ME5320 Advanced heat transfer

Lecturer : K. Badarinath
Lecture 1
3/8/2015

Course information
Lectures (Room 203)
Monday : 0900 to 1025 ; Thursday : 1030 to 1155

Lecturer and TAs

Dr. K. Badarinath (Lecturer)
Teaching Assistants Y.S. Kannan (PhD student), Dilin Sharaf
(3rd semester M.Tech)

Consultation hours
Friday: 3:00 5:30 P.M
Room No. 39, badarinath@iith.ac.in

Grading Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Attendance 10%
Assignments 10 %
Critical Literature review/presentation 10%
Mid- semester exam 35 %
End-semester exam 35 %

Syllabus Topic wise

ME3110 (Basic Heat transfer course for undergraduates)
Introduction Steady State heat conduction in one-dimensional systems. One
dimensional unsteady state conduction; extended surface heat transfer (Fins).
Convection: Basic equations, Dimensional analysis, Boundary layers; Forced
convection: External and internal flows, correlations, Natural convection and
Mixed convection. Design of heat exchangers: LMTD and NTU methods.
Radiation heat transfer: Basic laws, Properties of surfaces, view factors, network
method and enclosure analysis for gray-diffuse enclosures containing
transparent media. Concepts of Mass transfer. Current trends of research in the
field of heat transfer.
ME5320 (Advanced Heat transfer)
Introduction - Review of fundamentals of heat transfer. Conduction: General
heat conduction equation, Analytical solutions of two dimensional steady state
heat conduction; Transient conduction. Convection: Governing equations,
boundary layer equations, Forced convection over external surfaces and internal
ducts; Similarity solutions. Free and Mixed convection flows, Conjugate heat
transfer analysis. Radiative Heat Transfer: Thermal radiation, Emissive Power,
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Solid Angles, Radiative Intensity, Heat Flux, Pressure and Characteristics,

Reference books
References:
1. A Textbook on Heat Transfer by S. P. Sukhatme,
Universities Press
2. NPTEL Heat and Mass Transfer:
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112101097/
3. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, T. L.
Bergman, A. S. Lavine, F. P. Incropera, D. P.
DeWitt, Wiley
5

Course learning objectives

To understand a few different analytical
approaches used in Heat transfer studies to
some depth.
To be able to ascertain the modes of heat
transfer in a given (Real-life) problem and
come up with a formulation of the equations.
To learn how to do a critical literature review.

Introduction to heat transfer

Energy can be transferred by interaction
between a system and its surroundings in the
form of work and heat.
While thermodynamics deals with the energy
states of a system and energy transferred,
heat transfer deals with the modes of that
energy transfer (in form of heat).
7

What and how?

Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit
due to a spatial temperature difference.
Modes of heat transfer

Modes of heat transfer

Conduction : When a temperature gradient exists in a
stationary medium, which may be a solid or a fluid, the heat
transfer that will occur across the medium is termed
conduction.
Convection : Heat transfer that will occur between a surface
and a moving fluid when they are at different temperatures.
Radiation : All surfaces at finite temperature emit energy in
the form of electromagnetic radiation. If there is a
temperature difference between two surfaces and in the
absence (or presence) of a medium, radiation heat transfer
will take place.
9

Conduction

Temperature is associated with the energy of molecules a higher

temperature indicates a higher energy.
The mechanism behind conduction is the transfer of energy from
more energetic molecules to less energetic ones by collision and
plain random movement of molecules
10

The rate of heat transfer in different

processes can be quantified through
equations.
We have the Fouriers law of conduction
(which for 1-D conduction is )

Where is the heat flux or heat

transferred per unit area ( 2 )

is a transport property known as the

thermal conductivity ( )

If the temperature distribution is linear,

we have
1 2 k

=
=

11

Example 1
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.15-mthick fireclay brick having a thermal conductivity of =

1.7
. Measurements made during steady state operation

reveal temperatures of 1400 and 1150 K at the inner and

outer surfaces. What is the rate of heat loss through a wall
that is 0.5 1.2 on a side?
Solution : The heat flux through the wall is given as
1 2

Substituting, we get
1 2
1400 1150 K
W

=
= 1.7

= 2833 2

0.15
m
m
The rate of heat loss through the wall is = A = 2833 0.5
1.2 = 1700 W
12

Convection
Convection heat transfer is comprised of two mechanisms
superimposed on each other
Energy transfer due to random molecular motion
(diffusion)
Energy transfer due to the bulk or macroscopic motion of
the fluid. (advection)
When a fluid moves as a bulk over a surface and there is a
temperature gradient, the bulk motion contribution to the
heat transfer is referred to as advection

