QC Tools For Engineers

7QC TOOLS
7QC Tools
7QC Tools
I want to know the

fat content of each
food item
Im growing fat. I
need to monitor my
body weight for the
next 6 months.
I want to include
exercise in my
daily activities
and follow it up
But ..Oh, my
God! How do I do
it fast and easily
???
7QC Tools
Dont worry Tom.,

I am here to help
you.
I will you teach you

some of the QC
tools
7QC Tools
QC toolsWhat is
that ?
7QC Tools
That is Quality
control tool. ( In
your case it can be
Quantity Control
tools)
Check Sheet
Pareto Diagram
Cause & Effect diagram
7 QC Tools
Graphs
Histogram
Scatter Diagram
Stratification
7QC Tools
Check Sheet
Pareto Diagram
7 QC Tools
Graphs
Histogram
Scatter Diagram
Stratification
7QC Tools - Check Sheet
Module Objectives
This module will help you to understand
Concept of Check Sheet
Reason for using Check Sheet
Types of Check Sheet

Steps for creating a Check Sheet
Check sheet
The Check Sheet is a data-gathering and

interpretation tool
Month ,day
Component
4/1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Reasons for using Check sheets

Simplifies data collection
distinguishing
between
facts and opinions
Easy to
interpret
Check Sheet
To gain a better
understanding
To save time
To Have a clarity of
thoughts and data
10

Indiscrete value such as height,
weight, length, time & temp., Etc.
Measured
Data
Check
Sheet
11

Discrete value such as no. Of
recording errors, no. of Item sold
& Rejections etc.

Measured
Data
Counted
Data
Check
Sheet
12

& Rejections etc.

Measured
Data
Counted
Data
Check
Sheet
Primary
Data
YES / NO or
/ X - Type
13

& Rejections etc.

Measured
Data
Counted
Data
Check
Sheet
Ordered
Data
1st, 2nd Order Very Good,
Good, No Good - Type
14
Primary
Data
YES / NO or
/ X - Type

& Rejections etc.

Measured
Data
Point Scale
Data
1 Point, 2 Point
etc.
Counted
Data
Check
Sheet
Ordered
Data
15
Primary
Data
YES / NO or
/ X - Type

& Rejections etc.

Measured
Data
Point Scale
Data
1 Point, 2 Point
etc.
Counted
Data
Check
Sheet
Ordered
Data
16
Primary
Data
YES / NO or
/ X - Type
Problem solving stages for using Check Sheet

Step no QC story step
1
Problem
Observation
Analysis
Action
Check
Standardisation
Conclusion
Can use Cannot use
Check sheets can be used in all stages of Problem solving

17
Steps to create a check sheet

Clarify the measurement objective
Create a form for collecting data
Collect the data
Tally the data
18
Clarify the measurement objective

Power
Price
I want to
buy a bike
Suspension
Mileage
Style
19
Create a form for collecting data

Model
Yamaha Crux R
TVS Centra
Measure
Price
Mileage
Power
Style
Suspension
Total
20
Bajaj Caliber
HH Passion +
Collect data
Power
Price
Mileag
e
Mileage
Power
(bhp/RPM)
Model
Price (Rs.,)
Model
Yamaha Crux R
7.6/7500
Yamaha Crux R
39120
Yamaha Crux R
TVS Centra
7.5/7500
TVS Centra
40470
TVS Centra
100
Bajaj Caliber
9.5/8000
Bajaj Caliber
42567
Bajaj Caliber
90
HH Passion +
7.5/8000
HH Passion +
43876
HH Passion +
75
Model
Suspension
Availability of
Style
Model
Model
adjustable
suspension
Yamaha Crux R
Yes
TVS Centra
Yes
Bajaj Caliber
No
HH Passion +
Yes
Style
Yamaha Crux R
TVS Centra
Bajaj Caliber
HH Passion +
21
(Kmpl)
60
Collect data
Power
Price
Mileage
Model
Power
(bhp/RPM)
Model
Price (Rs.,)
Model
Mileage
(Kmpl)
Yamaha Crux R
7.6/7500
Yamaha Crux R
39120
Yamaha Crux R
60
TVS Centra
7.5/7500
TVS Centra
40470
TVS Centra
100
Bajaj Caliber
9.5/8000
Bajaj Caliber
42567
Bajaj Caliber
90
HH Passion +
7.5/8000
HH Passion +
43876
HH Passion +
75
Suspension
Style
Model
Style
Model
Availability of
adjustable
suspension
Yamaha Crux R
Yes
TVS Centra
Yes
Bajaj Caliber
No
Yamaha Crux R
TVS Centra
Bajaj Caliber
HH Passion +
22
Collect data
Model
Best Criteria
Measure
Price
lower
Mileage
higher
Power
higher
Style
higher
Suspension
more
1-5 Scale
( 1-worst
23
5-best)
Tally the data

Model
Yamaha Crux R
TVS Centra
Bajaj Caliber
HH Passion +
16
21
17
15
Measure
Price
Mileage
Power
Style
Suspension
Total
24
Other Examples of a Check Sheet Multivariable chart

A1
A2
C1
E1
C2
E2
E1
C1
E2
D1
B1
D2
D1
B2
D2
25
E1
C2
E2
E1
E2
Other Examples of a Check Sheet Multivariable chart

March
Motor cycle
< 110 cc > 110 cc
April
Scooterettes
Scooty
Pep
Sales
Domestic
Profit
Sales
Export
Profit
26
Motor cycle
< 110 cc > 110 cc
Scooterettes
Scooty
Pep
Exercise:
There are five machines in a manufacturing cell. Among that
two machines are JH Step 4 passed and another 2 are Step
2 passed and one machine is step 1 passed.
Construct a check sheet to identify the factors which is
influencing the high scrap rate.
The cell is getting operated by 3 workmen in all the three
shifts, among them 2 are undergone cell specific training
The scrap cost of the component is high when it has
happened in the last operation and vice versa
27
Your check sheet can be like this

Scrap data
Level of
Machine
Operator
machine
Traini
ng
given
Shift
1
Cost
Total
range
28
Shift
2
Cost
Total
range
Shift
3
Cost
Total
range
Overall
Total
Your check sheet can be like this

