00135
0.00133
0.00131
0.00128
0.00126
0.00124
0.00121
0.00119
0.00117
0.00114
0.00112
0.00110
0.00107
0.00105
0.00103
0.00100
0.00098
0.00096
0.00093
0.00091
0.00089
0.00086
0.00084
0.00082
0.00079
0.00077
0.00075
0.00072
0.00070
14.514
14.526
14.529
14.523
14.508
14.483
14.447
14.400
14.341
14.268
14.182
14.080
13.962
13.826
13.673
13.499
13.305
13.089
12.849
12.583
12.290
11.967
11.613
11.224
10.797
10.329
9.817
9.247
8.642
7.984
7.270
6.495
5.653
Re(Dh)
19946.48
19640.44
19322.22
18992.71
18651.60
18298.58
17933.38
17555.73
17165.40
16762.17
16345.85
15916.30
15473.38
15016.99
14547.06
14063.55
13566.20
13055.48
12531.10
11993.05
11441.26
10875.65
10296.07
9702.33
9094.18
8471.37
7833.69
7173.50
6512.69
5840.37
5156.97
4463.13
3759.36
1618.9
1628.0
1637.1
1646.4
1655.8
1665.5
1675.2
1685.1
1695.1
1705.1
1715.3
1725.5
1735.7
1745.9
1756.0
1766.1
1776.0
1785.8
1795.4
1804.8
1814.0
1822.8
1831.3
1839.5
1847.3
1854.8
1861.8
1863.5
1870.0
1875.9
1881.1
1885.8
1889.7
0.2348
0.2361
0.2374
0.2388
0.2402
0.2416
0.243
0.2444
0.2458
0.2473
0.2488
0.2503
0.2517
0.2532
0.2547
0.2561
0.2576
0.259
0.2604
0.2618
0.2631
0.2644
0.2656
0.2668
0.2679
0.269
0.27
0.2703
0.2712
0.2721
0.2728
0.2735
0.2741
BA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
BB
BC
BD
BE
BF
BG
SPAN: P-C4 -- P-C5

Diverging Nozzle
Pa (Pa)
1624.3
1633.5
1642.6
1651.9
1661.3
1670.9
1680.6
1690.5
1700.4
1710.4
1720.5
1730.6
1740.7
1750.8
1760.9
1770.8
1780.6
1790.2
1799.7
1808.9
1817.9
1826.5
1834.8
1842.8
1850.3
1857.5
1864.3
1865.7
1871.9
1877.5
1882.5
1886.8
1890.5
As (m^2)
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
0.00077
F (N)
1.257
1.264
1.271
1.278
1.285
1.293
1.300
1.308
1.315
1.323
1.331
1.339
1.347
1.354
1.362
1.370
1.378
1.385
1.392
1.399
1.406
1.413
1.419
1.426
1.431
1.437
1.442
1.443
1.448
1.452
1.456
1.460
1.463
BH
BI
BJ
BK
BL
P-C5
O-ring Outer Edge
Eff
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
dP (Pa)
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.8
10.8
10.7
10.6
10.4
10.3
10.1
9.9
9.7
9.4
9.2
8.9
8.6
8.2
7.8
7.4
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.4
3.9
3.3
2.7
2.2
1.7
R (m)
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
0.0512
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.00152
0.00150
0.00147
0.00145
0.00142
0.00140
0.00137
0.00135
0.00132
0.00130
0.00127
0.00125
0.00123
0.00120
0.00118
0.00115
0.00113
0.00110
0.00108
0.00105
0.00103
0.00101
0.00098
0.00096
0.00093
0.00091
0.00088
0.00086
0.00083
0.00081
0.00078
0.00076
0.00074
13.816
13.827
13.830
13.824
13.810
13.786
13.752
13.708
13.651
13.582
13.499
13.402
13.290
13.161
13.015
12.850
12.665
12.459
12.230
11.977
11.698
11.391
11.054
10.684
10.277
9.832
9.345
8.802
8.226
7.600
6.921
6.183
5.381
Re(Dh)
18986.75
18695.43
18392.53
18078.88
17754.17
17418.14
17070.51
16711.03
16339.48
15955.65
15559.37
15150.48
14728.87
14294.44
13847.13
13386.88
12913.46
12427.31
11928.17
11416.00
10890.76
10352.37
9800.67
9235.50
8656.61
8063.77
7456.77
6828.35
6199.34
5559.36
4908.84
4248.38
3578.47
90
BM
BN
BO
BP
BQ
Kc
dP (Pa)
SPAN: P-C5 -- P-C6

Contraction
P (Pa)
1629.8
1638.9
1648.0
1657.3
1666.8
1676.3
1686.0
1695.8
1705.7
1715.7
1725.7
1735.7
1745.8
1755.8
1765.7
1775.5
1785.2
1794.7
1804.0
1813.0
1821.8
1830.2
1838.3
1846.0
1853.4
1860.3
1866.8
1867.9
1873.8
1879.2
1883.8
1887.9
1891.4
P (psia)
0.2364
0.2377
0.239
0.2404
0.2417
0.2431
0.2445
0.246
0.2474
0.2488
0.2503
0.2517
0.2532
0.2547
0.2561
0.2575
0.2589
0.2603
0.2616
0.263
0.2642
0.2655
0.2666
0.2677
0.2688
0.2698
0.2708
0.2709
0.2718
0.2725
0.2732
0.2738
0.2743
Pa (Pa)
1627.7
1636.7
1645.7
1654.9
1664.2
1673.6
1683.2
1692.9
1702.6
1712.5
1722.4
1732.3
1742.2
1752.0
1761.9
1771.6
1781.1
1790.5
1799.7
1808.7
1817.4
1825.8
1833.9
1841.6
1849.0
1856.0
1862.7
1863.9
1870.1
1875.7
1880.8
1885.3
1889.2
As (m^2)
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
0.00155
F (N)
2.530
2.544
2.558
2.572
2.587
2.602
2.616
2.632
2.647
2.662
2.677
2.693
2.708
2.724
2.739
2.754
2.769
2.783
2.798
2.812
2.825
2.838
2.851
2.863
2.874
2.885
2.895
2.897
2.907
2.916
2.924
2.931
2.937
AR
0.89
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.87
0.87
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.85
0.85
0.84
0.84
0.83
0.83
0.82
0.82
0.81
0.81
0.80
0.79
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.76
0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.69
0.030
0.031
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.037
0.038
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.045
0.047
0.049
0.051
0.054
0.056
0.058
0.061
0.064
0.067
0.070
0.073
0.076
0.080
0.084
0.088
0.092
0.096
0.101
0.106
0.112
0.117
0.124
-4.3
-4.5
-4.7
-4.9
-5.2
-5.4
-5.6
-5.9
-6.2
-6.4
-6.7
-6.9
-7.2
-7.4
-7.7
-7.9
-8.2
-8.4
-8.5
-8.7
-8.8
-8.9
-8.9
-8.9
-8.8
-8.6
-8.3
-7.9
-7.5
-6.9
-6.2
-5.3
-4.4
BR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
BS
BT
BU
BV
BW
BX
BY
P-C6
Ledge A Throat
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
Re(Dh)
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.00135
0.00132
0.00129
0.00127
0.00124
0.00121
0.00119
0.00116
0.00113
0.00111
0.00108
0.00105
0.00103
0.00100
0.00097
0.00095
0.00092
0.00090
0.00087
0.00084
0.00082
0.00079
0.00076
0.00074
0.00071
0.00069
0.00066
0.00063
0.00061
0.00058
0.00056
0.00053
0.00051
15.61
15.68
15.74
15.80
15.85
15.89
15.92
15.94
15.95
15.95
15.93
15.91
15.86
15.80
15.72
15.62
15.50
15.35
15.18
14.98
14.75
14.49
14.19
13.84
13.45
13.00
12.49
11.90
11.26
10.55
9.74
8.83
7.81
17149.05
16889.53
16619.42
16339.48
16049.44
15749.02
15437.98
15116.10
14783.15
14438.95
14083.33
13716.14
13337.28
12946.64
12544.16
12129.79
11703.30
11265.09
10814.91
10352.73
9878.49
9392.11
8893.46
8382.36
7858.59
7321.93
6772.19
6202.74
5632.53
5052.10
4461.86
3862.33
3253.96
BZ
CA
CB
CC
CD
CE
CF
SPAN: P-C6 -- P-C7

