Physiological Basis of Behavior

1. Nervous System
2. Left Brain Right Brain Dominance
3. Intelligence and its assessment

Look at the chart and say the color not the word

YELLOW BLUE

BLACK

ORANGE

RED

GREEN

PURPLE YELLOW RED

ORANGE GREEN
BLUE

RED
GREEN

BLACK
PURPLE

BLUE
ORANGE

Left Right Conflict

Your right brain tries to say the color but your left brain
insists on reading the word

NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAIN

SPINAL CORD

Forebrain, midbrain
and hindbrain

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC NERVOUS AUTONOMIC

SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC &
PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous system complex network of nerve
cells that regulates our bodily functions and
permits us to reach the external world.
Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord
1. causes sensory information to the brain via:
afferent nerves and efferent nerves).
2. it plays a key role in various reflexes.

 P. N. system consist of nerves, bundles of

axons from many neurons connects C.N.S with
sense organs and muscles and glands
throughout the body. Nerves are attached to the
spinal cord (spinal nerve) to serve all of the body
below the neck.
cranial nerve extends from the brain and carry
information from receptor in the eyes, ears and
other sense organs. Carry information from
C.N.S , muscles in head and neck.

 Division of P.N.S.
1. Somatic Nervous System connect the
Nervous system to voluntary muscle throughout
the body.

2. Autonomic Nervous system connects the

C.N.S to internal organs and glands and to
muscles over which we have little voluntary
center.

 Division of Autonomic Nervous system

1. Sympathetic - stimulates the body only for
using energy

2. Parasympathetic stimulate the body

processes that conserve energy.

three basic functions of nervous system:

1. Receiving sensory input can be manifested
in various forms, including pressure, taste,
sound, light, or hormone levels, which are
converted to a signal and then sent to the
brain or spinal cord.
2. Integrating the input through the sensory
centers of the brain or in the spinal cord.
3. Responding to stimuli then converted to
action.

Basic Structural Unit:

The Neuron

3 main parts of a neuron:

1. Dendrites - receive the information from
another cell and are the one to transmit the
message to the cell body.
2. Cell body - serves as the center of
nourishment
3. Axon - conducts messages away from the cell
body.

3 types of neuron
1. Sensory neurons as classified into its
appearance typically possess a long dendrite
and short axon, and its role is that they carry
messages from sensory receptors to the central
nervous system.
2. Interneurons are located only in the central
nervous system where there is a connection of
neuron-to-neuron.

3 types of neuron
3. Motor neurons based into appearance, have
a long axon and short dendrites and responsible
to transmit messages from the central nervous
system to the muscles or even to the glands.

SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CONTAIN

NEUROTRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Dopamine
Serotonin
Endorphin

Different Neurotransmitter Substances

and their Effects on Behavior
Neurotransmitter
1.

Acetylcholine

Effects on Behavior
Facilitates

learning and

memory
Deficiency of ACH disrupts
learning and memory
2. Norepinephrine

Too

little may lead to

depression
Too much causes hyperactivity

Different Neurotransmitter Substances

and their Effects on Behavior
Neurotransmitter

Effects on Behavior

3. Dopamine

Over

4. Serotonin

Lack

supply may lead to

schizophrenic reaction
Under supply causes Parkinsons
Diseases (a neurological
disorder disrupting coordinated
movement)
of serotonin produces anemia
Prevents dreaming in the waking state
Considered as the worry chemical
in the brain

Different Neurotransmitter Substances

and their Effects on Behavior
Neurotransmitter

Effects on Behavior

5. GABA (gamma
acid aminobutyric
acid)

Decreases

6. Endorphins

the activity of

the neuron
May decrease levels of
anxiety
Pain relieving effect; a
neuropeptide

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System (CNS)

BRAIN
the largest part of the nervous system that is
protected by the skull.
It weighs 3 pounds and contains 90% of the
body neurons
Spinal cord runs along the dorsal side of the
body and links the brain to the rest of the body.

 4 lobes:
1. Parietal lobe located in in the central fissure
from the frontal lobe.
function: information to the skin senses (touch,
temperature and pressure).
If left hemisphere is damage may lose ability to
read/ write and difficulty of knowing the parts of
the body.
If right hemisphere : difficulty of recognizing the
left part of the body.

 2. Frontal lobe nearest to the face ( motor cortex)

Function: controls the body movement.
3. Occipital lobe near the back of the head.
Function: sensory area for awareness ( visual)
Damage in the right hemisphere loss of vision in the
left.
If in the left loss vision in the right.
4. Temporal lobe - along the side of each hemisphere.
Function: concern with hearing
Damage in left hemisphere inability to understand
spoken words.
If in the right can recognize speech but unable to
recognize other organizations of sounds.