Scrap data
Level of
Machine
Operator
machine
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
Step 4
Step 4
Step1
Step 2
Step 2
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
Traini
ng
given
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Total
Shift
1
2
2
5
1
11
3
1
22
6
2
7
7
2
1
8
Cost
Total
range
1
30
87
64
55
245
Operator without
training is making more
scrap
29
Shift
2
1
2
7
2
5
4
1
58
8
1
9
9
2
6
9
Cost
Total
range
1
10
22
201
76
85
394
Shift
3
0
1
9
1
10
5
0
45
12
2
11
10
3
8
7
Cost
Total
range
1
Overall
Total
10
29
32
84
171
459
92
232
90
230
395
Step 1 machine is
making more scrap
Summary
The Check Sheet is a data-gathering and interpretation tool
There are five data type Check Sheets
Measured data check sheets
Counted data check sheets
Primary data check sheets
Ordered data check sheets
Point scale data check sheets
There are four steps to construct a check sheet

Use of Multivariable chart for extensive data collection
30
Pareto diagram
Check Sheet
Pareto Diagram
Pareto Chart of Department
150
100
Graphs
50
0
s
e
e
e
g
el
rs
er
es
nc
nc rv ic erin
nn
em tor
he Oth
e
a
a
t
t
e
o
k
n
s
S
O
at
en
Se
ne ers
Fi
ar
Sy
M
nt
gi
M
P
n
&
ai
E
M
n
io
on
nt
i
t
at
a
l
c
P
u
rm
od
fo
Pr
In
Count
66
45 20 15 12
10
8
6
5
4
9
Percent
33.0 22.5 10.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 4.5
Cum %
33.0 55.5 65.5 73.0 79.0 84.0 88.0 91.0 93.5 95.5 100.0
Department
ls
r ia
g
tin
Histogram
Scatter Diagram
Stratification
7QC Tools - Pareto Diagram
80
60
Count
7 QC Tools
100
31
40
20
0
Percent
200
Module objectives
At the end of this session, you will be able to
Explain Pareto diagram and its usage
Explain steps & construct pareto diagram
Interpret Pareto diagram
32
Who or What is Pareto?
Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) , an Italian economist

observed that 20% of the Italian people owned 80%
of their country's accumulated wealth.
33
Paretos Rule
A few causes lead to many defects
Vital Few
Pareto's rule states that vital few causes (20% of the
causes) are responsible for a large percentage of the

effect (80% of the effects).
A Pareto diagram is a tool used to identify the vital few

causes and trivial many
34
Steps for creating Pareto Diagram

1. Collect data
2. Arrange data in the descending order
3. Calculate the relative % for individual data
4. Calculate the cumulative % for individual data
5. Draw a graph with scales on both axis
6. Draw bar chart based on data
7. Using cumulative % data, draw cumulative curve
8. Identify the VITAL FEW (thumb rule > 70%)
35
Example : Identification of depts. contributing majority of telephone calls
Step 1 : Data collection from check sheet

Sl.No
Department
No. of calls registered in the period

week 45 to 50.
Production Engineering
10
Quality
Service
12
Marketing
45
Plant Maintenance
20
Factory production
Manufacturing Planning
Stores
Personnel
10
Materials
66
11
Finance
15
12
Research & Development
13
Information & Systems
14
Others
36
Step 2 : Arrange data in the descending order

Sl.No
Department
Nos.
66
Materials
Marketing
Plant Maintenance
Finance
12
Service
10
Personnel
Information Systems
Stores
10
11
Others
12
Quality
13
Factory production
14
45
20
15
8
6
5
4
2
1
200
37
Step 3 : Calculate the relative % for individual

Sl.No
Department
Nos.
Relative %
Materials
66
33.0
Marketing
45
22.5
Plant Maintenance
20
10.0
Finance
15
7.5
Service
12
6.0
10
5.0
Personnel
4.0
Information Systems
3.0
Stores
2.5
10
2.0
11
Others
2.0
12
Quality
1.0
13
Factory production
1.0
14
0.5
200
100
38
Step 4 : Calculate the cumulative % for individual

Sl.No
Department
Nos.
Relative %
Cumulative %
Materials
66
33.0
33.0
Marketing
45
22.5
55.5
Plant Maintenance
20
10.0
65.5
Finance
15
7.5
73.0
Service
12
6.0
79.0
10
5.0
84.0
Personnel
4.0
88.0
Information Systems
3.0
91.0
Stores
2.5
93.5
10
2.0
95.5
11
Others
2.0
97.5
12
Quality
1.0
98.5
13
Factory production
1.0
99.5
14
0.5
100.0
200
100
39

40
Dept
Factory production
Quality
Others
Stores
Information Systems
Personnel
Service
Finance
Plant Maintenance
Marketing
Materials
In nos
200
150
125
100
50
75
50
25
25
0
0
Cumulative %
Step 5 : Draw a graph with scales on both axis

100
175
75

Dept
41
2
2
Factory production
Quality
Others
Stores
10
Information Systems
12
Personnel
15
20
Service
25
Finance
50
Plant Maintenance
75
Marketing
Materials
In nos
200
150
125
100
50
66
45
25
0
1
0
Cumulative %
Step 6 : Draw bar chart based on data

100
175
75

8
6
Dept
42
5
4
4
2
73
55.5
100
50
33
66
45
25
0
2
1
0
Cumulative %
99.5
Manufacturing
Planning
10
98.5
Factory
production
12
97.5
Quality
15
93.5
95.5
Others
88
91
Research &
Development
200
Stores
20
Information
Systems
25
Personnel
50
Production
Engineering
175
Service
150
Finance
75
Plant
Maintenance
125
Marketing
Materials
In nos
Step 7 : Using cumulative % data, draw cumulative curve

100
100
84
79
65.5
75
Now lets construct the Pareto using Minitab
43
Data entry sheet - Minitab
Enter Department
details in column C1
Enter phone call details in

column C2
44
Navigation details in MINITAB

Select Stat > Quality tools
> Pareto chart
45
Data entry to tables in MINITAB

Place cursor in labels in
and select C1
Select Chart defects

table
Place cursor in
Frequencies in and select
C2
46
Click OK
47
Graphical display in MINITAB

200
100
Count
60
100
40
50
0
20
s
el
rs
er
c e nce v ice ring
es
n
m
r
e
h
n
t
n
e
to
th
e
O
k
na
na S er nee rs o
st
i
S
r
O
y
at
e
t
F
a
i
e
S
M
n
M
P
ng
&
ai
E
M
n
n
t
o
i
tio
at
an
l
c
P
m
u
or
od
f
r
P
In
Count
66
45 20 15 12
10
8
6
5
4
9
Percent
33.0 22.5 10.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 4.5
Cum %
33.0 55.5 65.5 73.0 79.0 84.0 88.0 91.0 93.5 95.5 100.0
Department
ls
ir a
g
in
et
48
Percent
80
150
How do we interpret a Pareto Chart?