Rectangular Elbow
P (Pa)
1625.5
1634.5
1643.4
1652.4
1661.6
1670.9
1680.4
1689.9
1699.6
1709.3
1719.0
1728.8
1738.6
1748.3
1758.0
1767.6
1777.0
1786.3
1795.4
1804.3
1813.0
1821.3
1829.4
1837.2
1844.6
1851.7
1858.5
1860.0
1866.4
1872.3
1877.7
1882.6
1887.0
P (psia)
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
Pa (Pa)
1563.2
1572.3
1581.4
1590.6
1600.0
1609.5
1619.2
1629.0
1638.9
1648.9
1659.0
1669.2
1679.5
1689.9
1700.4
1710.9
1721.5
1732.1
1742.9
1753.6
1764.4
1775.2
1785.9
1796.5
1806.8
1816.8
1826.3
1830.5
1839.8
1848.9
1857.6
1866.0
1873.9
As (m^2)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
F (N)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
91
W6/W5
1.18
1.20
1.23
1.25
1.28
1.31
1.34
1.37
1.40
1.43
1.47
1.50
1.54
1.58
1.63
1.67
1.72
1.77
1.82
1.88
1.94
2.00
2.07
2.15
2.22
2.31
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.72
2.84
2.98
3.12
Kloc
0.6894
0.6797
0.6706
0.6622
0.6544
0.6471
0.6405
0.6343
0.6287
0.6236
0.6188
0.6143
0.61
0.6056
0.6012
0.5964
0.591
0.5849
0.5778
0.5695
0.5599
0.5489
0.5368
0.5241
0.5121
0.5029
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
CG
CH
P-C7
Plenum B
K(Re)
1.278
1.281
1.284
1.287
1.291
1.294
1.298
1.302
1.306
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.324
1.330
1.335
1.341
1.346
1.352
1.359
1.365
1.372
1.379
1.387
1.395
1.403
1.411
1.420
1.430
1.439
1.449
1.459
1.470
1.481
dP (Pa)
-124.7
-124.3
-124.0
-123.6
-123.2
-122.8
-122.4
-121.9
-121.4
-120.8
-120.0
-119.2
-118.1
-116.8
-115.2
-113.3
-111.1
-108.4
-105.2
-101.4
-97.2
-92.4
-87.1
-81.4
-75.5
-69.7
-64.4
-58.9
-53.1
-46.8
-40.2
-33.3
-26.2
Af (m^2)
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
V (m/s)
12.80
12.60
12.40
12.19
11.97
11.74
11.51
11.27
11.02
10.76
10.49
10.21
9.93
9.64
9.34
9.03
8.71
8.38
8.04
7.70
7.34
6.98
6.61
6.23
5.84
5.44
5.03
4.60
4.18
3.75
3.31
2.86
2.41
Re(Dh)
16740.56
16483.71
16216.64
15940.09
15653.80
15357.52
15051.02
14734.07
14406.47
14068.05
13718.65
13358.14
12986.40
12603.37
12208.97
11803.17
11385.76
10957.13
10517.03
10065.45
9602.35
9127.65
8641.22
8142.91
7632.51
7109.80
6574.61
6020.53
5465.93
4901.67
4328.11
3745.79
3155.13
P (Pa)
1500.9
1510.1
1519.4
1528.8
1538.4
1548.1
1558.0
1568.0
1578.2
1588.5
1599.0
1609.7
1620.5
1631.5
1642.8
1654.3
1665.9
1678.0
1690.3
1702.9
1715.8
1729.0
1742.4
1755.8
1769.1
1782.0
1794.1
1801.1
1813.3
1825.5
1837.5
1849.3
1860.8
CI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
CJ
CK
CL
CM
CN
CO
CP
CQ
CR
SPAN: P-C7 -- P-C8

Converging Nozzle
P (psia)
0.218
0.219
0.220
0.222
0.223
0.225
0.226
0.227
0.229
0.230
0.232
0.233
0.235
0.237
0.238
0.240
0.242
0.243
0.245
0.247
0.249
0.251
0.253
0.255
0.257
0.258
0.260
0.261
0.263
0.265
0.267
0.268
0.270
Pa (Pa)
1275.7
1276.6
1277.3
1278.0
1278.7
1279.4
1280.1
1280.9
1281.7
1282.6
1283.5
1284.5
1285.6
1286.8
1288.3
1289.9
1291.7
1293.8
1296.2
1298.9
1302.0
1305.4
1309.1
1313.1
1317.2
1321.2
1324.9
1325.2
1329.7
1334.4
1339.5
1344.8
1350.3
As (m^2)
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
F (N)
1.9093
1.9105
1.9116
1.9126
1.9137
1.9148
1.9159
1.917
1.9182
1.9195
1.9209
1.9224
1.924
1.9259
1.928
1.9304
1.9331
1.9363
1.9399
1.944
1.9486
1.9537
1.9593
1.9652
1.9713
1.9773
1.9829
1.9833
1.99
1.9971
2.0047
2.0126
2.0208
Eff
CS
CT
CU
CV
CW
CX
CY
P-C8
Ledge B
dP (Pa)
0.8000 -450.2
0.8000 -467.1
0.8000 -484.2
0.8000 -501.6
0.8000 -519.4
0.8000 -537.4
0.8000 -555.6
0.8000 -574.2
0.8000 -592.9
0.8000 -611.9
0.8000 -631.0
0.8000 -650.3
0.8000 -669.8
0.8000 -689.4
0.8000 -709.0
0.8000 -728.8
0.8000 -748.6
0.8000 -768.4
0.8000 -788.2
0.8000 -808.0
0.8000 -827.6
0.8000 -847.1
0.8000 -866.4
0.8000 -885.4
0.8000 -903.8
0.8000 -921.6
0.8000 -938.3
0.8000 -951.8
0.8000 -967.3
0.8000 -982.1
0.8000 -996.0
0.8000 -1009.1
0.8000 -1021.0
R (m)
0.0596
0.0596
0.0597
0.0597
0.0597
0.0597
0.0597
0.0598
0.0598
0.0598
0.0598
0.0598
0.0598
0.0599
0.0599
0.0599
0.0599
0.0599
0.0600
0.0600
0.0600
0.0600
0.0600
0.0601
0.0601
0.0601
0.0601
0.0601
0.0602
0.0602
0.0602
0.0602
0.0602
Af (m^2)
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
V (m/s)
28.00
28.32
28.64
28.97
29.30
29.63
29.96
30.29
30.62
30.95
31.29
31.62
31.95
32.28
32.61
32.94
33.26
33.59
33.91
34.23
34.55
34.86
35.17
35.47
35.76
36.03
36.29
36.49
36.73
36.96
37.18
37.38
37.57
92
Re(Dh)
16308.16
16052.81
15787.68
15513.50
15230.01
14936.98
14634.20
14321.46
13998.57
13665.38
13321.74
12967.52
12602.65
12227.04
11840.65
11443.45
11035.25
10616.44
10186.79
9746.29
9294.93
8832.62
8359.26
7874.71
7378.78
6871.27
6352.02
5814.86
5277.53
4731.22
4176.28
3613.24
3042.52
P (Pa)
1050.6
1043.0
1035.2
1027.2
1019.0
1010.7
1002.3
993.8
985.3
976.6
968.0
959.3
950.7
942.2
933.7
925.5
917.4
909.6
902.1
894.9
888.2
881.8
875.9
870.4
865.3
860.4
855.8
849.3
846.0
843.4
841.4
840.3
839.7
P (psia)
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
CZ
SPAN
Plen
z (m)
0.0025
0.0024
0.0023
0.0023
0.0022
0.0021
0.0020
0.0020
0.0019
0.0018
0.0017
0.0017
0.0016
0.0015
0.0014
0.0014
0.0013
0.0012
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
a (rad) b (rad)
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.39
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.55
0.61
0.68
0.77
0.88
1.01
1.16
1.34
1.54
0.63
0.63
0.62
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.47
0.45
0.42
0.40
0.36
0.33
0.29
0.24
0.18
0.10
0.02
-0.09
-0.22
-0.38
-0.56
-0.75
y (m)
0.0020
0.0019
0.0019
0.0018
0.0018
0.0017
0.0017
0.0016
0.0016
0.0015
0.0015
0.0014
0.0014
0.0013
0.0012
0.0012
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0008
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
x (m)
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
AR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DA
DB
DC
DD
1
2
3 N: P-C8 -- P-C9
4 um C Entrance
dP (Pa) Af (m^2) V (m/s)
Ke
5
6
0.9980
-454.5
0.0
0.00
7
0.9980
-465.0
0.0
0.00
8
0.9980
-475.8
0.0
0.00
9
0.9980
-486.7
0.0
0.00
10
0.9980
-497.7
0.0
0.00
11
0.9980
-509.0
0.0
0.00
12
0.9980
-520.4
0.0
0.00
13
0.9980
-532.0
0.0
0.00
14
0.9980
-543.8
0.0
0.00
15
0.9980
-555.6
0.0
0.00
16
0.9980
-567.6
0.0
0.00
17
0.9980
-579.7
0.0
0.00
18
0.9980
-591.9
0.0
0.00
19
0.9980
-604.3
0.0
0.00
20
0.9980
-616.6
0.0
0.00
21
0.9980
-629.1
0.0
0.00
22
0.9980
-641.6
0.0
0.00
23
0.9980
-654.2
0.0
0.00
24
0.9980
-666.8
0.0
0.00
25
0.9980
-679.4
0.0
0
26
0.9980
-692.0
0.0
0.00
27
0.9980
-704.6
0.0
0.00
28
0.9980
-717.1
0.0
0.00
29
0.9980
-729.4
0.0
0.00
30
0.9980
-741.4
0.0
0.00
31
0.9980
-752.9
0.0
0.00
32
0.9980
-763.8
0.0
0.00
33
0.9980
-772.2
0.0
0.00
34
0.9980
-782.4
0.0
0.00
35
0.9980
-792.3
0.0
0.00
36
0.9980
-801.6
0.0
0.00
37
0.9980
-810.4
0.0
0.00
38
0.9980
-818.6
0.0
0.00
39
DE
DF
DG
DH
P-C9
Plenum C
P (Pa)
596.1
578.0
559.4
540.5
521.3
501.7
481.9
461.8
441.5
421.0
400.3
379.6
358.8
337.9
317.1
296.4
275.8
255.4
235.3
215.5
196.1
177.2
158.8
141.1
123.9
107.5
92.0
77.1
63.6
51.1
39.8
29.8
21.2
P (psia)
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
DI
DJ
DK
DL
SPAN: P-C9 -- P-C10

