SPE 163913

Application of Sand Jet Perforations for Multizone Fracturing in CBM Wells,

India
Nikita Kothari, Mahesh Mahajan, Shahvir Pooniwala and Jateen Panjwani - Baker Hughes Inc
Copyright 2013, Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE/ICoTA Coiled Tubing & Well Intervention Conference & Exhibition held in The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 2627 March 2013.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract
Sand Jet Perforation (SJP) is a process which uses a high velocity jet of abrasive sand laden fluid to cut through
the casing, cement and into the formation jetting pressure and cutting time can be varied to achieve maximum
penetration.
The process begins by using Coiled Tubing to convey, accurately position and operate the sand jet perforating
tool with integral casing collar locator (CCL). The sand jetting assembly perforates the zone; the CT is moved
uphole to allow an optimum fracture treatment to be pumped down the casing/CT annulus. Based on the
difference in depth of the perforation interval between the zones to be fractured, the underflush volume for
fracturing treatment is calculated to place a sand plug in order to isolate the zone at the end of the treatment. If
this is not sufficient, the sand used for perforating the next zone is allowed to settle to form additional plug height.
An added advantage of using this technique includes washing off the extra sand (if any) using Coiled Tubing in
the same run, which leads to saving significant amount of time and eliminates the need of setting up expensive
packers to achieve zonal isolation in multi-zone wells.
With conventional wireline perforations, about 12 to 15 zones were usually fractured in a month in the Raniganj
Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Block, India. The application of the above technology, made it possible to fracture
more than 38 zones in a month. The process ensured that each zone received a positive zonal isolation and
optimized fracturing treatment leading to cost effective and quality fracturing treatments.
This paper highlights the sand jetting perforation process for achieving maximum penetration, advantages of the
technique for fracturing in CBM wells and the planning involved placing sand plugs for achieving optimized and
economic stimulation treatment.
Introduction
Coal Bed Methane (CBM) refers to a natural gas stored in coal seams and generated during the process of
coalification. The largest CBM resources lie in the former Soviet Union, Canada, China, Australia and United
States. However, much of the worlds CBM recovery potential remains untapped. In 2006 it was estimated that of
global resources totaling 143 trillion cubic meters, only 1 trillion cubic meters was actually recovered from
reserves [4] . This is due to a lack of incentive in some countries to fully exploit the resource base, particularly in
parts of the former Soviet Union where conventional natural gas is abundant.

SPE 163913

India lacked the infrastructure to commercially

exploit associated CBM gas, which delayed its
economical production in the subcontinent.
Depletion of conventional resources and increasing
demand for clean energy, forces India to explore
alternatives to conventional energy resources. CBM
is considered to be one of the most viable alternatives
to combat the situation. With the growing demand
and rising oil and gas prices, CBM is definitely a
feasible alternative source.
India has the fourth-largest proven coal reserves in
the world which has been estimated at around 4.6
TCM and therefore considerable prospects exist for
exploration and exploitation of CBM in the country.
Most of Indias coal deposits are located in the
eastern and northeastern parts of the country. India is
one of the select countries which has undertaken
steps through transparent policies to harness
domestic CBM resources. The Government of India
has received overwhelming responses from
prospective producers with several multinational and
domestic operators starting exploration and
development of CBM fields in India.