200
100
Count
100
40
50
Vital Few
20
l
s
s
s
g
er
c e nce v ice ring
in
ne em or e her
h
n
t
t
n
t
t
e
O
k e ena
na S er nee rs o
St
O
ys
at
t
Fi
ar
i
e
S
M
n
g
M
P
&
ai
En
M
n
n
t
o
i
io
at
an
ct
Pl
m
u
r
od
fo
Pr
In
Count
66
45 20 15 12
10
8
6
5
4
9
Percent
33.0 22.5 10.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 4.5
Cum %
33.0 55.5 65.5 73.0 79.0 84.0 88.0 91.0 93.5 95.5 100.0
Department
Percent
80
70 %
60
150
ls
r ia
Draw horizontal line at cumulative 70% for effect
Draw vertical line from the intersection for vital few causes
49
Exercises
1. Tool setting time in Crankshaft cell
Operation
Sec
Keyway milling
Profile Grinding
Crankpin Hole Drilling
Fine Boring
Boss Grinding
Thread Rolling
Induction Hardening
2. Internal customer complaints of Engine assly.
2.4
1.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.2
0
Crank case
Cylinder complete
Cylinder head
Cover clutch
3. Breakdown hours of furnaces
CGCF
SQF
PHF
TF
Lets use
40
5.5
2.5
1.5
50
277
61
45
40
Results
2. Internal customer complaints of Engine assly.
1. Tool setting time in Crankshaft cell
3. Breakdown hours of furnaces
What is your result?
51
Summary
200
100
Count
60
100
40
50
Vital Few
20
l
r
s
s
s
g
g
ls
ce
ce
ice
in
in
ne
m
re
er
ia
he
et
an nan erv eer
er
on y ste Sto O th
Ot
t
k
n
i
s
r
a
e
S
r
n
F
a
S
M
nt
gi
M
Pe
&
ai
En
M
n
n
t
o
i
tio
at
an
Pl
uc
rm
od
fo
r
n
P
I
Count
66
45 20 15 12
10
8
6
5
4
9
Percent
33.0 22.5 10.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 4.5
Cum %
33.0 55.5 65.5 73.0 79.0 84.0 88.0 91.0 93.5 95.5 100.0
Department
Percent
80
150
A Pareto diagram is a tool used to identify the vital few causes

Pareto's 20:80 rule:
A few causes lead to many defects
52
Check Sheet
Pareto Diagram
7 QC Tools
Graphs
Histogram
Scatter Diagram
Stratification
7QC Tools - Cause & Effect Diagram
53
Module objectives
At the end of this module, you will be able to :
Explain the usage of Cause and Effect diagram

Construct a Cause and Effect diagram
54
What is a Cause and Effect diagram?

A graphical tool that helps to identify, sort and display possible
causes of a problem or quality characteristics.

It is also called as Ishikawa diagram or Fishbone diagram.
Example Analysis of Poor Vehicle Mileage
55
Why should we use a Cause and Effect diagram?

Structured approach to determine the root causes of a problem
or quality characteristic
Indicates possible causes of variation in a process
Encourages group participation and utilizes group knowledge
Identifies areas where data should be collected for further study
56
Step- by - step procedure

to construct a Cause and Effect diagram
57
Step 1 - Identify and clearly define the outcome or EFFECT

to be analyzed
Decide on the effect to be examined. Effects are stated as particular quality
characteristics, problems resulting from work, planning objectives such as
Poor mileage
Higher scrap
Delay in product development
Lower customer conversion rates
Remember, an effect may be positive (an objective) or negative (a problem),
depending upon the issue thats being discussed.

e.g. Positive effect Zero defect, 100% Service level
Negative effect High engine noise, Low productivity
58
Example for construction

Effect:
Poor Vehicle Mileage
59
Step 2 Draw the SPINE and create EFFECT BOX
Effect box
Spine
Poor Vehicle
Mileage
60
Step 3 Identify the main CAUSES contributing to the

effect being studied
Establish the main causes, or categories, under which other possible causes are
listed. Commonly used categories are

4Ms - Men, Method, Material, Machinery
4Ps Policies, Procedures, People, Plant
Environment significantly important 5th category
Write the main categories above and below the spine
Draw a box around each category label and use a diagonal line to form a
branch connecting the box to the spine.
61
Step 3 Identify the main Causes contributing to the effect

being studied continued
Method
Machine
Poor Vehicle
Mileage
Men
Material
62
Step 4 For each major factors, identify other specific

factors which may be the Causes of the Effect
Method
Machine
Use wrong
gears
Drive too
fast
Under inflated
tyres
Carburettor
adjustments
Poor Vehicle
Mileage
Improper
lubrication
Poor
maintenance
Poor driving
habits
Men
Wrong
Octane fuel
Material
63
Step 5 Identify increasing more detailed levels of causes
Method
Machine
Use wrong
gears
Drive too
fast
Under inflated
tyres
Carburettor
adjustments
Poor Vehicle
Mileage
Improper
lubrication
Poor
maintenance
Poor driving
habits
Men
Wrong
Octane fuel
Material
Focus
area
64

continued
Poor Vehicle
Mileage
No oil
change
Wrong
Octane fuel
Resource
problem
No Owners
Manual
Improper
lubrication
Dont know
recommended octane
Dont know
right oil
Level
Level
Level
Level
Wrong oil
No Owners
Manual
Material
65
1
2
3
4

continued
Done for all
Method
Impatience
Always
late
Drive too
fast
Machine
Use wrong
Too rich
gears
Fuel mix
Poor
Unskilled
hearing
mechanic
Cant hear
engine
Carburettor
adjustments
Poor
maintenance
Money.
CAUSES
No
awareness
No record of tyre
pressure
Under-inflated tyres
Poor design
Difficult airstems
No oil change
When in Improper
Money
Rome lubrication
Dont know
right oil
Poor driving
Wrong oil
habits
Poor trg
Men
No Owners
Manual
Material
Poor Vehicle
Mileage
Wrong
Octane fuel
No Owners
Manual
Dont know
recommended
octane
All the causes are not captured here due to space constraint on the screen.
66
Level
Level
Level
Level
1
2
3
4
Step 6 Analyse the diagram