Plenum C Exit
As (m^2)
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
F (N)
2.838
2.752
2.663
2.573
2.482
2.389
2.294
2.199
2.102
2.004
1.906
1.807
1.708
1.609
1.510
1.411
1.313
1.216
1.120
1.026
0.934
0.844
0.756
0.672
0.590
0.512
0.438
0.367
0.303
0.243
0.190
0.142
0.101
DN
DO
DP
P (Pa)
P (psia)
P-C10
Kc
dP (Pa)
R (m)
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
-198.8
-192.7
-186.5
-180.2
-173.8
-167.3
-160.7
-154.0
-147.2
-140.4
-133.5
-126.6
-119.6
-112.7
-105.7
-98.8
-91.9
-85.1
-78.4
-71.9
-65.4
-59.1
-53.0
-47.0
-41.3
-35.9
-30.7
-25.7
-21.2
-17.0
-13.3
-10.0
-7.1
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
93
DM
Af (m^2)
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
V (m/s)
27.571
27.148
26.708
26.252
25.781
25.293
24.788
24.266
23.727
23.169
22.594
22.000
21.388
20.757
20.108
19.439
18.752
18.046
17.321
16.577
15.815
15.033
14.232
13.411
12.570
11.709
10.828
9.915
9.002
8.073
7.128
6.169
5.196
Re(Dh)
13444.78
13238.50
13024.01
12801.90
12571.98
12334.03
12087.86
11833.31
11570.21
11298.42
11017.81
10728.27
10429.72
10122.09
9805.34
9479.43
9144.20
8799.95
8446.50
8083.83
7711.90
7330.65
6939.99
6539.78
6129.87
5710.07
5280.24
4835.25
4389.83
3936.66
3476.02
3008.34
2533.97
397.4
385.3
372.9
360.3
347.5
334.4
321.2
307.8
294.3
280.6
266.9
253.0
239.1
225.2
211.4
197.5
183.8
170.2
156.8
143.7
130.7
118.1
105.9
94.0
82.6
71.7
61.3
51.4
42.4
34.1
26.6
19.9
14.1
0.058
0.056
0.054
0.052
0.050
0.049
0.047
0.045
0.043
0.041
0.039
0.037
0.035
0.033
0.031
0.029
0.027
0.025
0.023
0.021
0.019
0.017
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.009
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
DQ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
DR
DS
DT
SPAN: P-C10 -- P-C11

Plenum D Entrance
AR
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Ke
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
dP (Pa)
-397.4
-385.3
-372.9
-360.3
-347.5
-334.4
-321.2
-307.8
-294.3
-280.6
-266.9
-253.0
-239.1
-225.2
-211.4
-197.5
-183.8
-170.2
-156.8
-143.7
-130.7
-118.1
-105.9
-94.0
-82.6
-71.7
-61.3
-51.4
-42.4
-34.1
-26.6
-19.9
-14.1
DU
DV
DW
DX
DY
P-C11
R (m)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Af (m^2)
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
V (m/s)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
P (Pa)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
DZ
EA
EB
EC
ED
EE
Ftotal (N)
F_float (N)
F_err (N)
EF
P-C11
P (psia)
P_act (Pa)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
94
P_err (Pa)
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0008
0.0005
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.643
20.643
20.643
20.643
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.643
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
EG
1
2
3
4
P0
5 P_tank (inH20g)
6
6.586
7
6.618
8
6.651
9
6.685
10
6.720
11
6.755
12
6.791
13
6.827
14
6.864
15
6.901
16
6.938
17
6.975
18
7.012
19
7.050
20
7.087
21
7.124
22
7.160
23
7.196
24
7.231
25
7.266
26
7.300
27
7.332
28
7.364
29
7.394
30
7.424
31
7.451
32
7.478
33
7.526
34
7.547
35
7.565
36
7.581
37
7.594
38
7.604
39
EH
95
Floater
Height (in)
0.186
Pressure vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime C)
0.183
0.180
0.177
0.174
0.171
0.168
0.165
0.162
0.300
0.159
0.156
0.153
0.150
0.250
0.147
0.144
0.186
Pressure (psig)
0.200
0.174
0.162
0.150
0.150
0.141
0.138
0.135
0.132
0.129
0.126
0.138
Floater Height (in)
0.100
0.126
0.114
0.050
0.123
0.120
0.117
0.114
0.111
0.108
0.102
0.000
0.105
0.102
0 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10 11
Valve Point
0.090
0.099
0.096
0.093
0.090
96
Floater
Height (in)
0.186
Pressure vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime C)
0.183
0.180
0.177
0.300
0.174
0.171
0.168
0.165
0.250
0.162
0.159
0.156
0.153
0.200
0.150
Pressure (psig)
0.147
0.144
0.141
0.138
0.150
0.135
0.132
0.129
0.126
0.100
0.123
0.120
0.117
0.114
0.050
0.111
0.108
0.105
0.102
0.099
0.000
0
Valve Point
10
11
0.096
0.093
0.090
97
Floater
Height (in)
0.186
Velocity vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime C)
0.183
0.180
0.177
0.174
0.171
0.168
0.165
0.162
0.159
140
0.156
0.153
0.150
120
0.147
0.144
0.141
100
Velocity (ft/s)
0.138
0.135
80
0.186
0.174
0.162
60
0.150
0.138
40
0.126
Floater Height (in)
0.132
0.129
0.126
0.123
0.120
0.117
0.114
0.111
20
0.114
0.102
0
0 1 2
3 4 5
6 7 8
9 10 11
0.090
Valve Point
0.108
0.105
0.102
0.099
0.096
0.093
0.090
98
Floater
Height (in)
0.186
Velocity vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime C)
0.183
0.180
0.177
140
0.174
0.171
0.168
120
0.165
0.162
0.159
0.156
100
0.153
0.150
Velocity (ft/s)
0.147
0.144
80
0.141
0.138
0.135
0.132
60
0.129
0.126
0.123
40
0.120
0.117
0.114
0.111
20
0.108
0.105
0.102
0.099
0
0
Valve Point
10
11
0.096
0.093
0.090
99
APPENDIX D
REGIME D EXCEL MODEL RESULTS FOR
100
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
LN2 VENT PRESSURE CALCULATIONS -- REGIME D
dZ
(m)
0.00820
0.00808
0.00795
0.00782
0.00770
0.00757
0.00744
0.00732
0.00719
0.00706
0.00693
0.00681
0.00668
0.00655
0.00643
0.00630
0.00617
0.00605
0.00592
0.00579
0.00566
0.00554
0.00541
0.00528
0.00516
0.00503
0.00490
0.00478
(in)
0.323
0.318
0.313
0.308
0.303
0.298
0.293
0.288
0.283
0.278
0.273
0.268
0.263
0.258
0.253
0.248
0.243
0.238
0.233
0.228
0.223
0.218
0.213
0.208
0.203
0.198
0.193
0.188
P-D0
Pipe from Tank
Flow
Flow
(kg/s)
(lb/min)
R (m)
0.0330
0.0328
0.0327
0.0325
0.0323
0.0322
0.0320
0.0318
0.0316
0.0314
0.0311
0.0309
0.0306
0.0304
0.0301
0.0298
0.0295
0.0292
0.0288
0.0284
0.0281
0.0276
0.0272
0.0267
0.0263
0.0257
0.0252
0.0246
4.363
4.343
4.323
4.301
4.278
4.255
4.230
4.204
4.176
4.148
4.118
4.086
4.053
4.017
3.980
3.941
3.900
3.857
3.811
3.762
3.711
3.656
3.598
3.537
3.472
3.404
3.331
3.253
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
Af (m^2)
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
V (m/s)
1.386
1.380
1.373
1.366
1.359
1.352
1.344
1.336
1.327
1.318
1.308
1.298
1.287
1.276
1.265
1.252
1.239
1.225
1.211
1.195
1.179
1.162
1.143
1.124
1.103
1.081
1.058
1.034
Re(Dh)
32553
32405
32251
32089
31920
31743
31558
31364
31160
30946
30721
30485
30236
29974
29698
29407
29099
28775
28432
28069
27685
27279
26848
26391
25907
25394
24850
24272
SPAN: P-D0 -- P-D1

Contraction
P (Pa)
1418.1
1422.8
1427.6
1432.6
1437.8
1443.2
1448.9
1454.7
1460.9
1467.3
1474.0
1480.9
1488.2
1495.8
1503.7
1512.0
1520.6
1529.6
1539.0
1548.8
1559.0
1569.7
1580.8
1592.3
1604.3
1616.8
1629.8
1643.2
P (psia)
AR
0.206
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209
0.209
0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214
0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.225
0.226
0.228
0.229
0.231
0.233
0.235
0.236
0.238
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
101
Kc
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
dP (Pa)
-24.7
-24.4
-24.2
-24.0
-23.7
-23.5
-23.2
-22.9
-22.6
-22.3
-22.0
-21.6
-21.3
-20.9
-20.5
-20.1
-19.7
-19.3
-18.8
-18.3
-17.8
-17.3
-16.8
-16.2
-15.6
-15.0
-14.4
-13.7
P-D1
Af (m^2)
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
V (m/s)
9.787
9.743
9.697
9.648
9.597
9.544
9.488
9.430
9.369
9.304
9.237
9.166
9.091
9.012
8.929
8.842
8.749
8.652
8.549
8.439
8.324
8.202
8.072
7.935
7.789
7.635
7.471
7.298
Re(Dh)
76586
76238
75875
75495
75098
74682
74246
73789
73309
72806
72277
71720
71135
70519
69869
69184
68461
67698
66892
66038
65135
64178
63165
62090
60951
59744
58463
57104
P (Pa)
P (psia)
1393.5
1398.3
1403.3
1408.6
1414.0
1419.7
1425.7
1431.8
1438.3
1445.0
1452.0
1459.3
1466.9
1474.9
1483.2
1491.8
1500.9
1510.3
1520.2
1530.5
1541.2
1552.3
1564.0
1576.1
1588.7
1601.8
1615.4
1629.5
0.202
0.203
0.204
0.204
0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209
0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214
0.215
0.216
0.218
0.219
0.220
0.222
0.224
0.225
0.227
0.229
0.230
0.232
0.234
0.236
S
1
2
3
4
5 As (m^2)
6
0.0050
7
0.0050
8
0.0050
9
10 0.0050
11 0.0050
12 0.0050
13 0.0050
14 0.0050
15 0.0050
16 0.0050
17 0.0050
18 0.0050
19 0.0050
20 0.0050
21 0.0050
22 0.0050
23 0.0050
24 0.0050
25 0.0050
26 0.0050
27 0.0050
28 0.0050
29 0.0050
30 0.0050
31 0.0050
32 0.0050
33 0.0050
34 0.0050
SPAN: P-D1 -- P-D2

