WORKBOOK ACTIVITY

Table of Contents
TOPICS
LAB
1:
LAB
2:
LAB
3:
LAB
4:
LAB
5:

PAGES

ACTIVITY Fundamentals of Database

Management System
ACTIVITY Relational Databases

3
11

ACTIVITY Relational Algebra

18

ACTIVITY Entity Relationship Model

25

ACTIVITY Structured Query Language (SQL)

32

DFC 2033 DATABASE SYSTEM

LAB
6:

ACTIVITY Database Transaction

Management

54

LAB ACTIVITY 3: Relational Algebra

Duration: 2 Hours
Learning Outcomes
This activity encompasses activities 3A, 3B and 3C
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
a.
b.
c.
3.

At the end of this activity, you should be able to:

Identify the fundamental operators to retrieve information.
Restrict (Select)
Project
Join (outer, inner)
Cross Product
Define the traditional set of operators.
Union
Intersection
Difference
Use the operators to write the expression.

THEORY
The basic set of operations for the relational model
These operations enable a user to specify basic retrieval requests.
The result of retrieval is a new relation, which may have been formed from one or more
relations.
The algebra operations thus produce new relations, which can be further manipulated
using operations of the same algebra.

FUNDAMENTAL OPERATORS
There are 4 fundamental operators to retrieve information from relational database.
Restrict ( Select )
<selection condition>( R )

Project
<attribute list> (R)
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DFC 2033 DATABASE SYSTEM

Join
Inner Join
( <attribute list> (R))

( <attribute list> (R))

Outer Join
Left Outer Join
( <attribute list> (R))

( <attribute list> (R))

Right Outer Join

( <attribute list> (R))

( <attribute list> (R))

Cross Product
( <attribute list> (R)) X ( <attribute list> (R))

TRADITIONAL OPERATORS
There are 3 traditional set operator:
Union
( <attribute list> (R)) ( <attribute list> (R))

Intersection
( <attribute list> (R))

( <attribute list> (R))

Difference
( <attribute list> (R)) ( <attribute list> (R))

ACTIVITY
The following activities (Activity 3A, Activity 3B and Activity 3C) are based on the tables below:
STAFF1
staffNo
00689
00500
00111

staffName
Samat
Ali
Anaz

Position
Electric engineer
Web developer
Programmer

STAFF2
staffNo
00111
00500
00689
00444

staffName
Anaz
Ali
Samat
Azie

Position
Programmer
Web developer
Electric engineer
Web developer
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DFC 2033 DATABASE SYSTEM

00123

Hazlim

Technical support

PROJECT
projectNo
1
2
3

projectName
DADD
Programming
Multimedia

Cost
1 000 000
500 000
800 000

CUSTOMER
custNo
C001
C010
C011
C007
C021

custName
Adam & co
Tegas Tulin Sdn Bhd
Wangsa Mewangi Sdn Bhd
Wawasan Sdn Bhd
Halim & Son Sdn Bhd

projectNo
1
2
2
5
3

staffNo
00111
00123
00123
00999
00689

Activity 3A
Activity Outcome:
a. Identify the fundamental operators to retrieve information.
i. Restrict (Select)
ii. Project
iii. Join (Outer, Inner)
iv. Cross Product
Based on given table, generate the output base on operation below.

Restrict (Select)
Result1
Result1
staffNo

Position = Web developer ( STAFF2 )

staffName

Position

00500

Ali

Web developer

00444

Azie

Web developer

Project
Result2
Result2
custNO

custNo, custName, staffNo (CUSTOMER)

custName

staffNo
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DFC 2033 DATABASE SYSTEM

C001

Adams & Co

00111

C0010

Tegas Tulin Sdn Bhd

00123

C0011

Wangsa Mewangi Sdn Bhd

00123

C007

Wawasan Sdn Bhd

00999

C021

Halim & Son Sdn Bhd

00689

JOIN
A. INNER JOIN
Result3
Result3
staffNo
0011

( staffNo, staffName, Position (STAFF2))

( custNo, custName, ProjNo, staffNo (CUSTOMER))
staffName

Position

cusNo

cusName

ProjNo

Anaz

Programmer

C001

Adams & Co

B. OUTER JOIN
Result4

( staffNo, staffName, Position (STAFF2))

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DFC 2033 DATABASE SYSTEM

( custNo, custName, ProjNo, staffNo (CUSTOMER))

Result4

Cartesian Product
Result5

STAFF1 X PROJECT

Result5

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DFC 2033 DATABASE SYSTEM

Activity 3B
Activity Outcome:
a. Define the traditional set of operators.
i. Union
ii. Intersection
iii. Difference
Based on given table, generate the output base on operation below.

UNION
STAFF1

STAFF2

INTERSECTION
STAFF1

STAFF2

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DIFFERENCE
Difference STAFF1 - STAFF2

Difference STAFF2 - STAFF1

Activity 3C
Activity Outcome:
a. Use the operators to write the expression.
Based on given table, generate the expression using relational algebra on situation below.
1. Select from STAFF2 where position is Web Developer.

2. Select staff name and project number for staff 00123 in CUSTOMERs relation.
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3. Select same staff name from STAFF1 and STAFF2.

4. Select staff name from STAF1 which is not in STAFF2
5. Select CUSTOMER outer join with STAFF1

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