Look at the balance of the diagram
Thick cluster in a area indicates need for further study
A main category having only a few specific causes may indicate a need for
further identification of causes
Look for the causes that appear repeatedly. These may represent root causes
Look for what you can measure in each cause so you can quantify the effects
of any changes you make
Most importantly, identify and circle the causes that you can take action on
67
Step 6 Analyse the diagram continued

Method
Impatience
Always
late
Drive too
fast
Machine
Use wrong
Too rich
gears
Fuel mix
Poor
Unskilled
hearing
mechanic
Cant hear
engine
Carburettor
adjustments
Poor
maintenance
Money.
No
awareness
No record of tyre
pressure
Under-inflated tyres
Poor design
Difficult airstems
No oil change
When in Improper
Money.
Rome lubrication
Dont know
right oil
Poor driving
Wrong oil
habits
Poor trg
Men
No Owners
Manual
Material
Poor Vehicle
Mileage
Wrong
Octane fuel
No Owners
Manual
Dont know
recommended
octane
All the causes are not captured here due to space constraint on the screen.
68
Level
Level
Level
Level
1
2
3
4

Prioritisation of causes identified in Cause and Effect diagram
Case 1 Known causes with spec. limits.
We may like to do cause-verification.
4M
Man
Cause
No focused training
Specification
Functionwise
training
No method to measure Skill matrix for

operator's skills
Method
Material
No OJT
each workmen
Practical training
at genba
Investigation
Generic
No skill matrix
No OJT
Workmen not trained in Need based
Common
specific jobs
module given
Module content is
academic oriented
training
Content should be
specific need
based
69
Theory based
Analysis

Case 2 Subjective causes
We may use Four-blocker method
High
High impact
Low effort
Impact
Low
Low
Effort
70
High
Case 2 Unknown causes appearing for the 1st time

Such causes need to the explored further
71
Summary Cause and Effect diagram
A graphical tool that helps to identify, sort and display possible

causes of a problem or quality characteristics
Structured approach to determine the root causes of a problem
Can you recall?
72
Lets do an exercise on Cause & Effect Diagram

Group 1
Group 2
Method
Machine
Late arrival
of train
at station
Men
Material
Group 3
Group 4
73
Check Sheet
Pareto Diagram
7 QC Tools
Graphs
Histogram
Scatter Diagram
Stratification
7QC Tools - Graph & Control Charts
74
Graphs
75
Module Objectives
This module will help you to understand
Concept for Graph

Reasons for using Graphs
Types of Graphs
Construction and interpretation of Graphs
76
Graph
Graph is a visual representation tool used for showing the
relationship between two or more variables
77
Graph
Facilitate in understanding
Highlight most
the data
important facts
Quick and direct
Easy to remember
78
Types of Graphs
Line graph
46
45
45
44
43
43
42
42
42
Mar
Apr
May
42
41
40
40
39
38
37
Jan
Bar graph
Jun
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Studid
Studname
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
Pie chart
Feb
79
Line graph
A line graph is a way to summarize how two or more
pieces of variables are related and how they vary
depending on one another
46
45
45
44
43
43
42
42
42
Mar
Apr
May
42
41
40
40
39
38
37
Jan
Feb
80
Jun
Construction of line graph

Step no:1 - gathering data
Data must be chronological or sequential form. (At least 25 or more
samples must be taken in order to get an accurate run chart)
Month
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Weight in Kg
55
57
58
60
62
63
62
61
61
81

Step no:2 organising the data
Divide the data into two sets of variable X and Y ( Dependant
variable as Y and independent variable as X )
Month
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Weight in Kg
55
57
58
60
62
63
62
61
61
82

Step no:3 charting the data
Plot the y values versus the x values using an appropriate scale
that will make the points on the graph visible
Construct a best fit line that passes through the points
Weight (grams)
Trend of weight over 9 months

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
62
63
62
60
57
61
58
55
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
83
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Use of MINITAB to
Construct graphs
84
General layout of MINITAB 14
New worksheet
Worksheet Data
entry in this region
85
Various types of graphs in MINITAB
86
Minitab - graphs
Scatter plot
Data
87
Minitab - graphs
Types of plot
88
Minitab - graphs
Select X & Y
variable
89
Minitab - graphs
Line graph
Options to modify the

graph to get data label
90
Minitab - graphs
Window to get the

data label in graph
91
The Final Graph

Scatterplot
of Weight
in Kg
Month
Line
graph of
Weight
vsvsMonth
63
63
62
62
62
61
Weight in Kg
61
61
60
60
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
55
54
Mar
May
Jul
Month
92
Sep
Nov
Bar graph
Bar graphs are the tools to represent the data in
the form of bars to easily identify the trends and
patterns
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Studid
Studname
M1
M2
M3
M4
93
M5
Types of Bar graph

Vertical
Simple Bar graph
Horizontal
Vertical
Clustered Bar graph
Horizontal
Vertical
Stacked Bar graph

60
50
40
30
20
10
60
Number of police officers
60
Horizontal
50
40
30
20
10
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Simple Bar graph

50
40
30
20
10
0
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Year
Clustered Bar graph

94
2000
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Stacked Bar graph
Characteristics of bar graphs

Figure numbered and titled
Bars of equal width
Different shading or texture to represent different data sets
Non-numerical variable on horizontal x-axis

Labels and units included on x and y axes
Even scales on axes
95
To create bar graph in MINITAB
Bar chart
option
96
Bar chart types

selection
97

Selection of X & Y
axis variable
98
Options to modify
the graph to get
data label
99
The Final Bar-Chart..

Chart of No., of Police officers vs Year
60
56
55
52
No., of Police officers
50
48
47
45
49
51
40
30
20
10
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Year
100
1998
1999
2000
To create clustered-bar graph in Minitab
101
102
The Final Clustered Bar-Chart..

