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Lecture 1 - 2014

Dynamic Meteorology
(Atmospheric Dynamics)
Lecturer: Aarnout van Delden
Assistant: Michiel Baatsen (weather discussions)
Office: BBG, room 615
a.j.vandelden@uu.nl
http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~delde102/
Introduction
What do you expect of this course?
Grading
Lecture notes and literature

Grade
Grade
Exams (2x) on 7/11/2014 (week 45) (24%) and week 5 of
2015 (30/1/2015) (26%) (minimum average grade for 2
exams together should be 5/10)
Project 1 (Problem 1.11) (written report1) 12%) (3
October; deadline: Friday 14 November 2014)
Project 2 (Problem 1.19) (oral*) (14%) (10 October;
(hand in hypothesis on/before 7 November) (oral2)
Project 3 Problems 1.21-1.24 and 1.26 (written report1)
(12%) (17 October; deadline: Friday 28 November 2014)
Problem 3.2 (12%) (second period)
Projects 1, 2 and 3 can be performed in couples
1<1000 words
2 15 minutes

*in December 2014 or January 2015

Lecture notes

Lecture notes
On blackboard
You can also download them from:
http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~delde102/AtmosphericDynamics.htm

Lecture notes

http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~delde102/AtmosphericDynamics.htm

Lecture notes

Please indicate this if you want a


printed version of the lecture notes

http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~delde102/AtmosphericDynamics.htm

Lecture notes

Lecture notes include a list


contents, an abstract, a reference
list, but not an index
A good learning method is to make
your own index
http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~delde102/AtmosphericDynamics.htm

Schedule
Lectures
First period Friday 1100-1245 in weeks 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43.
Second period Friday 1100-1245 in weeks 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 2, 3, 4

Practical sessions
First period Friday 1330-1630 in weeks 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43.
Second period Friday 1330-1630 in weeks 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 2, 3, 4

Exams
First period week 45 (Friday, November 7, 2014) (retake: December 2014)
Second period week 5 (Friday, January 30, 2014) (retake: March 2015)

No lectures on
October 31 (week 44) (BBOS-days)

Excursion KNMI
Not yet set

Fill in the information and answer two questions


2014-2015

Prior knowledge
I assume that the student is familiar with the thermodynamic
concepts of temperature and pressure of a fluid or gas, and
with the conservation laws governing the fluid in a rotating
frame of reference.

Prior knowledge
I assume that the reader is familiar with the thermodynamic
concepts of temperature and pressure of a fluid or gas, and
with the conservation laws governing the fluid in a rotating
frame of reference.

The first part of course consists of sections 1.1-1.11 and


1.13-1.39. If you have passed the bachelors course Geophysical
Fluid Dynamics, you will be familiar with the subject matter of
sections 1.1-1.8.

Book
Holton, J.R., 2004: An Introduction to Dynamic
Meteorology, fourth edition. Academic Press, 535pp.

The first (1972), second (1979) and third (1992) edition are
also very useful.

A fifth edition of Holtons book has appeared in 2012 with
Gregory Hakim as co-author.

Central Question
John Dutton has phrased it in the following way.

The basic problems of atmospheric dynamics revolve around the
question of why the observed responses are those that are chosen

The atmosphere responds to the inhomogeneous


distribution of insolation by adjusting to some
kind of balance of forces.

insolation [W

-2
m ]

Latitude[N]

>500 W m-2

Radiative energy fluxes and water cycle


(2000-2004)
Global, annual mean energy fluxes in W m-2

Figure 2.25

Back to the central Question


John Dutton has phrased it in the following way.

The basic problems of atmospheric dynamics revolve around the
question of why the observed responses are those that are chosen

The atmosphere responds to the inhomogeneous


distribution of insolation by adjusting to some
kind of balance of forces.

zonal mean heating

heating

Heating due to absorption of Solar radiation, absorption and


emission of long-wave radiation, latent heat release

zonal mean temperature

Cold: why?

zonal mean heating

heating

Heating due to absorption of Solar radiation, absorption and


emission of long-wave radiation, latent heat release

zonal mean heating

heating

Heating due to absorption of Solar radiation, absorption and


emission of long-wave radiation, latent heat release

Total precipitation

Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and stormtracks

Total precipitation

Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and stormtracks

zonal mean zonal wind, u

The basic problems of atmospheric dynamics revolve around the


question of why the observed responses are those that are chosen

zonal mean zonal wind, u

What features do you observe???


zonal mean zonal wind, u

Subtropical jet; polar night stratospheric jet; Trade winds;


What else?

zonal mean zonal wind, u

Why does the atmosphere respond to heating in this way?


Polar vortex at 250 hPa

General Circulation

A general circulation model of the northern hemisphere showing the zonal flow
dominant in middle and high latitudes (from Climatology (third edition), by
J.Hidore, J.Oliver, M.Snow and R.Snow,2010, Prentice Hall).

Weather
Map
12 Feb.96, 12 UTC
Analysis of sea-level
pressure in hPa
shows a depression
or cyclone.

Weather Map

Satellite Image

NOAA, channel 4 (infra-red). 12 feb 1996, 1313 UTC

Questions
Why does de air rotate anticlockwise?
Why does the wind direction change with height?
Why does the wind speed change with height?
What determines the cloud pattern?

Layered clouds

Puy clouds

July 25, 2010, 5:24 PM

Conceptual Model
Typical flow pattern between two isobaric
surfaces (1000 hPa is near the Earths surface;
500 hPa is at about 5 km above sea level) in a
mid-latitude baroclinically unstable disturbance
in the northern hemisphere. The warm air rises
along very slanted trajectories, giving rise to
layered clouds as shown on the next slide

What do we want to know


about the atmosphere?
Density, (mass)

Speed, v
Pressure, p
Temperature, T

Four unknowns

What do you know about


fluid dynamics?
Closed system of four equations with four unknowns:
The equations expressing conservation of
momentum, mass and energy
The equation of state

The coordinate system

*see geophysical fluid dynamics and sections 1.7 and 1.8 of lecture notes

The equations*
momentum

dv
= p gk 2 v + Fr
dt

Pressure gradient (1.5)

mass

energy
state

Gravity (1.4)


d
= v
dt

Coriolis (1.6&1.7)

Friction (1.3)

eqs. 1.4a,b,c

Jdt = c v dT + pd
p = RT

v
Unknowns are: , ,T , p

Next week
Reduce these 4 equations to system of 3 equations
in terms of:
Potential temperature,
Exner function,
Wind speed

Assignment for next week


Study sections 1.1-1.8
Try the following problems:
1.1, 1.2 and 1.6

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