Contraction
F (N)
7.006
7.030
7.056
7.082
7.110
7.138
7.168
7.199
7.231
7.265
7.300
7.337
7.375
7.415
7.457
7.501
7.546
7.593
7.643
7.695
7.749
7.805
7.863
7.924
7.988
8.054
8.122
8.193
AA
AB
AC
AD
P-D2
Channel 1 Entrance
h / D0
zeta
dP (Pa)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.54
0.55
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.71
0.72
0.74
0.77
0.79
0.81
0.83
0.86
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.00
1.03
1.06
-29.9
-30.1
-30.3
-30.5
-30.8
-31.0
-31.3
-31.6
-31.9
-32.1
-32.4
-32.7
-33.0
-33.3
-33.6
-33.8
-34.0
-34.2
-34.4
-34.5
-34.5
-34.6
-34.5
-34.3
-34.1
-33.8
-33.4
-32.9
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.00222
0.00219
0.00216
0.00213
0.00209
0.00206
0.00203
0.00200
0.00197
0.00193
0.00190
0.00187
0.00184
0.00181
0.00177
0.00174
0.00171
0.00168
0.00165
0.00162
0.00158
0.00155
0.00152
0.00149
0.00146
0.00142
0.00139
0.00136
12.775
12.902
13.031
13.160
13.291
13.422
13.553
13.685
13.817
13.948
14.079
14.209
14.338
14.465
14.589
14.711
14.829
14.942
15.050
15.152
15.246
15.331
15.406
15.469
15.518
15.552
15.567
15.563
Re(Dh)
32847
32698
32543
32380
32209
32031
31844
31648
31442
31226
30999
30761
30510
30245
29967
29673
29363
29035
28690
28323
27936
27526
27091
26630
26142
25624
25074
24492
AE
AF
AG
AH
AI
AJ
dP (Pa)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.00251
0.00247
0.00243
0.00240
0.00236
0.00232
0.00228
0.00224
0.00220
0.00216
0.00212
0.00208
0.00205
0.00201
0.00197
0.00193
0.00189
0.00185
0.00181
0.00177
0.00173
0.00170
0.00166
0.00162
0.00158
0.00154
0.00150
0.00146
SPAN: P-D2 -- P-D3

Diverging Nozzle
P (Pa)
P (psia)
1363.6
1368.2
1373.0
1378.1
1383.3
1388.7
1394.4
1400.3
1406.4
1412.9
1419.6
1426.6
1433.9
1441.6
1449.6
1458.0
1466.8
1476.1
1485.8
1496.0
1506.6
1517.8
1529.5
1541.8
1554.6
1568.0
1582.0
1596.6
0.1978
0.1984
0.1991
0.1999
0.2006
0.2014
0.2022
0.2031
0.204
0.2049
0.2059
0.2069
0.208
0.2091
0.2102
0.2115
0.2127
0.2141
0.2155
0.217
0.2185
0.2201
0.2218
0.2236
0.2255
0.2274
0.2295
0.2316
102
Pa (Pa)
1373.4
1378.2
1383.1
1388.2
1393.6
1399.1
1404.9
1410.8
1417.1
1423.6
1430.4
1437.4
1444.8
1452.5
1460.6
1469.0
1477.8
1487.0
1496.7
1506.8
1517.3
1528.4
1539.9
1552.0
1564.6
1577.7
1591.4
1605.6
As (m^2)
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
F (N)
3.346
3.357
3.369
3.382
3.395
3.408
3.422
3.437
3.452
3.468
3.485
3.502
3.520
3.539
3.558
3.579
3.600
3.623
3.646
3.671
3.696
3.723
3.751
3.781
3.811
3.844
3.877
3.912
Eff
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
19.6
19.9
20.1
20.3
20.5
20.7
20.9
21.1
21.3
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.8
21.6
21.4
21.2
20.8
20.4
20.0
19.4
18.8
18.1
AK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
AL
AM
AN
AO
AP
P-D3
O-ring Inner Edge
V (m/s)
11.296
11.422
11.549
11.678
11.808
11.940
12.073
12.207
12.342
12.477
12.613
12.750
12.886
13.022
13.157
13.291
13.423
13.552
13.678
13.799
13.916
14.026
14.128
14.222
14.305
14.375
14.432
14.471
Re(Dh)
26959.19
26836.81
26708.94
26575.22
26435.32
26288.84
26135.38
25974.49
25805.69
25628.46
25442.24
25246.45
25040.42
24823.45
24594.81
24353.66
24099.15
23830.34
23546.69
23246.19
22928.18
22591.42
22234.65
21856.51
21455.58
21030.43
20579.54
20101.39
AQ
AR
AS
AT
AU
AV
SPAN: P-D3 -- PD4

Contraction
P (Pa)
1383.2
1388.1
1393.2
1398.4
1403.8
1409.5
1415.3
1421.4
1427.7
1434.3
1441.2
1448.3
1455.7
1463.5
1471.5
1480.0
1488.8
1497.9
1507.6
1517.6
1528.0
1538.9
1550.3
1562.2
1574.6
1587.4
1600.8
1614.7
P (psia)
0.2006
0.2013
0.2021
0.2028
0.2036
0.2044
0.2053
0.2062
0.2071
0.208
0.209
0.2101
0.2111
0.2123
0.2134
0.2147
0.2159
0.2173
0.2187
0.2201
0.2216
0.2232
0.2249
0.2266
0.2284
0.2302
0.2322
0.2342
Pa (Pa)
1383.5
1388.4
1393.5
1398.7
1404.1
1409.7
1415.6
1421.7
1428.0
1434.5
1441.4
1448.5
1455.9
1463.6
1471.6
1480.0
1488.8
1497.9
1507.5
1517.4
1527.8
1538.6
1549.9
1561.7
1574.0
1586.7
1600.0
1613.7
As (m^2)
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
0.00233
F (N)
3.221
3.232
3.244
3.256
3.269
3.282
3.296
3.310
3.324
3.340
3.356
3.372
3.389
3.407
3.426
3.446
3.466
3.487
3.510
3.533
3.557
3.582
3.608
3.636
3.664
3.694
3.725
3.757
AW
AX
AY
AZ
BA
P (Pa)
P (psia)
Pa (Pa)
P-D4
Ledge A Throat
AR
Kc
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.93
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
103
dP (Pa)
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.5
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-1.9
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
Re(Dh)
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.0561
0.00257
0.00252
0.00248
0.00243
0.00239
0.00234
0.00230
0.00225
0.00221
0.00216
0.00212
0.00208
0.00203
0.00199
0.00194
0.00190
0.00185
0.00181
0.00176
0.00172
0.00167
0.00163
0.00159
0.00154
0.00150
0.00145
0.00141
0.00136
11.06
11.21
11.35
11.50
11.66
11.81
11.97
12.13
12.30
12.47
12.64
12.81
12.98
13.16
13.34
13.52
13.70
13.88
14.06
14.24
14.42
14.59
14.77
14.93
15.09
15.25
15.39
15.52
22954.05
22857.94
22757.08
22651.16
22539.90
22422.95
22299.95
22170.53
22034.26
21890.69
21739.34
21579.70
21411.18
21233.20
21045.09
20846.15
20635.62
20412.68
20176.87
19926.46
19660.84
19378.96
19079.69
18761.87
18424.25
18065.58
17684.53
17279.79
1383.9
1388.7
1393.8
1399.0
1404.4
1410.0
1415.9
1421.9
1428.2
1434.7
1441.6
1448.6
1456.0
1463.7
1471.7
1480.0
1488.8
1497.8
1507.4
1517.3
1527.6
1538.3
1549.5
1561.2
1573.4
1586.0
1599.2
1612.8
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
1321.6
1326.1
1330.8
1335.6
1340.7
1346.1
1351.6
1357.5
1363.6
1369.9
1376.6
1383.6
1390.9
1398.6
1406.6
1415.0
1423.8
1433.0
1442.7
1452.8
1463.3
1474.3
1485.8
1497.8
1510.2
1523.2
1536.6
1550.6
BB
1
2
3
4
5 As (m^2)
6
0.0
7
0.0
8
0.0
9
0.0
10
0.0
11
0.0
12
0.0
13
0.0
14
0.0
15
0.0
16
0.0
17
0.0
18
0.0
19
0.0
20
0.0
21
0.0
22
0.0
23
0.0
24
0.0
25
0.0
26
0.0
27
0.0
28
0.0
29
0.0
30
0.0
31
0.0
32
0.0
33
0.0
34
BC
BD
BE
BF
BG
BH
BI
SPAN: P-D4 -- P-D5

Rectangular Elbow
F (N)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
W6/W5
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.95
0.97
1.00
1.03
1.06
1.09
1.13
1.16
Kloc
1.4379
1.4086
1.3791
1.3494
1.3195
1.2895
1.2594
1.2292
1.199
1.1687
1.1385
1.1084
1.0784
1.0485
1.0189
0.9897
0.9608
0.9324
0.9045
0.8773
0.8509
0.8253
0.8006
0.7771
0.7548
0.7338
0.7142
0.6961
BJ
BK
BL
BM
P-D5
Plenum B
K(Re)
1.218
1.219
1.220
1.221
1.222
1.223
1.224
1.225
1.227
1.228
1.230
1.231
1.233
1.235
1.236
1.238
1.241
1.243
1.245
1.248
1.250
1.253
1.257
1.260
1.264
1.268
1.272
1.276
dP (Pa)
-124.5
-125.3
-126.0
-126.7
-127.3
-127.9
-128.4
-128.9
-129.3
-129.6
-129.9
-130.1
-130.2
-130.2
-130.2
-130.1
-129.9
-129.7
-129.3
-129.0
-128.5
-128.0
-127.5
-126.9
-126.3
-125.7
-125.0
-124.4
Af (m^2)
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
0.00164
V (m/s)
17.30
17.22
17.14
17.05
16.97
16.87
16.77
16.67
16.56
16.45
16.33
16.20
16.07
15.93
15.78
15.63
15.47
15.29
15.11
14.92
14.71
14.50
14.27
14.03
13.77
13.50
13.21
12.90
Re(Dh)
22626.15
22523.44
22416.12
22303.89
22186.48
22063.54
21934.75
21799.71
21658.04
21509.30
21353.01
21188.69
21015.77
20833.68
20641.78
20439.40
20225.79
20000.18
19762.12
19509.92
19243.02
18960.39
18660.96
18343.60
18007.11
17650.29
17271.87
16870.58
104
BN
BO
BP
BQ
BR
dP (Pa)
R (m)
SPAN: P-D5 -- P-D6