60
56
55
52
52
50
48
47
45
51
49
45
42
Data
40
35
33
32
42
32
30
20
10
0
C1
18
15
10
st st th
Ea W e o r
N
93
19
12
st st t h
Ea W e o r
N
94
19
st st th
Ea W e o r
N
95
19
15
14
st st th
Ea W e o r
N
96
19
103
12
st st th
E a W e or
N
97
19
st st th
Ea W e o r
N
98
19
st st t h
Ea W e o r
N
99
19
10
st st th
Ea W e o r
N
00
20
To create stacked bar graph in Minitab
104
105
The Final Stacked Bar-Chart..

60
56
55
53
52
50
48
45
45
40
40
Data
33
35
35
32
30
30
30
21
20
16
10
1993
1994
1995
1996
106
1997
1998
1999
2000
Pie Chart
A pie chart is a circle graph divided into pieces, each
displaying the size of some related piece of information.
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
107
Types of Pie Chart

Simple Pie chart
Pie of Pie chart
Exploded Pie chart
Bar of Pie chart
Plant-3 (2)
24%
R & D (1)
13%
Other
25%
Plant-2 (3)
37%
Sp. Wh (1)
Plant-1 13%
(0)
0%
108
Plant 4
13%
To create pie-chart in Minitab
name
variable
109
To create Pie-chart in Minitab
110
Pie Chart of Quantity vs State
Tamilnadu
22, 25.0%
Kerala
55, 62.5%
Andhra
11, 12.5%
111
Category
Tamilnadu
Andhra
Kerala
Guidelines for constructing a graph

Clearly define the information(s) you want to infer from the data
Experiment with different types of graphs and select the most appropriate
Plot the graph
Infer from the graph
Nature of information needed
Type of chart
Example
Share of, percent of the, smallest, the
majority of
To analyse the distribution
Pie chart
To compare items
Bar graph, Line graph Ranking, larger than, smaller than, equal to
To establish time series and to

determine the time frequency
Bar graph, Line graph
To analyse relationship
Line graph
112
Change, rise, growth, increase, decrease,

decline, fluctuation Range, concentration,
Increase with, decrease with, vary with,
despite, correspond to, relate to
A good graph should

Be simple and uncluttered
Have a title and labels

Show the data without altering the message of the data
Show accurately the facts
Clearly shows any trends or differences in the data
113
Exercise:
Let us do some exercise in Minitab.
Open the file : Exercise graph.mtw
There are 8 columns in the Minitab

Try the data to draw line graphs, Bar chart and Pie
chart
114
Your graph may be like this

Bar chart of Literacy rate % vs Name of state
Line graph of Scrap cost / Engine vs Month

90
2.8
2.7
72
68
70
2.6
Literacy rate %
Scrap cost / Engine
83
80
2.5
2.4
2.3
66
65
Karnataka
Madhyapradesh
60
50
40
30
20
2.2
10
2.1
Jan
Mar
May
Jul
Month
Sep
Nov
Tamilnadu
Pie Chart of Number of movie vs Type of movie

Foreign
8, 8.0%
Science fiction
8, 8.0%
Comedy
27, 27.0%
Kerala
Andhrapradesh
Name of state
Stacked bar chart of Weight Y, Weight Z vs Month 1

60
Category
Comedy
Action
Romance
Drama
Horror
Science fiction
Foreign
Variable
Weight Y
Weight Z
50
40
Data
Horror
11, 11.0%
30
20
Drama
14, 14.0%
10
Action
18, 18.0%
0
Month 1
Romance
14, 14.0%
115
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Summary
Graph is a visual representation tool used for

showing the relationship between two or more
variables
Line graph, Bar graph and Pie chart are most

commonly used graphs
116
Check Sheet
Pareto Diagram
7 QC Tools
Graphs
Histogram
Histogram
Scatter Diagram
Stratification
7QC Tools - Histogram
117
Module objectives
At the end of this module, you will be able to :
Explain the construction of a histogram
Interpret output data from a histogram
Construct a histogram using Minitab software
118
Battery failure data for 56 Pep vehicles

Vehicle Battery Vehicle Battery Vehicle Battery Vehicle Battery
No.
life, days
No.
life, days
No.
life, days
No.
life, days
1
60
15
187
29
263
43
174
37
16
121
30
352
44
145
32
17
297
31
290
45
309
163
18
134
32
316
46
152
230
19
331
33
283
47
338
300
20
261
34
304
48
270
265
21
220
35
264
49
424
166
22
389
36
319
50
313
78
23
129
37
287
51
273
10
196
24
278
38
252
52
321
11
194
25
355
39
143
53
369
12
115
26
286
40
359
54
256
13
182
27
249
41
267
55
293
14
294
28
294
42
156
56
270
What do we need to infer from this data?

119

No. life, days No. life, days No. life, days No. life, days
Mean of
battery life
Range of
battery life
60
15
187
29
263
43
174
37
16
121
30
352
44
145
32
17
297
31
290
45
309
163
18
134
32
316
46
152
230
19
331
33
283
47
338
300
20
261
34
304
48
270
265
21
220
35
264
49
424
166
22
389
36
319
50
313
78
23
129
37
287
51
273
10
196
24
278
38
252
52
321
11
194
25
355
39
143
53
369
12
115
26
286
40
359
54
256
13
182
27
249
41
267
55
293
14
294
28
294
42
156
56
270
How do you find that?
We can use Histogram.

120
How the data

looks like
What is a histogram?
A histogram is a graphical representation of frequency distribution of
data
Example Marks obtained by 50 students in a class
No. of
students
Frequency
Histogram
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
18
16
1
36-45
46-55
56-65
66-75
Marks obtained
Majority have scored inbetween 56-75
121
76-85
96-95
Range of
marks
Where to use a histogram?
To display large amounts of data values in a relatively simple chart form
To tell relative frequency of occurrence
To understand the central tendency & spread of the data
To understand overall distribution of the data
122
Step- by - step procedure

to construct a histogram
123
Example
Battery failure data for 56 Pep vehicles
No.
life, days
No.
life, days
No.
life, days
No.
life, days
1
60
15
187
29
263
43
174
37
16
121
30
352
44
145
32
17
297
31
290
45
309
163
18
134
32
316
46
152
230
19
331
33
283
47
338
300
20
261
34
304
48
270
265
21
220
35
264
49
424
166
22
389
36
319
50
313
78
23
129
37
287
51
273
10
196
24
278
38
252
52
321
11
194
25
355
39
143
53
369
12
115
26
286
40
359
54
256
13
182
27
249
41
267
55
293
14
294
28
294
42
156
56
270
124
Step 1 - Determine the range (R) of the data

