Unit 2 Test Study Guide

1. List and define leadership styles:

2. Define Conformity: Compliance with standards, rules and laws.
3. What are the Functionalist views on why people form groups?
Society needs groups and organizations to maintain order within societal
structure.
4. Define Reference Group: A social group that a person takes as a
standard in forming attitudes and behavior
5. Define Ingroups and Outgroups. An Ingroup is a group in which a
person psychologically identifies as being a member, an Outgroup is a social
group in which a person does not identify.
6. Define Social Group: Two or more people who interact with each other,
have common characteristics and collectively share a sense of unity.
7. Define Group Think and know the steps that occur that lead to
poor decision making as groups. Know why it is dangerous for
organizations. Groupthink is a process in which a social group may come to
a decision that individually they think is unwise. Occurs out of the need to
feel accepted and not seen as a challenge to the group leaders.
8. Define Deviance: the fact or state of departing from usual or accepted
standards, especially in social or sexual behavior.
9. Define Crime: an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be
prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.
10.

List functions of Deviance: Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism and

Rebellion.
11.
Using Mertons string theory, define the types of deviance
according to Merton:
Conformity: Accepts culturally approved goals, pursues them through
culturally approved means.
Innovation: Accepts culturally approved goals but adopts culturally
disapproved means of achieving them.
Ritualism: Abandons societys goals but continues to conform to approved
means.
Retreatism: Abandons both approved goals and approved means to get them.
Rebellion: Challenges both approved goals and approved means to achieve
them. Seeks to replace with new goals and new ways to achieve them.

12.
Compare a felony crime to a misdemeanor: Felonies are
more serious crimes with higher penalties such as jail time. Misdemeanors
are lesser crimes, usually resulting in no jail time but heavy fines.
13.
What activities are common for organized crime groups? Drug
control, Extortion, Theft, Prostitution, Money Laundering, Smuggling, and
Human Trafficking.
14.
Know differences in arrest rates based on gender. Men are
arrested more for crimes than women, except for prostitution and commercial
vice (prescription drug abuse).
15.
Know the goals of Punishment. Retribution (repayment), General
Deterrence (threat of greater punishment), Incapacitation (Prison),
Rehabilitation (therapy or vocational training)
16.

Define Social Stratification: Societies categorization of its

peoples.
17.
Define Inter-generational Mobility: Movement between or within
social classes and occupations, where the change occurs from one generation
to the next.
18.

Understand Slavery in the United States (historically and

modern):
19.
Where do caste systems still exist? Second and Third World
countries such as India, China and some countries in Africa.
20.
Define Wealth: An abundance of valuable possessions or money
21.
Define Rentier: Anyone who receives income from Economic
Rents: Patents, Copyrights, Real Estate, etc.
22.
Define Socioeconomic Status economic and sociological
combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's
or family's economic and social position in relation to others, based on
income, education, and occupation
23.
What kinds of jobs do the working poor hold? Service
Occupations such as janitorial, landscaping, food services, etc.
24.
25.

Define Food Insecurity:

How have the differences between rich and poor people in the

U.S changed over time?

26.
What continent has the highest number of poor nations?
27.
What is the primary means to reduce inequality and alleviate
the worst of the effects of poverty?

28.
What is the Gross National Income?
29.
What is Capitalist Flight?
30.
Explain why crime statistics may not be an accurate reflection
of the number and kinds of crimes committed?
31.
Define the official poverty line and explain why the poverty line
does not accurately measure whether or not people can meet their
basic needs.
32.Distinguish between absolute, relative and subjective poverty.