Biologist and their Contributions

1. Karl Ernst von Baer - PrussianEstonian embryologist who discovered the

mammalian ovum and the notochord and established the new science of
comparative embryology alongsidecomparative anatomy. He was also a pioneer
in geography, ethnology, and physical anthropology.
2. Hugo de Vries - Dutch botanist and geneticist who introduced the experimental
study of organic evolution. His rediscovery in 1900 of Gregor Mendels principles
of heredity and his theory of biological mutation, though considerably different from
a modern understanding of the phenomenon.
3. Stephen Jay Gould - he developed in 1972 the theory of punctuated
equilibrium, a revision of Darwinian theory proposing that the creation of
new species through evolutionary change occurs not at slow, constant rates over
millions of years but rather in rapid bursts over periods as short as thousands of
years, which are then followed by long periods of stability during which organisms
undergo little further change.
4. Conrad Gesner - American geneticist. Elucidated the connection between
meiosis and genetic segregation. His discoveries about genes and their locations on
chromosomes helped make biology into an experimental science.
5. Hamilton O. Smith he discover a new class of restriction enzymes that
recognize specific sequences of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) and cleave the molecule at that particular point.
6. Robert Brown - introduced the model that help describe random movements of
cells which is known as particle theory, or more aptly, Brownian motion.
7. Jean Baptiste De Lamarck - A French Naturalist.He proposed inheritance
of acquired characters. He discarded the idea of fixity of species.
8. Geroges Leopold Cuvier - A French Palaeontologist. He studied fossils and laid
the foundation of Palantology. He also studied comparative anatomy.
9. William Castle - His early work focused on embryology, but after the
rediscovery of Mendelian genetics in 1900, he turned to mammalian genetics,
especially that of the guinea pig. Castle was the first to use the fruit fly Drosophila
melanogaster, and it was his work that inspired T.H. Morgan to use Drosophila and
the basis of Morgan's 1933 Nobel Prize.
10. George Engelmann - U.S. botanist, physician, and meteorologist who is
known primarily for his botanical monographs, especially one on the cactus and
also A Monography of North American Cuscutinae.

11. Archibald Vivian Hill - British physiologist and biophysicist who received the
1922 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning the
production of heat in muscles. His research helped establish the origin of muscular
force in the breakdown of carbohydrates with formation of lactic acid in the absence
of oxygen.
12. Arthur Kornberg - American biochemist and physician who received the 1959
Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering the means by
which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules are duplicated in the bacterial cell, as
well as the means for reconstructing this duplication process in the test tube.
13. Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran - French physician, pathologist, and
parasitologist who discovered the parasite that causes human malaria. For this and
later work on protozoal diseases he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or
Medicine in 1907.
14. George Emil Palade - Romanian-born American cell biologist who developed
tissue-preparation methods, advanced centrifuging techniques, and conducted
electron microscopy studies that resulted in the discovery of
several cellular structures. With Albert Claude andChristian de Duve he was
awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1974.
15. Francesco Redi - Italian physician and poet who demonstrated that the
presence of maggots in putrefying meat does not result from spontaneous
generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies.
16. Charles Robert Richet - was a French physiologist who initially investigated a
variety of subjects such
as neurochemistry, digestion, thermoregulation in homeothermic animals,
and breathing. He won the Nobel Prize "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis" in
1913.
17. Sir Charles Scott Sherrington - English physiologist whose 50 years of
experimentation laid the foundations for an understanding of integrated nervous
function in higher animals and brought him (with Edgar Adrian) the Nobel Prize for
Physiology or Medicine in 1932.
18. Stewart Springer - was a world-renowned expert on shark behavior,
classification (taxonomy) and population distribution. There are more than 35
species of sharks, skates, rays and other creatures either classified by or named
after him.
19. Louis Pasteur - Created the process of pasteurization for treating milk and
wine.
20. Edward Jenner he is considered as the father of immunology mainly because of his
pioneering work on the smallpox vaccine and the use of vaccination.