Obtain the largest & smallest values from the data
Calculate the R = Largest value Smallest value
Smallest

observed
No.
life, days
No.
life, days
No. value
life, days
No.
life, days
1
60
15
187
29
263
43
174
37
16
121
30
352
44
145
32
17
297
31
290
45
309
163
18
134
32
316
46
152
230
19
331
33
283
47
338
300
20
261
34
304
48
270
265
21
220
35
264
49
424
166
22
389
36
319
50
313
78
23
129
37
287
51
273
10
196
24
278
38
252
52
321
11
194
25
355
39
143
53
369
12
115
26
286
40
359
54
256
13
182
27
249
41
267
55
293
14
294
28
294
42
156
56
270
125
Range = 424 32
Range = 392
Largest
observed value
Step 2 - Determine the class interval & interval breadth

of the data
Class interval =
where n is the total no. of observations

Here, n = 56, therefore,
Class interval =
56
Class interval = 7.49 = 7, after rounding it off to nearest integer
Now , to determine class breadth,

Class breadth = R / n
Class breadth = 392 / 7
Class breadth = 56
126
Step 3 Create table of upper & lower limits of

class-intervals
The lower limit of the first class-interval is the lowest observed value in the data.
i.e. Lower limit of the 1st class = 32
Upper limit = Lower limit + Class breadth

= 32 + 56
= 88
To determine the next class-interval, start from the next number i.e. 89
So, Lower limit of 2nd class = 89
Upper limit = 89 + 56 = 145
Similarly, we can decide the class limits for all 7 class-intervals
127
Step 3 Create table of upper & lower limits of

class-intervals continued
Class interval
Lower limit
Upper limit
32
88
89
145
146
202
203
259
260
314
315
371
372
428
128
Step 4 Prepare frequency distribution table

How many pieces of data fall into each of the class?
Class
Frequency marks
Frequency
32 88
IIII
89 145
IIII I
146 202
IIII IIII
203 259
IIII
260 316
IIII IIII IIII IIII II
22
317- 373
IIII III
374 430
II
2
Total
129
56
Step 5 Prepare a histogram [a bar graph] of class vs

frequency
Frequency
Histogram - Battery failures [Pep]
25
22
No. of failures
20
15
9
10
6
5
0
32-88
89-145
146-202 203-259 216-316 317-373 374-430

No. of days of usage
Class
Now, what do you interpret from this histogram?

130
Introduction to few terms

Central
tendency
A histogram
Spread
Central tendency - A measure of location of the middle or the centre of a distribution
The mean is the most commonly used measure of central tendency
Spread or Dispersion - Describes how much the observations vary around the
central tendency
131
What do you interpret from this histogram?

Frequency
Maximum failures
Histogram - Battery failures [Pep]

25
22
No. of failures
20
15
9
10
6
5
Class
32-88
89-145
146-202 203-259 216-316 317-373 374-430

No. of days of usage
1. It appears to be a bell-shaped distribution
Period with
maximum no. of
failures
2. Most of the battery failures seem to occur for the the period of
216 316 days of usage.i.e. Central tendency is at 216-316 days
3. The spread appears to be higher
132
Interpretations from histograms

Histogram may be interpreted by asking 3 questions:
1. Is the process performing within specification limits?
2. Does the process seem to exhibit wide variation?
3. If action needs to be taken on the process, what action is appropriate?
The answer to these 3 questions lies in analyzing 3 characteristics of
the histogram.
133
Interpretations from histograms continued

1. Is the process performing within specification limits?
Analyse: How well is the histogram centered?
The centering of the data provides information on the process aim
about some mean or nominal
Process Capabivalue.
lity of Diameter
Process Capability of Diameter
LSL
LSL
USL
USL
LSL
USL
Process
mean
14
14
Target
Frequency
10
8
5
4
3
10
11.0
en cy
10.5
11.5
12.0
Process Data
134
12.5
13.0

2. Does the process seem to exhibit wide variation?
Analyse: How wide is the histogram?
Looking at histogram width defines the variability of
the process about the aim. Process Capability of Diameter
Process Capability of Shaft dia
LSL
LSL
USL
12
USL
14
Frequency
10
10
10
2
11.0
Freq uency
3
2
8
11.5
12.0
Process Data
135
12.5
13.0

3. If action needs to be taken on the process, what action is
appropriate?
Analyse: What is the shape of the histogram?
Proces Capability of Diameter
Normal
Process Capability of Shaft dia

12
USL
14
10
10
Frequency
10
10
8
6
6
5
3
2
10
11.5
Freq u en cy
11.0
12
12
Frequency
LS L
12.0
Process Data
12.5
Nonnormal
Histogram of C9
3
2
2
0
13.0
2
1
1
0
10
12
14
C9
Distribution other than normal indicates presence of special cause in the process
5
4
136

Depending upon the shape of the histogram
[i.e. distributions ], there are following types of histograms
1. Bell-shaped [normal]
2. Bi-modal [double-peaked]
3. Skewed
137

1. Bell-shaped [normal]
Example:
No. of failures
Histogram - Cyld block failures - Victor

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
69
63
57
42
57 59
45
38
29
20
9
51 52
41
38
33 32
16 14
13
13 14
4
725
4666
8606
0 0 0 0 1
12547 16487 20428 24368 28309 32249 36190
Kilometer of usage
Depicted by a bell-shaped curve
most frequent measurement appears as center of distribution
less frequent measurements taper gradually at both ends of

distribution
Indicates that a process is running normally (only common causes are
present)
138

2. Bi-modal [double-peaked]
Example:
Histogram - Fork Gear-shift - Bore finish

9
10
Frequency
8
8
6
5
4
3
4
2
0
0.1
0.17
0.24
0.31
0.38
More
Ra
Distribution appears to have two peaks
May indicate that data from more than one process are mixed together
Materials may come from two separate vendors
Samples may have come from two separate machines
139

3. Skewed
Appears as an uneven curve; values seem to taper to one side.
3A. Positively Skewed

Example:
Histogram - No. of trucks halted
No. of trucks
100
81
80
60
40
12
20
49-72
72-96
0
0-24
25-48
Hrs of waiting
Here most of the values lies in the lower part of the values of histogram
140

3. Skewed
Appears as an uneven curve; values seem to taper to one side.
3B. Negatively Skewed

Example:
Histogram - Wheel-rim - Runout

Frequency
25
21
22
1.09
More
20
15
10
0
0.94
1.02
Runout, mm
Here most of the values lies in the upper part of the values of histogram
141
General Rule for Constructing a Histogram

Number of samples
For the histogram to be representative of the true process
behavior, as a general rule, 30 to 50 samples should be
measured.
142
Construction of a histogram using MINITAB software
143
Start MINITAB
This is the first

screen of MINITAB
Session
window
Here is the place

for your data
144
Enter the data
Enter the data

in a column,
say, C2
145
Draw histogram
Go to Graph
Histogram
146
Draw histogram continued...