Converging Nozzle
P (Pa)
1259.3
1263.4
1267.8
1272.3
1277.1
1282.1
1287.4
1293.0
1298.9
1305.1
1311.7
1318.6
1325.8
1333.5
1341.5
1350.0
1358.8
1368.2
1378.0
1388.3
1399.1
1410.3
1422.1
1434.3
1447.1
1460.4
1474.1
1488.4
P (psia)
0.183
0.183
0.184
0.185
0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.188
0.189
0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.200
0.201
0.203
0.205
0.206
0.208
0.210
0.212
0.214
0.216
Pa (Pa)
1260.2
1260.0
1259.8
1259.7
1259.5
1259.5
1259.4
1259.4
1259.4
1259.5
1259.6
1259.8
1260.1
1260.3
1260.7
1261.1
1261.6
1262.1
1262.7
1263.3
1264.0
1264.7
1265.5
1266.3
1267.1
1268.0
1268.8
1269.7
As (m^2)
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
F (N)
1.8861
1.8858
1.8855
1.8852
1.885
1.8849
1.8848
1.8848
1.8849
1.885
1.8852
1.8854
1.8858
1.8862
1.8867
1.8874
1.888
1.8888
1.8897
1.8907
1.8917
1.8928
1.8939
1.8951
1.8964
1.8976
1.8989
1.9003
Eff
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
0.8000
1.8
-6.8
-15.8
-25.3
-35.1
-45.3
-56.1
-67.3
-79.0
-91.3
-104.1
-117.5
-131.5
-146.2
-161.6
-177.7
-194.6
-212.2
-230.7
-250.0
-270.1
-291.2
-313.2
-336.1
-360.0
-384.8
-410.6
-437.3
0.0587
0.0588
0.0588
0.0588
0.0589
0.0589
0.0589
0.0590
0.0590
0.0590
0.0591
0.0591
0.0591
0.0592
0.0592
0.0592
0.0593
0.0593
0.0593
0.0594
0.0594
0.0594
0.0594
0.0595
0.0595
0.0595
0.0596
0.0596
BS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
BT
BU
BV
BW
BX
BY
BZ
CA
CB
P-D6
Ledge B
Af (m^2)
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0014
0.0014
0.0014
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
V (m/s)
17.23
17.49
17.77
18.05
18.33
18.63
18.93
19.25
19.57
19.90
20.25
20.60
20.96
21.33
21.72
22.11
22.52
22.94
23.37
23.81
24.26
24.72
25.20
25.68
26.18
26.68
27.20
27.72
Re(Dh)
22368.13
22254.57
22136.56
22013.86
21886.16
21753.16
21614.52
21469.89
21318.89
21161.09
20996.04
20823.27
20642.24
20452.40
20253.15
20043.82
19823.72
19592.10
19348.54
19091.40
18820.15
18533.83
18231.39
17911.76
17573.82
17216.40
16838.30
16438.32
P (Pa)
1261.2
1256.6
1251.9
1247.0
1242.0
1236.8
1231.4
1225.8
1219.9
1213.9
1207.6
1201.1
1194.3
1187.2
1179.9
1172.2
1164.3
1156.0
1147.4
1138.3
1128.9
1119.1
1108.9
1098.2
1087.1
1075.6
1063.5
1051.1
CC
CD
CE
CF
CG
SPAN: P-D6 -- P-D7

Plenum C Entrance
P (psia)
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
z (m)
0.0059
0.0058
0.0057
0.0056
0.0054
0.0053
0.0052
0.0051
0.0049
0.0048
0.0047
0.0045
0.0044
0.0043
0.0042
0.0040
0.0039
0.0038
0.0037
0.0035
0.0034
0.0033
0.0032
0.0030
0.0029
0.0028
0.0027
0.0025
a (rad) b (rad)
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.67
0.67
0.66
0.66
0.65
0.65
0.64
0.63
y (m)
x (m)
0.0045
0.0044
0.0043
0.0042
0.0041
0.0040
0.0039
0.0038
0.0037
0.0037
0.0036
0.0035
0.0034
0.0033
0.0032
0.0031
0.0030
0.0029
0.0028
0.0028
0.0027
0.0026
0.0025
0.0024
0.0023
0.0022
0.0021
0.0020
0.0016
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0014
0.0014
0.0014
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0007
105
AR
Ke
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
dP (Pa)
-172.1
-177.5
-183.0
-188.8
-194.9
-201.3
-207.9
-214.8
-222.1
-229.7
-237.7
-246.0
-254.8
-263.9
-273.5
-283.5
-294.1
-305.1
-316.6
-328.6
-341.2
-354.4
-368.1
-382.4
-397.4
-412.9
-429.0
-445.6
CH
CI
CJ
P-D7
Plenum C
Af (m^2) V (m/s)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
P (Pa)
1089.0
1079.2
1068.9
1058.2
1047.1
1035.5
1023.5
1010.9
997.8
984.2
969.9
955.0
939.5
923.3
906.4
888.7
870.2
850.9
830.8
809.7
787.7
764.7
740.8
715.8
689.8
662.7
634.6
605.4
P (psia)
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
As (m^2)
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
CK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
CL
CM
CN
CO
SPAN: P-D7 -- P-D8

Plenum C Exit
F (N)
5.185
5.138
5.089
5.038
4.985
4.930
4.873
4.813
4.751
4.686
4.618
4.547
4.473
4.396
4.315
4.231
4.143
4.051
3.955
3.855
3.750
3.641
3.527
3.408
3.284
3.155
3.021
2.883
CP
CQ
CR
CS
CT
P-D8
Kc
dP (Pa)
R (m)
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
-363.1
-359.8
-356.4
-352.8
-349.1
-345.3
-341.2
-337.0
-332.7
-328.1
-323.4
-318.4
-313.2
-307.8
-302.2
-296.3
-290.1
-283.7
-277.0
-270.0
-262.6
-255.0
-247.0
-238.6
-230.0
-220.9
-211.6
-201.9
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
Af (m^2)
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
V (m/s)
37.264
37.095
36.918
36.733
36.540
36.337
36.125
35.903
35.670
35.425
35.167
34.897
34.612
34.312
33.996
33.663
33.311
32.939
32.547
32.132
31.692
31.227
30.734
30.211
29.657
29.069
28.446
27.785
Re(Dh)
18171.65
18089.16
18002.97
17912.84
17818.54
17719.81
17616.37
17507.92
17394.14
17274.68
17149.16
17017.19
16878.31
16732.07
16577.95
16415.41
16243.86
16062.67
15871.48
15668.93
15454.57
15227.59
14987.11
14732.22
14461.98
14175.41
13871.49
13549.20
CU
CV
CW
SPAN: P-D8 -- P-D9