Fig 1: Coal Fields Of India

The Raniganj Field

The Raniganj CBM field is situated in the state of West Bengal in the eastern part of India; the field was one of
Indias first coal fields discovered and has been one of the major coal-producing fields in the country. CBM wells
in this field are completed at a relatively shallow depth, ranging between 1000 m to 1300 m with a maximum
deviation of 35 to 40 degrees. This field has a multiple coal seams at various depths but only selective coal seams
per well are targeted for fracturing operations based on a techno commercial analysis. The number of hydraulic
fracturing treatments ranges from 6 to 10 treatments per well. The operator has conducted three major hydraulic
fracturing campaigns to date. The first campaign was executed from April to August 2009 which employed
conventional wireline perforations in all the zones. The second campaign was executed from December 2010 to
June 2011, where 44 fracturing treatments were completed using conventional wireline perforations and 61
treatments were perforated using sand jetting via CT. Compared to conventional reserves, CBM field exploitation
adopts a different economic model, where volume and frequency of treatments or as per common terminology a
factory approach is required. Based on the lessons learned from the first and second campaign which were in
the exploratory phase, the current strategy in the development phase (third campaign) is to drill multiple deviated
wells from a single location (ranging from 3 to 4 wells in one pad) which has reduced movement times between
locations, making it possible to achieve more fracturing treatments in a month as well as maximize reservoir
contact area and enhance production from a single pad. The third campaign began in November 2010 and is
currently ongoing.

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Technology History Change in Perforation Strategy

The first campaign and the beginning of the second campaign employed the use of conventional wireline for
perforating. The wireline perforations had a shot density of 6 spf with 60 phasing and a entry hole diameter of
0.6 inches. Historically, the fracturing treatments performed in these wireline perforated zones encountered high
injection pressures. In order to reduce the injection pressures, these jobs sometimes required multiple acid soaks.
To mitigate the issues of high pressures and speed up operations, a change in perforation strategy was initiated,
where the conventional wireline perforation were replaced with sand jet perforation technology. Each cut during
sand jetting results in 3 holes at 120 phasing. The resultant entry hole diameter ranges from 0.7 to 0.9 inches.
One set of cuts was made for zones less than 3 m thick. For longer coal seams, one set of cuts was made for every
3 m of net pay.
Challenges with the Wireline Perforations and Mitigation with the Abrasive Sand Jet
Perforations
Connectivity between the wellbore and reservoir is very crucial in placing any successful fracture treatment in the
formation. Perforation friction and near well bore friction, results in additional surface pressure to overcome the
perforation tunnel related damages. This is attributed as one of the main causes of pre-mature screen outs.
The conventional wireline perforations leave a compacted and stressed zone in the perforation tunnel of reduced
permeability due to plugging by formation and metallic gun debris. This leads to a tortuous fracture initiation
resulting in a high near wellbore friction. With sand jetting, fewer but bigger and cleaner holes are created in
comparison to wireline perforations consequently resulting in lesser near wellbore and perforation friction.

Sand-Jet Perforation Methodology employed in the Raniganj field

Sand-jet perforating begins by running the BHA (figure 2) to the target depth. A string volume of fluid is then
circulated, followed by sand-laden slurry jetted to create the perforations. 20 ppt guar based gel and
approximately 2200 lbs of 20/40 mesh size sand are pumped for each cut, creating 3 holes (120 phasing) in the 51/2 casing with about 15 minutes of jetting. The BHA is then pulled up to the next cut depth and the process is
repeated depending on the number of cuts planned for each zone. Due to the relatively short pumping time, most
of the sand is normally still resident in the wellbore after perforating. Hence, a bottoms-up is performed i.e.
approximately 1.5 times annular volume is circulated to remove any excess sand in the well bore that may cover
the perforations created during treatment and cause a premature screenout during the fracturing operation. This
also helps eliminate the risk of the coiled tubing string getting stuck due to being packed by sand.

Figure 2 : Abrasive Jetting BHA

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Figure 3: Sand Jetting Methodology

Key Parameters in designing the Sand-Jet Perforation

Sand-jet perforation technology has been gaining ground worldwide, especially for the development of
unconventional fields. As the name suggests, the technology uses fluids and abrasive sand to perforate the casing
and reservoir of interest. It is important to optimize the flow rates, sand concentrations, viscosity of the fluid used
for perforating and perforating time for achieving the desired penetration into the formation.

Sand Concentration
The sand concentration for abrasively cutting perforations is typically 1 ppa. Higher sand concentrations of the
order of 2 ppa have also been used but it only results in marginally quicker cutting times i.e. twice the loading
does not cut twice as fast. Generally the volume of sand introduced into the wellbore should be kept to a
minimum.