Select the type
With Fit
147

C2 appears
here
Click Select to
select the
column C2
Click OK
148

Here is the
histogram
149
Summary - Histogram
Histogram
A histogram is a graphical representation of frequency distribution of

data
Histogram is used to understand
Central tendency
Spread
Overall distribution
Can you recall?
Different types of histogram are Bell-shaped [normal]
Bi-modal [double-peaked]
Skewed
150
Draw Histogram for the following using Minitab application

Example - 1
Example - 2
Example - 3
Example - 4
Marks
56 61 58
56 71 48
56 62 66
63 67 61
65 54 55
54 62 61
67 57 59
59 55 62
59 62 58
63 64 55
Test scores
56 45 66
38 35 34
73 37 49
55 69 53
50 32 50
43 50 62
53 67 57
50 50 46
59 67 62
49 45 51
Data
19 6 40
17 60 129
11 41 53
10 13 86
44 87 59
18 88 74
113 13 44
45 7 41
22 37 101
14 45 90
Data A
48 62 51
63 56 49
66 42 54
48 57 50
49 58 60
46 56 51
47 56 57
56 49 57
50 60 56
54 51 60
55
66
57
58
55
38
59
61
55
56
60
52
61
60
60
61
61
57
60
51
47
85
23
47
49
21
44
38
9
252
151
11
69
45
11
28
60
27
152
47
90
46
52
48
55
52
47
53
55
49
54
47
47
57
53
56
48
49
58
45
52
Answers
Solution - 2
Solution - 1
20 normally
Appears
distributed
Appears normally
distributed with
wide variation
Histogram of Test scores
Histogram of Marks
9
19
8
16
15
Frequency
Frequency
10
8
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
40
48
Appears + vely
skewed
56
Marks
64
72
30
40
50
Test scores
60
Appears to be aSolution
bimodal distribution
Histogram of Data A
Solution - 3
Histogram of Data
20
19
70
10
10
10
Frequency
Frequency
10
15
10
4
3
2
1
2
1
60
120
Data
180
240
152
45
50
55
Data A
60
65
Check Sheet
Pareto Diagram
Scatterplot of No of ice creams sold vs Temperature
110
No of ice creams sold
100
7 QC Tools
90
80
70
Graphs
60
50
40
30
Histogram
20
0
10
15
20
Temperature
25
30
Scatter Diagram
Stratification
7QC Tools - Scatter Diagram
153
35
Module objectives
At the end of this session, you will be able to
Explain Scatter diagram and its usage

Explain steps & construct Scatter diagram
Interpret Scatter diagram
154
Why Scatter diagram was developed?

To know kinds of relationships between variables, Scatter
diagram was developed
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911), by using the theory of linear

regression developed Scatter diagram.
155
What is Scatter diagram?

It is a visual display of data which shows the association
between two variables acting continuously on the same item.
It illustrates the strength of the correlation between the

variables through the slope of a line.
156
Steps for creating a Scatter Diagram

Step 1. Collect at least 20-30 paired data points: "paired" data are
measures of both the cause being tested and its supposed effect at one
point in time
Step 2. Draw a graph, with the "cause" on the horizontal axis and the
"effect" on the vertical axis.
Step 3. Determine the lowest and highest value of each variable and mark
the axes accordingly.
Step 4. Plot the paired points on the diagram. If there are multiple pairs
with the same value, draw as many circles around the point as there are
additional pairs with those same values.
Step 5. Identify and classify the pattern of association using the graphs
below of possible shapes and interpretations.
157
Example : No. of ice cream sold against atmospheric temp.

Collection of paired data
Number of IceSno Temperature Creams sold Sno Temperature
1
21
70
17
12
2
26
86
18
32
3
15
50
19
20
4
24
80
20
27
5
18
58
21
23
6
29
96
22
31
7
20
56
23
33
8
27
92
24
11
9
23
74
25
34
10
17
54
26
35
11
30
100
27
10
12
19
62
28
5
13
14
48
29
8
14
13
46
30
3
15
16
52
31
2
94
16
28
32
6
158
Number of
Ice-Creams
sold
44
105
56
92
74
102
106
42
106
107
39
30
35
25
22
32
Draw the graph
In this example,
Temperature (cause) will be indicated by X (horizontal axis) and
Number of Ice-cream sold (Effect) by Y (vertical axis).
Outside temperature
159
Mark the axes based on lowest and highest values

Highest value in temperature 35
Highest value in Number of Ice-cream sold - 107

120
100
80
60
40
20
10
20
30
40
Outside temperature
160
50
Number of IceSno Temperature Creams sold Sno Temperature

1
21
70
17
12
2
26
86
18
32
3
15
50
19
20
4
24
80
20
27
5
18
58
21
23
6
29
96
22
31
7
20
56
23
33
8
27
92
24
11
9
23
74
25
34
10
17
54
26
35
11
30
100
27
10
12
19
62
28
5
13
14
48
29
8
14
13
46
30
3
15
16
52
31
2
94
16
28
32
6
Plot the data
120
100
80
60
40
20
10
20
30
40
Outside temperature
161
50
Number of
Ice-Creams
sold
44
105
56
92
74
102
106
42
106
107
39
30
35
25
22
32
Identify and classify the pattern
120
100
80
60
40
20
10
20
30
40
Outside temperature
162
50
Now lets construct the Scatter using Minitab
163
Enter Temperature
values in column C1
Enter No of ice creams

sold in column C2
164
Select Graph > Scatter plot
165
Select with
Regression
Click OK
166
Select C2 - Y
variables
Select C1 - X
variables
167
Click OK
168

110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
10
15
20
Temperature
169
25
30
35
How do we interpret this Scatter diagram ?

