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Reacciones
Anablicas sntesis, consumen energa.
Catablicas degradacin, liberan energa.
Totalidad de
las reacciones
qumicas que
ocurren en los
organismos
Trayectos
metablicos
Rxns qumicas
n
Direccin
n
n
Concentracin
Energa
Velocidad (rate)
n
Enzimas
aA + bB
Reactantes
cC + dD
Productos
Keq = [ADP][Pi]
Keq = [C][D]
[ATP]
[A][B]
= 1.65 x 106M
Termodinmica
-Bioenergtica
n
Energa
n
CINETICA
POTENCIAL
Difusin
No requiere
inversin energa.
Transporte
activo
Requiere inversin
energa.
Flujo de
energa
La energa se conserva.
La energa puede ser
transferida o
transformada pero no
se crea ni se destruye.
n la cantidad TOTAL
de energa en el
Universo es
constante.
ORGANISMOS = sistemas
abiertos
Heat
Cada transferencia o
transformacin de energa de una
forma a otra aumenta el
desorden, aumenta la entropa
del universo.
Ejemplos
Entropa
n
CO2
H 2O
Chemical
energy
Increase
in entropy
Highly
ordered
More disordered
G = H TS
energa utilizable = energa total energa no utilizable
G energa libre
H entalpia/energa total del sistema
T- temperatura
S- entropa
DG = G
estado final
estado inicial
DG < 0
Espontneo
Exergnicas
DG > 0
NO
Espontneo
DG = 0
Equilibrio
-Entropia Estable
(b) Diffusion
Equilibrio y desequilibrio
Free energy
Reactants
Energy
Amount of
energy
released
(G < 0)
Products
G < 0
G = 0
Free energy
Products
Reactants
Amount of
energy
required
(G > 0)
Energy
Adenine
Reaction 1
Starting
molecule
G < 0
Reaction 2
Reaction 3
D
Product
Triphosphate group
(3 phosphate groups)
Ribose
G < 0
Hidrlisis de ATP
G = -7.3 kcal/mol
G < 0
G < 0
Energy
Inorganic
phosphate
Adenosine diphosphate
(ADP)
Transporte
activo
C D
Reaccin exergnica
DG < 0
X Y
Reaccin endergnica
DG >0
G = -7.3 Kcal/mole
Coupled reaction:
NH3
NH2
Glu
Glu
Glutamine
ATP
ADP
NH3
1
Glu
ATP
Glu
Glutamic acid
Solute
Transport protein
GGlu = +3.4 kcal/mol
ADP
Pi
P
2
NH2
Glu
Phosphorylated
intermediate
ADP
Solute transported
Pi
Glutamin
e
Pi
Cytoskeletal track
NH2
ATP
Glu
ADP
Pi
Ciclo ATP
ATP
ADP
Motor protein
Pi
% Eficiencia
ATP
Energy from
catabolism
(exergonic, energyreleasing processes)
ATP
ADP
H2O
Pi
10
Espontneo = Rpidamente ?
Energa de activacin
Free energy
Transition state
EA
Reactants
A
B
G < O
Products
Progress of the reaction
11
Reacciones
Exergnicas vs. Engergnicas
Enzimas
Catalizadores - Aumenta la
velocidad de la reaccin
Mayora son protenas.
Se han descrito ribozimas,
RNA con funcin de enzimas.
ATP
G = -7.3 Kcal/mole
Coupled reaction:
Reactants
Change
in free
energy
(DG)
Products
12
Substrates
Glucose
ATP
Active site
E + S
ES
E + S
VOCABULARIO
n
n
n
n
n
n
E + S
ES
E +P
Sitio activo
Afinidad
Sustratos
Productos
Acoplamiento inducido
Estado de transicin
Catlisis
13
ATP
Glucose
Enzyme
Substrates
ATP
Regeneracin de la enzima
Glucose
Active site
ADP
Glucosephosphate
Enzyme-substrate complex
Transition state
http://web.chem.ucsb.edu/~molvisual/ABLE/induced_fit/
http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/structure/hexoki
nase/hexokinase.htm
Change
in free
energy
(DG)
Products
Prueba corta
en parejas.
Intro metabolismo
26 de febrero
EA
14
4. La grfica ilustra
el progreso de una
reaccin con y sin
intervencin
enzimtica.