Plenum D Entrance
P (Pa)
725.9
719.4
712.5
705.4
698.0
690.3
682.2
673.9
665.1
656.0
646.5
636.6
626.3
615.5
604.2
592.4
580.1
567.2
553.8
539.7
525.1
509.8
493.8
477.1
459.8
441.8
423.0
403.6
106
P (psia)
0.105288
0.104334
0.103342
0.10231
0.101236
0.100117
0.098952
0.097737
0.096471
0.09515
0.093773
0.092335
0.090834
0.089267
0.08763
0.08592
0.084134
0.082267
0.08032
0.078283
0.076156
0.073936
0.071619
0.069203
0.066688
0.064071
0.061353
0.058535
AR
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Ke
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
dP (Pa)
-725.9
-719.4
-712.5
-705.4
-698.0
-690.3
-682.2
-673.9
-665.1
-656.0
-646.5
-636.6
-626.3
-615.5
-604.2
-592.4
-580.1
-567.2
-553.8
-539.7
-525.1
-509.8
-493.8
-477.1
-459.8
-441.8
-423.0
-403.6
CX
CY
CZ
P-D9
R (m)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Af (m^2)
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
V (m/s)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
P (Pa)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
DA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
DB
DC
DD
DE
DF
DG
DH
Ftotal (N)
F_float (N)
F_err (N)
P-D9
P (psia)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
DI
DJ
P0
P_act (Pa)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P_err (Pa)
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.643
20.643
20.643
20.643
20.643
20.643
20.643
20.643
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
107
P_tank (inH20g)
5.693
5.712
5.731
5.751
5.772
5.794
5.817
5.840
5.865
5.891
5.917
5.945
5.975
6.005
6.037
6.070
6.105
6.141
6.179
6.218
6.259
6.302
6.346
6.393
6.441
6.491
6.543
6.597
DK
Floater
Height (in)
0.323
Pressure vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime D)
0.318
0.313
0.308
0.303
0.298
0.293
0.288
0.250
0.283
0.278
0.273
0.200
0.268
Pressure (psig)
0.263
0.323
0.150
0.303
0.283
0.263
0.100
0.243
Floater Height (in)
0.258
0.253
0.248
0.243
0.238
0.233
0.228
0.223
0.223
0.050
0.218
0.213
0.203
0.000
0
0.208
0.203
Valve Point
0.198
7
0.193
0.188
108
Floater
Height (in)
0.323
0.318
0.313
0.300
0.308
0.303
0.298
0.293
0.250
0.288
0.283
0.278
0.200
0.273
Pressure (psig)
0.268
0.263
0.258
0.150
0.253
0.248
0.243
0.238
0.100
0.233
0.228
0.223
0.218
0.050
0.213
0.208
0.203
0.000
0
Valve Point
109
0.198
0.193
0.188
Floater
Height (in)
0.323
Velocity vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime D)
0.318
0.313
0.308
0.303
0.298
0.293
0.288
0.283
0.278
140
0.273
0.268
120
0.263
0.258
0.323
100
80
0.283
0.263
Floater Height (in)
60
0.253
Velocity (ft/s)
0.303
0.248
0.243
0.238
0.233
0.228
0.243
40
0.223
0.218
0.223
20
0.213
0.208
0.203
0
9
7 8
5 6
4
2 3
0 1
Valve Point
0.203
0.198
0.193
0.188
110
Floater
Height (in)
0.323
Velocity vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime D)
0.318
0.313
140
0.308
0.303
0.298
120
0.293
0.288
0.283
100
0.278
0.273
Velocity (ft/s)
0.268
0.263
80
0.258
0.253
0.248
60
0.243
0.238
0.233
40
0.228
0.223
0.218
20
0.213
0.208
0.203
0
0
Valve Point
111
0.198
0.193
0.188
APPENDIX E
REGIME E EXCEL MODEL RESULTS FOR
112
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
LN2 VENT PRESSURE CALCULATIONS -- REGIME E
dZ
(m)
0.02807
0.02756
0.02705
0.02654
0.02604
0.02553
0.02502
0.02451
0.02400
0.02350
0.02299
0.02248
0.02197
0.02146
0.02096
0.02045
0.01994
0.01943
0.01892
0.01842
0.01791
0.01740
0.01689
0.01638
0.01588
0.01537
0.01486
0.01435
0.01384
0.01334
0.01283
0.01232
0.01181
0.01130
0.01080
0.01029
0.00978
0.00927
0.00876
0.00826
(in)
1.105
1.085
1.065
1.045
1.025
1.005
0.985
0.965
0.945
0.925
0.905
0.885
0.865
0.845
0.825
0.805
0.785
0.765
0.745
0.725
0.705
0.685
0.665
0.645
0.625
0.605
0.585
0.565
0.545
0.525
0.505
0.485
0.465
0.445
0.425
0.405
0.385
0.365
0.345
0.325
P-E0
Pipe from Tank
Flow
Flow
(kg/s)
(lb/min)
R (m)
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0354
0.0354
0.0354
0.0354
0.0354
0.0354
0.0354
0.0353
0.0353
0.0353
0.0353
0.0352
0.0352
0.0351
0.0351
0.0350
0.0350
0.0349
0.0348
0.0347
0.0346
0.0345
0.0343
0.0342
0.0341
0.0340
0.0340
0.0340
4.699
4.698
4.697
4.697
4.696
4.695
4.695
4.694
4.693
4.692
4.691
4.690
4.688
4.687
4.685
4.684
4.682
4.680
4.677
4.675
4.672
4.668
4.664
4.660
4.655
4.649
4.642
4.634
4.625
4.614
4.602
4.588
4.573
4.557
4.541
4.525
4.511
4.500
4.495
4.495
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
Af (m^2)
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
V (m/s)
1.493
1.493
1.492
1.492
1.492
1.492
1.491
1.491
1.491
1.491
1.490
1.490
1.489
1.489
1.488
1.488
1.487
1.487
1.486
1.485
1.484
1.483
1.482
1.480
1.479
1.477
1.475
1.472
1.469
1.466
1.462
1.458
1.453
1.448
1.443
1.438
1.433
1.430
1.428
1.428
Re(Dh)
35056
35051
35047
35042
35037
35032
35026
35020
35013
35005
34997
34988
34978
34968
34957
34944
34930
34914
34896
34876
34854
34828
34799
34766
34728
34684
34633
34574
34503
34424
34333
34232
34121
34002
33880
33761
33657
33577
33534
33533
SPAN: P-E0 -- P-E1

Contraction
P (Pa)
1356.9
1357.1
1357.3
1357.5
1357.7
1357.9
1358.1
1358.3
1358.5
1358.8
1359.0
1359.2
1359.5
1359.7
1360.1
1360.4
1360.8
1361.2
1361.6
1362.1
1362.7
1363.4
1364.3
1365.2
1366.4
1367.7
1369.3
1371.5
1374.3
1377.5
1381.2
1385.4
1390.2
1395.3
1400.7
1405.9
1410.5
1414.0
1415.9
1415.8
P (psia)
AR
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.198
0.198
0.198
0.198
0.198
0.198
0.198
0.199
0.199
0.199
0.200
0.200
0.201
0.202
0.202
0.203
0.204
0.205
0.205
0.205
0.205
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
113
Kc
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
0.443
dP (Pa)
-28.6
-28.6
-28.6
-28.6
-28.6
-28.6
-28.6
-28.6
-28.5
-28.5
-28.5
-28.5
-28.5
-28.5
-28.4
-28.4
-28.4
-28.4
-28.4
-28.3
-28.3
-28.2
-28.2
-28.1
-28.1
-28.0
-27.9
-27.8
-27.7
-27.6
-27.4
-27.3
-27.1
-26.9
-26.7
-26.5
-26.4
-26.2
-26.2
-26.2
P-E1
Af (m^2)
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
V (m/s)
10.540
10.539
10.537
10.536
10.534
10.533
10.531
10.529
10.527
10.525
10.522
10.520
10.517
10.514
10.510
10.506
10.502
10.497
10.492
10.486
10.479
10.472
10.463
10.453
10.441
10.428
10.413
10.395
10.374
10.350
10.323
10.292
10.259
10.223
10.186
10.151
10.119
10.096
10.082
10.082
Re(Dh)
82474
82464
82454
82443
82431
82418
82404
82389
82373
82356
82337
82315
82293
82268
82241
82211
82178
82141
82099
82053
82000
81940
81871
81793
81703
81600
81481
81340
81175
80987
80775
80537
80275
79995
79707
79429
79183
78997
78894
78893
P (Pa)
1328.3
1328.5
1328.7
1328.9
1329.1
1329.3
1329.5
1329.8
1330.0
1330.2
1330.5
1330.7
1331.0
1331.3
1331.6
1332.0
1332.3
1332.8
1333.3
1333.8
1334.5
1335.2
1336.1
1337.1
1338.3
1339.7
1341.4
1343.7
1346.6
1349.9
1353.8
1358.2
1363.1
1368.4
1374.0
1379.4
1384.1
1387.8
1389.7
1389.6
P (psia)
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.194
0.194
0.194
0.194
0.194
0.194
0.195
0.195
0.195
0.196
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.198
0.199
0.200
0.201
0.201
0.202
0.202
S
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
SPAN: P-E1 -- P-E2

Contraction
As (m^2)
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
F (N)
6.679
6.679
6.680
6.681
6.682
6.684
6.685
6.686
6.687
6.688
6.689
6.690
6.692
6.693
6.695
6.697
6.699
6.701
6.703
6.706
6.709
6.713
6.718
6.723
6.729
6.736
6.744
6.756
6.770
6.787
6.807
6.829
6.853
6.880
6.908
6.935
6.959
6.977
6.987
6.987
AA
AB
AC
AD
AE
P-E2
Channel 1 Entrance
h / D0
zeta
dP (Pa)
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.47
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.84
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.82
0.81
0.80
0.79
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.71
0.68
0.66
0.63
0.61
0.59
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.51
0.53
-55.6
-55.6
-55.5
-55.5
-55.4
-55.3
-55.2
-55.1
-54.9
-54.6
-54.4
-54.1
-53.7
-53.3
-52.8
-52.3
-51.7
-51.0
-50.2
-49.4
-48.4
-47.3
-46.1
-44.8
-43.3
-41.7
-39.9
-38.4
-37.2
-35.8
-34.4
-33.0
-31.7
-30.5
-29.6
-29.0
-28.9
-29.2
-30.0
-31.5
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
0.00721
0.00709
0.00696
0.00683
0.00670
0.00658
0.00645
0.00632
0.00619
0.00607
0.00594
0.00581
0.00568
0.00555
0.00543
0.00530
0.00517
0.00504
0.00492
0.00479
0.00466
0.00453
0.00441
0.00428
0.00415
0.00402
0.00389
0.00377
0.00364
0.00351
0.00338
0.00326
0.00313
0.00300
0.00287
0.00275
0.00262
0.00249
0.00236
0.00223
4.237
4.313
4.391
4.473
4.557
4.645
4.736
4.831
4.930
5.032
5.139
5.251
5.367
5.489
5.616
5.750
5.889
6.036
6.189
6.351
6.520
6.699
6.888
7.086
7.297
7.519
7.754
8.003
8.267
8.548
8.847
9.167
9.510
9.880
10.282
10.723
11.211
11.758
12.378
13.085
Re(Dh)
35372.85
35368.62
35364.11
35359.30
35354.16
35348.66
35342.76
35336.41
35329.56
35322.14
35314.10
35304.52
35294.93
35284.41
35272.82
35260.00
35245.75
35229.85
35212.03
35191.96
35169.27
35143.50
35114.14
35080.55
35042.03
34997.77
34946.84
34886.44
34815.63
34735.12
34644.00
34541.94
34429.67
34309.55
34186.17
34066.80
33961.35
33881.27
33837.36
33836.72
114
AF
AG
AH
SPAN: P-E2 -- P-E3

