06.

03Calorimetry:LabReport
BeforeYouBegin:
Youmayeithercopyandpastethisdocumentintoawordprocessing
programofyourchoiceorprintthispage.
Instructions:
Thisisatwopartlab.Besuretofollowallstepsgiveninthelabandcompleteall
sectionsofthelabreportbeforesubmittingtoyourinstructor.
Procedure:
PartI:DeterminingtheSpecificHeatofaKnownMetal
1. Placeaplasticmeasuringtroughontopofthedigitalbalance,andpressthe"tare/on"
buttonsothatthemassofthetroughwillbe"ignored."Thedigitalbalanceshouldread
"0.000g"afterthisstep.
2. Measureout25to45gramsofoneofthefourmetalsonthetrough.Thismayrequire
several"clicks."
3. Recordthemassofthemetalinthe"notes"sectionontherighthandside.
4. Selectthetroughwiththemetaltoaddtothetesttube.
5. Selectthedistilledwaterinthebeakerandadd25mLtothegraduatedcylinder.
6. Recordthevolumeinthe"notes"sectionontherighthandside.
7. Selectthegraduatedcylinderwiththedistilledwatertoaddtothecalorimeter.
8. Selectthethermometertoplaceintothecalorimeter.
9. Rolloverthethermometerwithyourcursortoobservethetemperatureofthedistilled
water.
10. Recordthetemperatureofthedistilledwaterinthe"notes"sectionontherighthand
side.
11. Selectthethermometertotransfertothebeakerthatisbeingheated.
12. Rolloverthethermometertoobservethetemperatureofthemetal.
13. Recordthetemperatureinthe"notes"sectionontherighthandside.
14. Selecttheclampholdingthetesttubetotransferthemetaltothecalorimeter.

15. Selectthestirringrodtostirthemetalandwater.
16. Rolloverthethermometerinthecalorimetertoobservethetemperature.
17. Recordthetemperatureofthewaterandthemetal(mixture)inthe"notes"sectiononthe
righthandside.
18. CopyandpastetheresultsofyourmetalintoawordprocessingdocumentforPartIIof
yourlabreport.
PartII:DeterminingtheSpecificHeatofanUnknownMetal
1. Placeaplasticmeasuringtroughontopofthedigitalbalance,andpressthe"tare/on"
buttonsothatthemassofthetroughwillbe"ignored."Thedigitalbalanceshouldread
"0.000g"afterthisstep.
2. Selectoneofthethreeunknownmetals.
3. Measureoutthreetofivescoopsoftheunknownmetal.
4. Recordthemassoftheunknownmetalinthe"notes"sectionontherighthandside.
5. Selectthetroughwiththemetaltoaddtothetesttube.
6. Selectthedistilledwaterinthebeakerandadd25mLtothegraduatedcylinder.
7. Recordthevolumeinthe"notes"sectionontherighthandside.
8. Selectthegraduatedcylinderwiththedistilledwatertoaddtothecalorimeter.
9. Selectthethermometertoplaceintothecalorimeter.
10. Rolloverthethermometerwithyourcursortoobservethetemperatureofthedistilled
water.
11. Recordthetemperatureofthedistilledwaterinthe"notes"sectionontherighthand
side.
12. Selectthethermometertotransfertothebeakerthatisbeingheated.
13. Rolloverthethermometertoobservethetemperatureofthemetal.
14. Recordthetemperatureinthe"notes"sectionontherighthandside.
15. Selecttheclampholdingthetesttubetotransferthemetaltothecalorimeter.
16. Selectthestirringrodtostirthemetalandwater.

17. Rolloverthethermometerinthecalorimetertoobservethetemperature.
18. Recordthetemperatureofthewaterandthemetal(mixture)inthe"notes"sectiononthe
righthandside.
19. CopyandpastetheresultsofyourmetalintoawordprocessingdocumentforPartIIof
yourlabreport.
DataandObservations:
PartI:
Insertacompletedatatable,includingappropriatesignificantfiguresandunits,inthespace
below.AlsoincludeanyobservationsyoumadeoverthecourseofPartI.
MeasurementBeingObserved
Massofmetal(g)

Amount
27.776

Observations
Metal:Aluminum,3scoops

Distilledwatervolume(mL)

26.0

Distilledwatertemperature(deg.C)

25.4

Temperatureofmetal(deg.C)

100.6

Temperatureofmixture(deg.C)

38.9

PartII:
Insertacompletedatatable,includingappropriatesignificantfiguresandunits,inthespace
below.AlsoincludeanyobservationsyoumadeoverthecourseofPartII.
MeasurementBeingObserved
Massofmetal(g)

Amount
25.605

Observations
UnknownMetalB,5scoops

Distilledwatervolume(mL)

24.6

LesswaterthanPartI

Distilledwatertemperature(deg.C)

25.3

Temperatureofmetal(deg.C)

100.4

Temperatureofmixture(deg.C)

32.3

Calculations:
Showyourworkandwriteashortexplanationwitheachcalculation.
PartI:
1. Calculatetheenergychange(q)ofthesurroundings(water)usingtheenthalpyequation
q
.
water=mcT

Wecanassumethatthespecificheatcapacityofwateris4.18J/(gC)andthe
densityofwateris1.00g/mL.
Thewaterhasabsorbedtheheatofthemetal.So,
q
water=q

metal

Theenergychange(q)is1,467.18Joules.
WORK
26.0mLH2Ox(1gH2O/1mLH2O)=26.0gH2O
m=26gH2O
c=4.18J/(g/C)
T=(38.9C25.4)=13.5C
q
water=(26g)x(4.18J/(gxC)x13.5C=1,467.18J

2. Usingtheformula
q
=mcT
,calculatethespecificheatofthemetal.Usethe
metal
datafromyourexperimentforthemetalinyourcalculation.