The major brain areas and lobes.

Hindbrain - includes
Medulla
controls respiration, digestion, and circulation;
Cerebellum
Governs body balance, posture and muscular
coordination
Pons
Contain nerve fibers from both sides of the
cerebellum as well as the tracts of sensory and motor
nerve fibers that connect upper brain to the spinal
cord

Midbrain
Tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
and functions as part of the overall impulse
conduction system.
It also controls some auditory and visual
responses such as regulation of the size of the
pupil of the eye.

Forebrain
Occupies the largest of the three divisions of the
brain and occupies the entire upper portion of
the skull
Cerebrum
The main area of the forebrain, governs emotion,
learning, thinking, remembering and sense
perception.

Cerebral Cortex
The outer layer of the cerebrum, directs the
activities of the entire nervous system
Thalamus
Interprets and sorts the sensory and motor
impulses that travel to and from the cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Controls body temperature, metabolism, hunger
and thirsts

Reticular activating system

A group of neurons that occupy a portion of the
hindbrain and midbrain that serves as an
arousal system
Corpus Callosum
Connects two brain hemisphere

Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system
It connects the glands and organs of your body
that are involuntary in nature. It has two
subsystems:
the sympathetic nervous system and
the parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Nervous System vs.

Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous
System
involved in the fight or
flight response during
emergency situation or in
high emotion.
It increases alertness,
stimulates tissue, and
prepares the body for
quick
responses
to
unusual
situations.
activities,
such
as
digestion.

Parasympathetic
nervous system

that is involved in rest or

repose system as it
quiets the body and
returns it to a lower
intensity of arousal.
It is involved in
relaxation. It conserves
energy and controls
sedentary movements.

HOMEOSTASIS
Tendency of the body to maintain a balance
among internal physiological conditions.

The Endocrine System: Glandular

activities of the system
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
is made up of glands that produce and secrete
hormones. These hormones regulate the bodys
growth, metabolism, and sexual development
and function.
HORMONES
Directly released on the bloodstream because
they have no ducts or structured passageways to
the organs that they serve.

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine Glands
Secrete special messengers known as hormones
that are directly released into bloodstream
because they have no ducts.
Pituitary Gland
Has been called the master gland, influences
growth, metabolism and regeneration
Oxytocin
Influence the contraction of the uterus during
childbirth and the reflexive reaction of milk from
the mammary glands.

Vasopressin
Regulates the amount of water in the body cells
and thus directly controls blood pressure
Anterior pituitary hormones include
control of timings and amount of body growth
Too little can lead to condition called
DWARFISM
Over secretion can produce GIANTISM

Giantism

Dwarfism

He Pingping and Svetlana

Pankratova

He Pingping stands
precisely 2 feet 5.37
inches tall.
Pankratova's legs
are nearly 52 inches
long.

Adrenal glands
Located just above the kidneys
Important in neural functioning and in the
ability to cope with stress
The inner core of the adrenal gland secretes
EPINEPHRINE also called ADRENALINE and
NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE)

Thyroid Gland
Located in the neck in front of the windpipe and
weighs less than ounce
Hormone produced by this gland is
THYROXINE
Hypothyroidism
The result of underactivity of the thyroid gland,
which characterized by laziness and dullness on
the part of the organism
When this occurs in infancy the condition is
known as CRETINISM

GOITER
The swelling of the
thyroid gland brought
about by the glands
overworking, hence the
inability to secrete
enough hormones

Parathyroid Glands
These are two small pea-shaped glands close to
the thyroid glands
Hormones called PARATHORMONE

PARATHORMONE
Regulates utilization of calcium and phosphorus
in the body
Undersecretion of this hormone results in
condition known as tetany

Pancreas
Located near the stomach secretes two
hormones which control the level of blood sugar
or glucose in the bloodstream
Glucagon
Releases glucose into the bloodstream from the
glycogen stored in the liver
Insulin
Enables glucose to move out of the blood into
the cells of muscles and tissues

Gonads
The sex or puberty glands which produce the
sperm and egg cells for reproduction
TESTES testosterone
Stimulates development and maintenance of
male secondary sexual characteristics and
behavior
OVARIES estrogen and progesterone
ESTROGEN stimulates development and
maintenance of female secondary sex
characteristics and behavior

PROGESTERONE
Stimulates female secondary sex characteristics
and behavior and maintains pregnancy