Contraction
P (Pa)
1272.7
1272.9
1273.2
1273.4
1273.7
1274.0
1274.3
1274.7
1275.1
1275.6
1276.1
1276.6
1277.2
1278.0
1278.8
1279.7
1280.7
1281.8
1283.0
1284.5
1286.1
1287.9
1290.0
1292.3
1295.0
1298.0
1301.5
1305.2
1309.4
1314.1
1319.4
1325.2
1331.4
1337.9
1344.3
1350.3
1355.3
1358.6
1359.6
1358.1
P (psia)
0.1846
0.1846
0.1847
0.1847
0.1847
0.1848
0.1848
0.1849
0.1849
0.185
0.1851
0.1852
0.1852
0.1854
0.1855
0.1856
0.1857
0.1859
0.1861
0.1863
0.1865
0.1868
0.1871
0.1874
0.1878
0.1883
0.1888
0.1893
0.1899
0.1906
0.1914
0.1922
0.1931
0.194
0.195
0.1958
0.1966
0.197
0.1972
0.197
Pa (Pa)
1272.8
1273.0
1273.2
1273.4
1273.7
1274.0
1274.3
1274.7
1275.1
1275.5
1276.0
1276.5
1277.1
1277.8
1278.5
1279.3
1280.2
1281.3
1282.4
1283.7
1285.1
1286.8
1288.6
1290.6
1293.0
1295.6
1298.5
1301.7
1305.2
1309.1
1313.4
1318.1
1323.2
1328.6
1333.9
1339.0
1343.5
1346.9
1348.8
1348.9
As (m^2)
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
0.00476
F (N)
6.064
6.065
6.066
6.067
6.068
6.070
6.071
6.073
6.075
6.077
6.079
6.081
6.084
6.088
6.091
6.095
6.099
6.104
6.110
6.116
6.123
6.130
6.139
6.149
6.160
6.172
6.186
6.202
6.218
6.237
6.257
6.280
6.304
6.330
6.355
6.379
6.401
6.417
6.426
6.427
AR
Kc
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.80
0.79
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.70
0.69
0.68
0.66
0.66
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.70
0.73
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.10
AI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
AJ
AK
AL
AM
AN
AO
P-E3
Ledge A - B Throat
dP (Pa)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.7
-0.8
-1.0
-1.3
-1.5
-1.9
-2.3
-2.8
-3.4
-4.1
-4.9
-5.9
-7.1
-8.5
-10.1
-12.0
-14.1
-16.3
-18.6
-20.8
-22.6
-23.6
-23.4
-21.7
-18.3
R (m)
Af (m^2)
V (m/s)
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.0581
0.00740
0.00721
0.00703
0.00685
0.00667
0.00649
0.00632
0.00614
0.00596
0.00578
0.00560
0.00543
0.00525
0.00507
0.00490
0.00472
0.00455
0.00438
0.00421
0.00404
0.00387
0.00370
0.00354
0.00337
0.00321
0.00305
0.00290
0.00275
0.00260
0.00246
0.00233
0.00220
0.00208
0.00197
0.00188
0.00179
0.00173
0.00168
0.00165
0.00164
4.13
4.24
4.34
4.46
4.58
4.70
4.84
4.98
5.12
5.28
5.45
5.62
5.81
6.01
6.22
6.45
6.69
6.95
7.23
7.53
7.86
8.20
8.58
8.99
9.43
9.90
10.41
10.97
11.56
12.19
12.87
13.57
14.30
15.04
15.75
16.42
17.00
17.45
17.73
17.82
Re(Dh)
24365.73
24362.81
24359.71
24356.40
24352.86
24349.07
24345.00
24340.63
24335.91
24330.80
24325.26
24318.66
24312.06
24304.81
24296.83
24288.00
24278.18
24267.23
24254.95
24241.13
24225.50
24207.75
24187.52
24164.39
24137.85
24107.36
24072.28
24030.67
23981.90
23926.45
23863.68
23793.37
23716.04
23633.30
23548.31
23466.09
23393.45
23338.29
23308.04
23307.61
AP
AQ
AR
AS
AT
SPAN: P-E3 -- P-E4

Plenum C Entrance
P (Pa)
1272.8
1273.0
1273.2
1273.5
1273.7
1274.0
1274.3
1274.7
1275.0
1275.5
1275.9
1276.4
1276.9
1277.5
1278.2
1279.0
1279.8
1280.8
1281.8
1282.9
1284.2
1285.6
1287.2
1289.0
1290.9
1293.1
1295.6
1298.1
1300.9
1304.0
1307.4
1311.1
1315.1
1319.2
1323.5
1327.7
1331.7
1335.2
1338.0
1339.8
P (psia)
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
AR
Ke
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
0.9980
115
dP (Pa)
-9.9
-10.4
-10.9
-11.5
-12.1
-12.8
-13.6
-14.4
-15.2
-16.2
-17.2
-18.3
-19.6
-20.9
-22.4
-24.1
-26.0
-28.0
-30.3
-32.9
-35.8
-39.0
-42.7
-46.8
-51.5
-56.8
-62.9
-69.7
-77.5
-86.2
-96.0
-106.8
-118.6
-131.1
-143.9
-156.3
-167.6
-176.5
-182.3
-184.2
AU
AV
AW
AX
P-E4
Plenum C
Af (m^2) V (m/s)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
P (Pa)
1262.9
1262.6
1262.3
1261.9
1261.6
1261.2
1260.8
1260.3
1259.8
1259.3
1258.7
1258.0
1257.4
1256.6
1255.8
1254.9
1253.9
1252.7
1251.5
1250.0
1248.4
1246.6
1244.5
1242.1
1239.4
1236.3
1232.7
1228.4
1223.4
1217.8
1211.4
1204.3
1196.5
1188.1
1179.6
1171.4
1164.1
1158.7
1155.6
1155.6
P (psia)
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
AY
SPAN: P
Plenum
As (m^2)
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
0.00626
F (N)
7.903
7.901
7.899
7.897
7.894
7.892
7.889
7.887
7.883
7.880
7.877
7.872
7.868
7.863
7.858
7.852
7.846
7.839
7.831
7.822
7.812
7.801
7.788
7.773
7.756
7.736
7.714
7.687
7.656
7.620
7.581
7.536
7.487
7.435
7.381
7.330
7.285
7.250
7.232
7.231
Kc
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
AZ
1
2
3 -E4 -- P-E5
4 m C Exit
dP (Pa)
5
6
-421.1
7
-421.0
8
-420.9
9
-420.7
10
-420.6
11
-420.5
12
-420.3
13
-420.2
14
-420.0
15
-419.9
16
-419.7
17
-419.4
18
-419.2
19
-419.0
20
-418.7
21
-418.4
22
-418.0
23
-417.7
24
-417.2
25
-416.8
26
-416.2
27
-415.6
28
-414.9
29
-414.1
30
-413.2
31
-412.2
32
-411.0
33
-409.6
34
-407.9
35
-406.0
36
-403.9
37
-401.5
38
-398.9
39
-396.1
40
-393.3
41
-390.5
42
-388.1
43
-386.3
44
-385.3
45
-385.3
46
BA
BB
BC
BD
BE
BF
BG
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
0.0723
Af (m^2)
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
V (m/s)
40.129
40.124
40.119
40.114
40.108
40.102
40.095
40.088
40.080
40.072
40.062
40.052
40.041
40.029
40.016
40.001
39.985
39.967
39.947
39.924
39.898
39.869
39.836
39.797
39.754
39.704
39.646
39.577
39.497
39.406
39.302
39.186
39.059
38.923
38.783
38.647
38.528
38.437
38.387
38.386
Re(Dh)
19568.75
19566.41
19563.92
19561.26
19558.41
19555.37
19552.11
19548.59
19544.80
19540.70
19536.25
19530.95
19525.65
19519.83
19513.42
19506.32
19498.44
19489.65
19479.78
19468.68
19456.13
19441.87
19425.63
19407.05
19385.74
19361.25
19333.08
19299.66
19260.49
19215.95
19165.54
19109.08
19046.97
18980.52
18912.26
18846.23
18787.89
18743.59
18719.30
18718.95
BI
BJ
SPAN: P-E5 -- P-E6

Plenum D Entrance
P-E5
R (m)
BH
P (Pa)
841.9
841.7
841.4
841.2
841.0
840.7
840.4
840.1
839.8
839.4
839.1
838.6
838.1
837.6
837.1
836.5
835.8
835.1
834.2
833.3
832.2
831.0
829.6
828.0
826.2
824.1
821.7
818.9
815.5
811.8
807.5
802.8
797.6
792.0
786.3
780.8
776.0
772.4
770.4
770.3
P (psia)
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.121
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.119
0.119
0.118
0.118
0.117
0.116
0.116
0.115
0.114
0.113
0.113
0.112
0.112
0.112
AR
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
116
Ke
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
0.8997
dP (Pa)
-841.9
-841.7
-841.4
-841.2
-841.0
-840.7
-840.4
-840.1
-839.8
-839.4
-839.1
-838.6
-838.1
-837.6
-837.1
-836.5
-835.8
-835.1
-834.2
-833.3
-832.2
-831.0
-829.6
-828.0
-826.2
-824.1
-821.7
-818.9
-815.5
-811.8
-807.5
-802.8
-797.6
-792.0
-786.3
-780.8
-776.0
-772.4
-770.4
-770.3
BK
BL
BM
BN
P-E6
R (m)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Af (m^2)
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
0.0168
V (m/s)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
P (Pa)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
P (psia)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
BO
BP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
BQ
BR
BS
BT
BU
Ftotal (N)
F_float (N)
F_err (N)
BV
BW
P-E6
P0
P_act (Pa)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P_err (Pa)
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.644
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.645
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
20.6442
P_tank (inH20g)
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
5.448
5.448
5.449
5.450
5.451
5.451
5.452
5.453
5.454
5.455
5.456
5.457
5.458
5.459
5.460
5.461
5.463
5.465
5.466
5.469
5.471
5.474
5.477
5.481
5.485
5.491
5.497
5.506
5.517
5.530
5.545
5.562
5.581
5.602
5.623
5.644
5.663
5.677
5.684
5.684
117
BX
Floater
Height (in)
0.250
0.200
1.105
1.025
Pressure (psig)
0.945
0.865
0.150
0.785
0.705
0.100
0.625
0.545
0.050
0.465
0.385
0.000
0 1
2 3
4 5
6
Valve Point
118
Floater Height (in)
1.105
1.085
1.065
1.045
1.025
1.005
0.985
0.965
0.945
0.925
0.905
0.885
0.865
0.845
0.825
0.805
0.785
0.765
0.745
0.725
0.705
0.685
0.665
0.645
0.625
0.605
0.585
0.565
0.545
0.525
0.505
0.485
0.465
0.445
0.425
0.405
0.385
0.365
0.345
0.325
Floater
Height (in)