13

 In fluid flow over a surface,

there is a development of a
velocity distribution from =
0 at the surface to = far
away. This is the velocity
boundary layer.
If the temperatures of fluid
and surface are different,
there is also the development
of a thermal boundary layer
with = at the surface and
= in the fluid far away.
If > convective heat
transfer will take place from
the surface to the fluid. 14

 The contribution of random molecular motion (diffusion) to

convection dominates close to the surface where the fluid
velocity is low.
The contribution due to the bulk motion comes from the fact
that the boundary layer grows as the flow progresses in the x
direction.
Heat conducted into the boundary layer is swept downstream
and transferred to the bulk fluid outside the boundary layer.
Convective heat transfer can be classified into
Forced convection
Natural convection
Mixed convection

In addition heat can also be transferred via convection when

there is a phase change phenomenon, boiling or condensation
15

16

Convection equation
Regardless of the form of convection, the equation for this
mode of heat transfer can be written as
= ( )
Where

is the convective heat flux

( 2)

is the convective heat transfer coefficient

The above equation is known as the Newtons law of cooling.
Heat transfer is considered positive if it is from the surface and
negative if it is to the surface.
Any study of convection ultimately reduces to the means by
which h can be determined and its determination.
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Radiation

G incident radiation heat flux ; E emitted radiation heat flux

18

Radiation
Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter that is at a nonzero temperature.
Emission can occur from all of solids, liquids and gases
although we focus here (for analysis) on radiation by solids.
Radiation emitted by a surface originates from the thermal
energy of matter bounded by the surface.
The rate at which energy is released per unit area is termed as
the Emissive power . There is an upper limit to the emissive
power which is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann law
= 4
Where
is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( = 5.67
is the absolute temperature in Kelvin

8
10
)
2
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 A body which emits radiation according to Stefan-Boltzmann

law is called an ideal blackbody.
A real body emits radiation which is less than a blackbody and
the heat flux is given by
= 4
Where is a radiative property of the surface called as
emissivity. 0 1
Radiation may also be incident upon a surface by its
surroundings. We designate the rate at which all such
radiation is incident on a surface as the irradiation
A portion (or all) of the incident thermal energy may be
absorbed by the surface increasing its energy. This is
quantified as
=
Where is the absorptivity of the material.
20

Radiation equation
In many engineering problems, liquids can be considered opaque
and gases can be considered transparent to radiation heat
transfer. Solids can be opaque or semi-transparent.
A special case (slide 18) that occurs frequently involves radiation
exchange between a small surface at temperature and a much
larger isothermal surface ( ) .
We approximate the irradiation as emission from a black-body at
4
which gives =
Further, if we assume the surface to have = we get

4
= = G = 4

4
4 )
= (

21

 In certain applications, it is convenient to express

=
2 )
Where = ( + )(2 +
Now, considering the figure in slide 18, the net heat transfer
can be expressed as
4 )
= + = + (4

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Example 1
An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which
the air and walls are at 25. The outside diameter of the pipe
is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity are
200 and 0.8 respectively.
1. What are the surface emissive power and irradiation?
2. If the coefficient associated with the free convection heat

transfer from the surface to the air is 15 2 , what is the rate

of heat loss from the surface per unit length of the pipe.
Answers

1. =

2270 /2

, =

447 2

2. = 998 /
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Energy equation
A useful tool for analyzing heat transfer problems is the first
law of thermodynamics energy equation.
The general statement of the first law is

24

 The total energy can be classified as mechanical energy

(kinetic + potential +flow energy), thermal energy, and others
such as chemical, electrical etc.
For the purpose of heat transfer analysis, we focus on only the
sum of the thermal and mechanical energies.
If other sources are present, we consider their effect only in
terms of change in these two energies. E.g: Heat release due
to reaction, or due to resistive heating etc.
In such a case, the energy equation can be rewritten as
= +

Subscripts st- stored energy, g- energy generated.

