Health QT 2 Reviewer

INTRODUCTION TO DISEASES
Disease- a disturbance of structure or
function of the body; a harmful change
in the bodys normal activities.
Terms Related to Disease:

Disease- disturbance caused

by extrinsic factors (virus,
bacteria, etc.)
Disorder- disturbance caused
by intrinsic abnormalities (birth
defects, genetic malfunction,
etc.)
Illness- subjective description
of the state of a person.
Syndrome- collection of signs
and symptoms that are
observed in a single condition.
Symptom- change in the body
or mind which indicates that a
disease is present.
Pathology- study of diseases.
Pathologist- physician
specializing in disease
examination.
Diagnosis- determination of
the nature and cause of a
patients condition.
Prognosis- opinion concerning
the eventual outcome of a
disease or a disorder.

2. Inflammatory Diseases

Result of developmental
disturbances
Caused by genetic
abnormalities, abnormalities in
the numbers and distribution of

The body reacts to an injurious

agent by means of
inflammation.
Others are manifestation of an
allergic reaction or a
hypersensitivity state in the
patient.
Ex: pneumonia: an
inflammatory condition of the
lungs affecting the alveoli.

3. Degenerative Diseases

Degeneration of various parts of

the body.
Manifestation of the aging
process.
Ex: arteriosclerosis: thickening,
hardening, and loss of elasticity
of the walls of arteries.

4. Metabolic Diseases

Classification of Diseases:
1. Congenital and Hereditary
Diseases

chromosomes, or interaction of
genetic and environmental
factors.
Ex: hemophilia: a rare bleeding
disorder in which the blood
doesnt clot normally.

Disturbance in the important

metabolic processes in the
body.
Ex: diabetes mellitus:
production of high blood sugar
levels over a prolonged period.

5. Neoplastic Diseases

Abnormal cell growth that leads

to the formation of various
types of benign and malignant
tumors.

b) Influenza- family
orthomyxoviridae
c) Hepatitis- hepatotropic
virus (inflammation of the
liver)

Ex: cancer: a group of diseases

involving abnormal cell growth.

3. Protists- unicellular eukaryotic

microorganisms.
LEADING CAUSES OF MORTALITY
IN THE PHILIPPINES

Examples of diseases:
a) Malaria- Plasmodium
b) Trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness)trypanosome

Pathogen- a disease-causing agent

Infection caused by airborne

transmission.
Infection caused by
contaminated water.
Infection caused by contact and
feces.
Infection caused by pathogens
in the bloodstream and tissues.

4. Parasitic worms- multicellular

eukaryotic organisms.
Examples of diseases:
a) Ascariasis- ascaris
(roundworm)
b) Hookworm diseasehookworm

Types of Pathogens:
1. Bacteria- unicellular prokaryotic
microorganisms.
Examples of diseases:
a) TuberculosisMycobacterium
tuberculosis
b) Urinary Tract Infection
(UTI)- Escherichia coli
c) Typhoid FeverSalmonella typhi
2. Viruses- multicellular microscopic
agents that can only reproduce inside
a host; made up of a tiny bundle of
genetic material, either RNA or DNA,
but never both.
Examples of diseases:
a) Measles- morbillivirus

Morbidity- state of being diseased or

unhealthy; incidence of illness in a
population.
Mortality- state of being mortal, or
the incidence of death in a population.
Top 10 Leading Causes of
Mortality:
1. Diseases of the Heart

Arrhythmia- abnormal rate of

muscle contractions in the
heart.
Chronic Heart Failure- a
condition when the heart is
unable to pump sufficiently to
maintain blood flow.

2. Diseases of the Vascular

System (blood vessels- arteries
and veins)

Arteriosclerosis- thickening
and hardening of the walls of
the arteries.
Atherosclerosis- accumulation
of plaques in the walls of the
arteries.
Treatment for CV
Diseases
Lifestyle changes
Medicines
Medical and
surgical procedures
Types of Medical and Surgical
Procedures:

Surgery
4. Pneumonia-form of acute
respiratory infection where the alveoli
are filled with pus and fluid.

Emphysema- inner walls of the

air sacs weaken and eventually
ruptured.
Treatment for
Respiratory Diseases
Lifestyle changes
Medications
Vaccines
Pulmonary
rehabilitation

5. Accidents- any unforeseen and

unplanned event or circumstance.

Taking shortcuts
1. Angioplasty- a nonsurgical
Ignoring safety procedures
procedure that opens blocked arteries.
Poor housekeeping, etc.
Cardiac
2. Coronary Artery
Bypass Graftingrehabilitation
6. Tuberculosis- an infectious disease
a healthy blood vessel from the body is
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
connected
to the blocked coronary
3. Malignant
Neoplasms
which commonly affects the lungs.
artery.
*benign- noncancerous and not
Pulmonary- in the lungs
progressive
Extrapulmonary- outside the
lungs
*malignant- cancerous and
progressive

Cancer- a group of diseases

involving abnormal cell growth.
Causes of Abnormal
Cell Growth
Diet & Obesity
Tobacco
Infection
Radiation
Stress and lack of
physical activities
Treatments for Cancer
Chemotherapy
Radiation

7. Chronic Lower Respiratory

Disease

Bronchitis- inflammation of the

bronchi

8. Diabetes Mellitus
9. Diseases of the Kidney
10. Perinatal Period Conditions
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Immune System- bodys defense
against disease-causing organisms,

malfunctioning cells, and foreign

particles.
Leukocytes- blood cells involved in
body defense (white blood cells)

Macrophage Engulfs and digests

pathogens and other
invaders
Phagocytosis: process
of engulfing and
digesting pathogens.
Lymphocyte
T-cell: recognizes and
destroy specific cells
B-cell: produces
antibodies
Natural killer cell:
remember specific
pathogens

Thymus Gland

Convert immature lymphocytes

to t-cells
Thymosin: hormone produced
by thymus for t-cell maturation

Spleen

Filters and stores blood to

protect the body from infections
and blood loss.

Tonsils

Serve as first line of defense

against ingested or inhaled
pathogens.

Lymph Systems

Network of organs and lymph

vessels which move lymph from
tissues to the bloodstream.
Lymph: white fluid
containing white blood
cells, protein, and fats.

Antibodies

A large y-shape protein used to

identify and neutralize foreign
objects.
Antigen: any substance
that stimulates an
immune system.