0.250
Pressure (psig)
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0
Valve Point
119
1.105
1.085
1.065
1.045
1.025
1.005
0.985
0.965
0.945
0.925
0.905
0.885
0.865
0.845
0.825
0.805
0.785
0.765
0.745
0.725
0.705
0.685
0.665
0.645
0.625
0.605
0.585
0.565
0.545
0.525
0.505
0.485
0.465
0.445
0.425
0.405
0.385
0.365
0.345
0.325
Floater
Height (in)
Velocity vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime E)
140
1.105
120
1.025
0.945
0.785
Floater Height (in)
80
0.705
60
0.625
0.545
40
0.465
20
0.385
0
6
3 4 5
0 1 2
Valve Point
120
Velocity (ft/s)
100
0.865
1.105
1.085
1.065
1.045
1.025
1.005
0.985
0.965
0.945
0.925
0.905
0.885
0.865
0.845
0.825
0.805
0.785
0.765
0.745
0.725
0.705
0.685
0.665
0.645
0.625
0.605
0.585
0.565
0.545
0.525
0.505
0.485
0.465
0.445
0.425
0.405
0.385
0.365
0.345
0.325
Floater
Height (in)
Velocity vs Valve Point for Floater Height (Regime E)

140
120
Velocity (ft/s)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
Valve Point
121
1.105
1.085
1.065
1.045
1.025
1.005
0.985
0.965
0.945
0.925
0.905
0.885
0.865
0.845
0.825
0.805
0.785
0.765
0.745
0.725
0.705
0.685
0.665
0.645
0.625
0.605
0.585
0.565
0.545
0.525
0.505
0.485
0.465
0.445
0.425
0.405
0.385
0.365
0.345
0.325
APPENDIX F
Nitrogen
In order to understand how the liquid shield in the SMES, the linear cryogenic pump, and
the 300-gallon tank work together, it is important to become familiar with the working fluid,
liquid nitrogen (LN2). This section will highlight some properties of LN2, offer comparisons to
standard fluids like water, and discuss its transition to and from the gas phase.
Properties
Nitrogen is the 7th element on the Periodic Table, a gas at STP (1 atm, 273K), and is
common in nature as a diatomic molecule. Nitrogen is the major component of the air we
breathe (78.1% by volume).
At specific temperatures and pressures, all gases can become liquids. At 1 atm (101.3
kPa, 14.7 psi), nitrogen will become liquid at 77.4K (-320.4F, -195.8C). With this transition
from gas to liquid, or boiling point, many properties of nitrogen change (Table 1.1). In this table,
nitrogen (N2), liquid nitrogen (LN2), and water are compared at 101.3 kPa: 298K for N2 and
water and 77K for LN2.
TABLE F.1
PROPERTY COMPARISON
Property
Density
Cp
hfg
Units
3
kg/m
kJ/kg-K
kJ/kg
N2
LN2
Water
1.15 808.3
1.04
2.04
198.3
998.0
4.19
2255
In its liquid phase, nitrogen is both heavier and has a greater specific heat or heat capacity (Cp).
Therefore, both per volume and per mass, LN2 can transfer much more heat than N2. The latent
heat of vaporization (hfg) is the amount of heat needed to vaporize a unit mass of saturated liquid
at a given pressure or temperature. Obviously, water has a far greater hfg than nitrogen (as well
as density and Cp). However, liquid nitrogen is the preferred fluid for the CAPS SMES LN2
shield because of its low boiling point.
Liquid Phase
Most elements in the periodic table can reach a liquid phase. Most metals must be heated
while gases are typically cooled. As mentioned above, if nitrogens temperature is continuously
lowered, it will reach a point when the gaseous nitrogen turns into a liquid. At 101.3 kPA (1
atm), nitrogens boiling point is 77.4K. However, pressure has a great effect on the boiling point
of nitrogen (this is not uncommon among gases). A good example of this relationship is shown
in Figure 1.6. The saturated liquid curve (on the left side of the diagram) shows the boiling point
for nitrogen at various pressures. At 0.1MPa, the temperature on the curve is around 76-77K. At
0.3MPa, the temperature is around 86-87K. Generally, at pressures higher than atmospheric
pressure, nitrogen liquefies at warmer temperatures (however, only up to the critical point of
nitrogen3.2MPa; 125K).
122
123
[JACOBSON, PENONCELLO, AND LEMMON]
FIGURE F.1 PRESSURE VS. ENTHALPY DIAGRAM FOR NITROGEN
REFERENCES
engel, Yunus, A. Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer. New York:
Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 1997.
The Center for Advanced Power Systems Home Page. 2004. The Center for Advanced Power
Systems (CAPS), Florida State University. 2 June 2004. <http://www.caps.fsu.edu/>.
Dictionary.com. 2004. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 2 June 2004.
<http://dictionary.reference.com/>.
Fox, Robert W. and Alan T. McDonald. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Fried, Erwin and Idelchik, I. E. Flow Resistance: A Design Guide for Engineers. New York:
Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1989.
Merriam-Webster Online. 2004. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2 June 2004.
<http://www.m-w.com/>.
Superconductivity Factsheet. American Superconductor. 2003. American Superconductor.
2 June 2004. <http://www.amsuper.com/html/aboutUs/super_fact.html>.
Timmerhaus, Klaus D. and Thomas M. Flynn. Cryogenic Process Engineering. New York:
Plenum Press, 1989.
124
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Avallone, E. A. and Baumeister, T., III, ed. Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical
Engineers, Tenth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Barron, Randall F. Cryogenic Systems. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Campbell, Scott W. Details of the Tv Diagram. Home page. 18 November 2003.
<http://www.eng.usf.edu/~campbell/ThermoI/Proptut/tut6frm.html>.
Haselden, G. G. Cryogenic Fundamentals. New York: Academic Press, 1971.
Jacobsen, Richard T., Steven G. Penoncello, and Eric W. Lemmon. Thermodynamic Properties
of Cryogenic Fluids. New York: Plenum Press, 1997.
Streeter, Victor L., ed. Handbook of Fluid Dynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.
Sychev, V. V., et al. Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen. Washington: Hemisphere
Publishing, 1987.
White, Frank M. Viscous Fluid Flow. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.
125
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Anthony was born in Dallas, TX, on May 4, 1980. He is the son of Calvin and Ann, and
the brother of Peyton, Elizabeth, and David. In 1987, he moved with his family to Tallahassee,
FL, where he currently resides. After graduating from Lincoln High School in 1998, he decided
to stay in Tallahassee and attend Florida State University in the fall of 1998. While pursuing a
Bachelors of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering, Anthony joined the Florida State
University Marching Chiefs, the four hundred member marching band at Florida State. During
his four years in the Marching Chiefs, Anthony held row leader and staff leadership positions.
Upon graduating from Florida State in the spring of 2002, Anthony was asked to continue his
education with the Center for Advanced Power Systems at Florida State University. As part of
his thesis project, Anthony traveled to Air Products and Chemicals in Allentown, PA, and
worked with engineers there during the summer of 2003. Anthony plans to graduate from
Florida State University in the summer of 2004, with a Masters of Science degree in Mechanical
Engineering.
126

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The Florida State University

The Graduate School

Design, Analysis, and Testing of a Low Pressure

Follow this and additional works at: http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/etd

THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

DESIGN, ANALYSIS, AND TESTING OF A

A Thesis submitted to the

3-4.10 Modeling Setup in EXCEL....................................................................................... 22

3-5 EXCEL Model Results for Three Piston Weights ............................................................ 25

3-5.5 Nitrogen Flow Velocities.......................................................................................... 31

4-2.2 Nitrogen Interface ..................................................................................................... 40

Compressed Nitrogen Gas

4-3 Testing Goals & Procedures ............................................................................................. 41

4-3.2 Simmering Effect ...................................................................................................... 41

4-3.3 Pressure Drop............................................................................................................ 41

CHAPTER 5: VALVE TESTING RESULTS............................................................................. 43

5-5 Liquid Nitrogen Results.................................................................................................... 50

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 52

Regime A EXCEL Model Results for 4.641 lb Floating Piston ........................ 55

Enthalpy comparisons for subcooled liquid nitrogen ..........................10

N2 mass flow rates (kg/s) calculated at 200 psi ...................................11

Percentage of LCP pumping capacity required (200 psi) ....................12

Internal tank pressure vs. piston weight...............................................16

Calculation matrix for regime divisions ..............................................22

Maximum mass flow rate through Ledge C before set

Mach numbers for critical flow areas in floating valve .......................32

Measured set pressure for each floating piston weight........................43

Comparison between calculated and measured set pressure................43

Modeled and experimental pressure drop differences for

SMES Superconducting coil (A), with coil splices and

Temperature scale displaying absolute zero (0 K),

SMES without LN2 shield (left) and with LN2 shield

Cylindrical air gap linear motor, by California Linear

LN2 system layout of major components............................................6

Heating effect on saturated liquid nitrogen.........................................7

Heating effect of SMES cycle on liquid nitrogen...............................7

Simple schematic of a spring-operated pressure relief

Simple schematic of a floating relief valve.........................................9

Nitrogen mass flow rate for temperature change vs. heat

Cross-section of actual RTS floating valve ......................................13

Cross-section of valve and supporting structure...............................14

Free body diagram of floating piston................................................17

Regions of the floating valve ............................................................18

Loss coefficients for sudden flow area changes ...............................19

Coefficient of fluid resistance for discharge from a tube

Bottom view of the actual valve base ...............................................20

Regime calculation breakdown.........................................................23

Flow point/section communication diagram.....................................24

Diagram of iteration cycle performed in EXCEL. Gray

EXCEL model analysis graph of tank pressure vs.

EXCEL model analysis graph of tank pressure vs.

EXCEL model analysis graph of tank pressure vs.

EXCEL model analysis graph of tank pressure vs.

EXCEL model analysis graph of tank pressure vs.

EXCEL model analysis graph of tank pressure vs.

Modified Regime E EXCEL model analysis graph of tank

Floating valve entrance for all regimes.............................................32

Beginning of Regime A. dZ = 0.000..............................................33

Regime A modeling diagram ............................................................33

Beginning of Regime B & end of Regime A. dZ =

Regime B modeling diagram ............................................................34

Beginning of Regime C & end of Regime B. dZ =

Regime C modeling diagram ............................................................35