Strong110relationship between the two variables : If most

100
90
of the points
fall along an imaginary straight line with either
80
a positive
or negative slope
70
60
50
40
No relationship
between the two variables : If points are
30
20
randomly
scattered about the graph
0
10
15
20
Temperature
170
25
30
35
Interpretation
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
Strong
relation
40
30
20
0
10
15
20
Temperature
25
30
35
Scatter diagrams show relationships, but do not

prove that one variable causes the other
171
Types of Scatter Diagram

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
20
Strong Positive correlation
100
200
300
400
Strong Negative correlation
172

40
500
30
400
300
20
200
10
100
0
0
10
15
20
Weak Positive correlation
100
200
300
400
Weak Negative correlation
173

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
No correlation
174
400
J-shaped /Non linear association
Suggests complex relationships

175
Exercises
1. Consumable
cost Vs No. of
Vehicles
No of
Vehicles
62598
50614
35148
44932
43669
26419
18712
24466
30520
30166
36100
39766
No. of
Consumable
cost/vehicle
2. Compressor
Engines/m
power consump.
onth
Vs No. of Eng.
23.9
33.1
45.0
30.6
14.0
42.9
36.8
65.7
55.0
59.2
47.8
40.1
75349
2.67
81281
2.75
82298
2.66
90763
2.25
93386
2.3
96376
1.7
90361
92467
1.8
3. Pressing load Vs interference between hole &

shaft
INTERFEREN
CE
0.11
0.101
0.106
0.11
0.11
0.107
0.101
0.103
0.099
0.104
PRESSING LOAD
(Kg)
Lets use
2779
2229
2421
2446
2480
2563
2177
2325
2185
2305
176
Power
consumption
/Engine
Results
2. Compressor power
consumption Vs No. of Eng.
1. Consumable cost Vs No.

of Vehicles
Weak negative
correlation
Weak negative
correlation
3. Pressing load Vs interference between hole &
shaft
What is your result?
Strong positive
correlation
177
Summary
Number of ice-cream
sold
Scatter diagram
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
Outside Temperature
It is a visual display of two variables acting continuously on the same item.
It illustrates the strength of the correlation between the variables

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
Strong positive
40
500
30
400
300
20
200
10
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
Strong Negative
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
0
10
15
20
Weak positive
100
200
300
400
Weak Negative
100
200
300
400
No relation
It show relationships, but do not prove that one variable causes the other
178
Check Sheet
Pareto Diagram
7 QC Tools
Graphs
Histogram
Scatter Diagram
Stratification
7QC Tools - Stratification
179
Stratification
Stratification is the act of fine tuning the data in order to
make sure of the significance of the assured factors, to the
grass root level.
180
Accident data
Hosur
2000-04
47
179
1476
Description
Reportable accident
Non reportable accident
Mandays lost
Mysore
2001-04
17
92
510
Rep.acct.
Operator not reporting back to duty

for more than 48hrs
Non-reportable acct.
Operator disablement extending

beyond the day of shift but less than
48 hrs
181
Accident data sheet

Plant
No., of accidents
Plant 1
Plant 2
Plant 3
Plant 4
Others
Unit
Category
42
Fab-15,Engine - 9,Painting 11,Vehicle - 3,Stores - 4
Reg - 16,Contractor 12,Temp.workman - 14,

Supplier- 0, Visitor -0
108

,Plating - 14

42
M/C shop - 9,G/Shop 17,HT/Plating - 8, Stores - 8

108

,Plating - 11

44
R&D - 16,Sp.WH - 8,Canteen - Reg - 20,Contractor - 11,

10,Civil - 5,SC.Y - 1E.WHTemp.workman - 13,
2,PED - 1,TQC - 1,
182
Accident data sheet
Plant
No. of accidents
Plant 1
42
Plant 2
108
Plant 3
42
Plant 4
108
Spares
Warehouse
R&D
16
Canteen
10
Civil
Export
Warehouse
Others
183
According to plant
Chart of No of accidents vs Plant wise
120
108
108
No of accidents
No of accidents
100
80
60
40
42
42
16
20
0
t1
n
a
Pl
t2
n
a
Pl
Pl
t3
n
a
t4
n
a
Pl
&
re
ar
se
u
ho
vi l
i
C
a
Sp
Plant wise
Plant
184
10
ee
t
an
tw
r
po
x
E
ar
se
u
ho
rs
e
h
Ot
Similarly stratification can be done

Unit wise
Workmen category wise
Shift wise
Phenomena wise
Machine/equipment wise
and so on
7QC Tools
185
Other Stratification methodologies
186
Summary
Stratification is the act of fine tuning the data in order to
make sure of the significance of the assured factors, to
the grass root level
Stratification helps to get more information from different
perspective from the same data
187
7QC Tools
188

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7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Types of Check Sheet

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

The Check Sheet is a data-gathering and

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Reasons for using Check sheets

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Types of Check Sheet

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Types of Check Sheet

Indiscrete value such as height,

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Types of Check Sheet

Indiscrete value such as height,

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Types of Check Sheet

Indiscrete value such as height,

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Types of Check Sheet

Indiscrete value such as height,

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Types of Check Sheet

Indiscrete value such as height,

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Problem solving stages for using Check Sheet

Can use Cannot use

Check sheets can be used in all stages of Problem solving

Steps to create a check sheet

Create a form for collecting data

Collect the data

Tally the data

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Clarify the measurement objective

Create a form for collecting data

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Tally the data

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Other Examples of a Check Sheet Multivariable chart

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Other Examples of a Check Sheet Multivariable chart

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Your check sheet can be like this

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Your check sheet can be like this

There are four steps to construct a check sheet

7QC Tools - Check Sheet

Cause & Effect diagram

7QC Tools - Pareto Diagram

7QC Tools - Pareto Diagram

Who or What is Pareto?

Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) , an Italian economist

Pareto's rule states that vital few causes (20% of the

causes) are responsible for a large percentage of the

A Pareto diagram is a tool used to identify the vital few

7QC Tools - Pareto Diagram

Steps for creating Pareto Diagram