, represents the energy advected in and out of the
volume.
Alternatively, in terms of rate, the equation is
= +
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The energy equation for a control volume as shown above is

1 2
1 2
+ + +
+ + +
+
2
2

=0
Under steady state conditions, and specific conditions, the
equation above reduces to the steady-flow thermal energy
equation given as = ( )
26

 The conditions under which the steady flow thermal energy

equation is valid are as follows
1. An ideal gas with negligible kinetic and potential energy
changes and negligible work (other than flow work).
Here, = ( ), represents the net change in
enthalpy + between the outlet and the inlet.
2. An incompressible liquid with negligible kinetic and potential
energy changes, and negligible work including flow work.
The flow work can be taken as negligible if the pressure
variation is not too great (usually true for incompressible
liquids).
3. An ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and negligible
pressure variation.
4. An incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation.
Viscous dissipation converts the frictional losses (due to
viscosity) to thermal energy. It becomes significant only for high27
speed or high viscosity flows.

Surface energy equation

In many situations, we only need to consider the change of
energy at the surface of a body. An appropriate form of the
energy equation then is
= 0
This equation holds at the surface and is valid both for steady
state and transient conditions.
It is also independent of the energy generation that may be
occurring inside the medium.

28

Surface energy balance

In a situation like above, the surface energy balance becomes

=0
29

Applying conservation laws

general guidelines
1. Define an appropriate control volume with relevant control
surfaces shown (and sketch a schematic).
2. Identify the appropriate time basis (whether rate form of the
equation or the energy change over a time period)
3. Identify the relevant energy processes and the direction of
transfer (conduction, convection, radiation etc.)
4. Write the appropriate conservation equation, simplify and
solve.

30

Problem solving methodology

1. After reading the problem, concisely state what is known
about the problem.
2. State briefly and concisely what needs to be found.
3. Draw a schematic of the physical system (with appropriate
control volume sketched) and the processes indicated.
4. List all the simplifying assumptions you need to make.
5. Compile all the property data needed to solve the problem.
6. Begin your analysis by identifying appropriate conservation
laws, and then introduce the rate equations as needed.
Develop the analysis as completely as possible before
substituting numerical values. Perform the calculations
substituting the values.
7. * Comment on the results : This includes cross-checking your
assumptions, and any other insights you get.

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Example 2
A long conducting rod of diameter D and electrical resistance per
unit length is initially in thermal equilibrium with the ambient
air and its surroundings. This equilibrium is disturbed when an
electric current is passed through the rod. Develop an equation
that can be used to compute the variation of the rod temperature
with time during the passage of the current. You may take the
convective heat transfer coefficient for air as and the
surrounding temperature to be .
[Assume properties for the rod as , , ,
= ( )]

32

 Solution
Known data : Properties of the rod (Diameter, D, resistance per
unit length, , , ) and the heat transfer coefficient of air,
To evaluate : An expression for the change of temperature with
time in the rod under resistive heating.
Assumptions
1. At any time t, the temperature of the rod is uniform.
2. Radiation exchange between the rod and the surroundings is
between a small surface and a large enclosure.
A relevant control volume for the problem is

33

The first law of thermodynamics gives

= +

We have in this case

= 2
= 0
4
= + 4
()

2
=
=
=

Substituting we can get the expression for

as

4
2 + 4
=
2

4
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Example 3
Large Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, such as those
used in automotive applications often require internal cooling
using pure liquid water to maintain their temperature at a
desired level. In cold climates, the cooling water must be
drained from the fuel cell to an adjoining container when the
automobile is turned off so that harmful freezing does not
occur within the fuel cell.
Consider a mass M of ice that was frozen while the automobile
was not being operated. The ice is at a fusion temperature ( =
0) and is enclosed in a cubical container of side . The
container wall is of thickness and thermal conductivity . If the
outer surface of the wall is heated to a temperature 1 > to
melt the ice, obtain an expression for the time needed to melt
the entire mass of ice, and in turn deliver cooling water to, and
energize the fuel cell.
35

Example 4

Humans are able to control their heat production rate, and heat loss
rate to maintain a nearly constant core temperature of = 37
under a wide range of environmental conditions. This process is called
thermoregulation. From the perspective of calculating heat transfer
between a human body and its surroundings, we focus on a layer of skin
and fat, with its outer surface exposed to the environment, and its inner
surface at a temperature slightly less than the core temperature =
35 = 308 .
Consider a person with a skin/fat layer of thickness = 3 mm and
effective thermal conductivity = 0.3 / . The person has a
surface area = 1.8 2 and is dressed in a bathing suit. The emissivity
of the skin is = 0.95.
1. When the person is in still air at = 297 , what is the skin
surface temperature and rate of heat loss to the environment?
Convection heat transfer coefficient to air is = 2 /2 .
2. Repeat problem 1 with still water at = 297 , here =
36
2
200 / .

Example 5

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