Thespecificheatofthemetal(Aluminum)is0.8561J/(gxC).
WORK
1,467.18Jgivenofffrommetal
T=38.9C100.6C=61.7C
1,467.18J=25.605gxcx61.7C

c=(1,467.18J)/((61.7C)(27.776g))=0.8561J/(gxC)

PartII:
1. Calculatetheenergychange(q)ofthesurroundings(water)usingtheenthalpyequation
q
=mcT
.
water
Wecanassumethatthespecificheatcapacityofwateris4.18J/(gC)andthe
densityofwateris1.00g/mL.ShowALLyourwork.
Thewaterhasabsorbedtheheatofthemetal.So,
q
water=q

unknownmetal

Theenergychange(q)was719.80Joules.
WORK
24.6mLH2Ox(1gH2O/1mLH2O)=24.6gH2O
m=24.6gH2O
c=4.18J/(g/C)
T=(32.3C25.3C)=7C
q
water=(24.6g)x(4.18J/(gxC)x7C=719.796J

2. Usingtheformula
q
,calculatethespecificheatofthemetal.Use
unknownmetal=mcT

thedatafromyourexperimentfortheunknownmetalinyourcalculation.ShowALLyour
work.
Thespecificheatoftheunknownmetalis0.4127J/(gxC).
WORK
719.796Jgivenofffrommetal
T=32.3C100.4C=68.1C
719.796J=25.605gxcx68.1C
c=(719.796J)/((68.1C)(25.605g))=0.4127J/(gxC)

Conclusion:
1. Usethegivenspecificheatcapacityvaluesbelowtocalculatethepercenterrorofthe
experimentalspecificheatcapacitythatyoudeterminedinPartIofthelab.
KnownspecificheatvaluesIron:0.444J/gCZinc:0.390J/gCCopper:0.385J/gC,
Aluminum:0.900J/gC
|experimentalactualvalue|x100%
actualvalue
Thepercenterroris4.09%.
WORK:(|0.85610.900|=0.0409x100%=4.09%)

2.UsingtheexperimentalspecificheatcapacityvaluethatyoudeterminedinpartIIof
thelab,whatisthemostprobableidentityofthemetalthatyouexamined?Assumingthatisthe
identityofthemetal,determinethepercenterrorofyourcalculatedspecificheatcapacityvalue.

Metal Specific

HeatCapacity

Nickel

0.440

Tin

0.210

Silver

0.237

Magnesium

1.020

Calcium

0.650

Mercury

0.140

Metalyouexamined:MetalB

Experimentalspecificheatcapacity:0.4127

Metalidentity:Nickel

Knownspecificheatcapacityvalue:0.440

Percenterror(ShowALLwork):2.73%
WORK:(|0.41270.440|=0.0273x100%=2.73%)

3.Incompletesentences,describethreesourcesofexperimentalerrorthatcouldoccur
withthistypeofcalorimetrylab.Explain,indetail,theeffectthateachspecificerrorwouldhave
onthecalculatedspecificheatcapacityvalues.

Inthisexperiment,oneerrorthatcouldoccurismeasuringanincorrecttemperatureof
themetal.Ifthetemperaturemeasuredisgreaterthanthetruetemperature,thenyouwillbe
subtractingalargernumberthannecessaryfromthetemperatureofthemixture,givingyoua
smallernumberforthevalueofT.This,inturn,willthrowoffthecalculationsforthespecific
heat,makingitappearsmallerthanthetruevalueis.
Anothererrorthatcouldoccurisnotmakingtheenergychangenegativewhenusingitto
calculatethespecificheatforthemeasurement.Ifyoudonotmakeitnegative,thenitwillbe
dividedbythenegativetemperaturedifference,andresultinanegativeanswer,whichisnot
possible.
Athirderrorthatcouldoccurinthisexperimentisnotusingthecorrectsignificantfigures
whencalculatingthetemperature,mass,andvolumeofwater.Ifyouleftoffthelastsignificant
figurethatisestimatedbetweengivenmeasurementsonthemeasuringtool,thenyouwillbe
estimatingtheamountincorrectly.Forexample,inPartI,ifthetemperatureofthedistilledwater
wasmeasuredtojust25degreesC,withoutthecompletedsetofsignificantfigures,thenthe
numberwouldbesmallerthanthemoreprecisemeasurementof25.4degreesC.Using25
degreesCinsteadwillresultinaseeminglylargerenergychange,sinceasmalleramountwill
besubtractedfromthetemperatureofthemixture,andinturnwillthrowofftherestofthe
calculations.Theresultofusingincorrectsignificantfiguresisthatthenumberscalculatedwill
belesspreciseinrelationtothetruecalculations.Totheextreme,notusingthecorrect
significantfiguresinPartIIcouldhavegivenacalculationofthespecificheatcapacitythatwas
sofarfromthetruespecificheatcapacitythatitmadetheunknownmetalappeartohavea
differentidentitythanittrulydoes.