Identifica las letras:
A
B
C
15
Modelos
16
Cintica
Vmax
Rate of Reaction
C
Velocity
(product/second)
Concentracin Sustrato
Vmax
2
B
Substrate Concentration
KM
Tube
Amount of
enzyme
1 mm
1 mm
1 mm
1 mm
Incubation
time
60 sec
60 sec
60 sec
60 sec
Substrate
concentration
Low
Moderate
High
Very
high
[Substrate]
Regulacin Gentica
Regulacin estricta
sobre los trayectos
metablicos:
Gentica
Regulacin celular
Bioqumica
17
Sealizacin
celular
Mitochondria
Regulacin celular
Compartimientos
especficos
1 m
Regulacin bioqumica
Vmax
Velocity
(product/second)
Reversible
Substrate
Enzyme
KM
[Substrate]
18
Vmax
Substrate
Enzyme
Velocity
(product/second)
Velocity
(product/second)
Vmax
Inhibitor
KM
Inhibitor
[Substrate]
KM
K M with inhibitor
[Substrate]
Vmax
Enzyme
Substrate
Velocity
(product/second)
Velocity
(product/second)
Vmax
Enzyme
Allosteric site
Substrate
Inhibitor
0
KM
[Substrate]
KM
[Substrate]
19
Velocity
(product/second)
Vmax
V max with inhibitor
Plus noncompetitive
inhibitor
Enzyme
Allosteric site
Inhibitor
0
KM
[Substrate]
Regulacin alostrica
Substrate
Inhibicin reversible
Inhibidores competitivos parecidos
al sustrato normal, compiten por el
sitio activo.
Inhibidores no competitivos se
enlazan a una regin diferente del sitio
activo, cambia la conformacin de la
enzima y el sustrato no puede
enlazarse al sitio activo.
Regulacin enzimtica
Enzimas alostricas
Allosteric enyzme
with four subunits
Regulatory
site (one
of four)
Active site
(one of four)
Activator
Active form
Oscillation
Nonfunctional
active
site
Inactive form
Inhibitor
Stabilized inactive
form
Inactive form
Stabilized active
form
20
Threonine
in active site
Enzyme 1
(threonine
deaminase)
Isoleucine
used up by
cell
Feedback
inhibition
Intermediate A
Active
site no
longer
available;
pathway
is halted.
Enzyme 2
Intermediate B
Enzyme 3
Intermediate C
Isoleucine
binds to
allosteric
site.
Enzyme 4
Intermediate D
Inhibicin por
retroinformacin
Enzyme 5
End product
(isoleucine)
Reaction type
Coenzyme class
B 1 (Thiamine)
TPP
Oxidative
decarboxylation
Prosthetic group
B 2 (Riboflavin)
FAD
Oxidation/Reduction
Prosthetic group
B 3 (Pantothenate)
CoA - Coenzyme A
Cosubstrate
B 6 (Pyridoxine)
PLP
Transfer of groups to
and from amino acids
Prosthetic group
B 12 (Cobalamin)
5-deoxyadenosyl
cobalamin
Intramolecular
rearrangements
Prosthetic group
Niacin
NAD +
Oxidation/Reduction
Cosubstrate
Folic acid
Tetrahydrofolate
Prosthetic group
Biotin
Biotin
Carboxylation
Prosthetic group
EFECTO DEL pH Y
TEMPERATURA
Coenzyme
40
60
80
Temperature (C)
(a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes
100
20
Vitamin
0
1
2
3
4
5
pH
(b) Optimal pH for two enzymes
Optimal pH
for trypsin
(intestinal
enzyme)
10
21
Free energy
Exergnica
Free energy
Endergnica
22
Calculando G
n
Step
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
G = G' + RTln Q,
Reaction
glucose + ATP4- glucose-6-phosphate2- + ADP3- + H+
glucose-6-phosphate2- fructose-6-phosphate2fructose-6-phosphate2- + ATP4- fructose-1,6-bisphosphate4- + ADP3- + H+
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate4- dihydroxyacetone phosphate2- +
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate2dihydroxyacetone phosphate2- glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate2glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate2- + Pi2- + NAD+ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate4- +
NADH + H+
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate4- + ADP3- 3-phosphoglycerate3- + ATP43-phosphoglycerate3- 2-phosphoglycerate32-phosphoglycerate3- phosphoenolpyruvate3- + H2O
phosphoenolpyruvate3- + ADP3- + H+ pyruvate- + ATP4-
G' / (kJ/mol)
-16.7
1.67
-14.2
G / (kJ/mol)
-34
-2.9
-19
23.9
-0.23
7.56
2.4
6.30
-1.29
-18.9
4.4
1.8
-31.7
0.09
0.83
1.1
-23.0
23