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Gel Loading
Guar based linear gel with a gel loading of 20-40 ppt is commonly used for the abrasive slurry fluid. The main
purpose of the gel is to improve suspension during mixing in batch tanks as well as in the wellbore. The second
and equally important reason for using gel is for friction reduction while pumping and displacing the abrasive
slurry down the coiled tubing.
Pumping Time
The normal pumping time is about 15 min, which includes the safety factor to make sure the target perforation
tunnel depth is achieved. In most cases, the actual penetration through the casing is achieved within the first two
minutes, the rest of the time is spent lengthening and widening the perforation tunnel.
Table 1 : Tunnel ID and Tunnel Depth for pumping time of 10 and 15 minutes.
Nozzle
Housing

Nozzle
ID

Pump Rate

Duration

2-7/8"

3/16"

3 bpm

10 min
15 min

2 Near Perforations
Tunnel ID
Tunnel Depth
0.63
1.94
0.77
2.65

1 Far Perforation
Tunnel ID
Tunnel Depth
0.52
1.24
0.61
1.81

BHA Considerations
The Sand Jetting BHA comprises of the following (figure 2)
1. Motor Head Assembly (MHA) incorporating the double flapper check valve, ball operated hydraulic
disconnect and dual circulation sub
2. Straight Bar
3. Casing Collar Locator
4. Centralizer
5. Nozzle Housing

Nozzles
The nozzles used for perforating are 3/16. Based on the simulations run for different nozzle sizes available, 3/16
nozzles are best suited for achieving the desired penetration. Pump rates of the abrasive slurry were optimized at 3
bpm so as to achieve differential pressures in the order of 1600 psi to 1800 psi over the abrasive jetting nozzles.
Depending on the CT string length, CT surface injection pressures are in the order 4000 5500 psi while
abrasively perforating as shown in figure 4. It has been observed that a maximum of about 18 cuts were
achievable with the same set of nozzles before need for replacement, while maintaining a pressure drop of across
1600 1800 psi by altering the flow rate across the nozzles. The flow rates were increased as the wear on the
nozzle increased. A vernier caliper is used to measure the nozzle size and to calculate the erosion of the nozzles.
45 bbls of sand slurry was pumped giving a pumping time of about 15 mins at 3 bpm.

Depth Correlation
There are various technologies equipped with the BHA for depth correlation. After a detailed analysis the
mechanical casing collar locator (CCL) was identified the appropriate tool for the project. The casing collar
locator (CCL) is absolutely necessary for depth correlation for CT assisted perforating and fracturing operations.
The casing collars help correlate the depth shown on CT depth encoder to the wireline logs. A clear weight spike
indicates a collar when the CT is POOH at a slow speed. The speed at which the CT is POOH is an essential
factor that determines the prominence of the weight spikes. It is good practice to track the wear of CCL keys and
redress the same for clearer indication of the casing collars on the weight graphs.

SPE 163913

6000

Typical A brasive Jetting C hart

1000

1st cu t
3r d cu t

20000
4th cu t

4000

2000

500
2

Weight (lbm)

10000

Depth (m)

Flow Rate (bpm)

Circ Press (psi)

Well Head Pres (psi)

2n d cu t

1
-10000

0
0:01:40:00

0:03:20:00

0:05:00:00

Elapsed Tim e (m in)

Figure 4 : Typical Sand Jet Perforations Chart

Hydraulic Fracturing Treatment

Communication between the well and the reservoir and interconnectivity of natural fractures is of particular
interest in the Coal Bed Methane gas production. Each fracturing treatment begins with the creation of
perforations.
Typical M ain Frac Treatment Chart
50

15

2000

Bld. Discharge Rate (bpm)

Pressure (psi) Calculated BHTP (psi)

40
3000
10
30

20
5

1000
10

0
70

80
Elapsed Time (min)

Figure 5: Typical Main Frac Treatment Chart

90

Proppant Ratio (psa) BH Sand Ratio (psa)

4000

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The job flow chart for a typical hydraulic fracturing job in this field is comprised of an injection test with water,
acid spot/squeeze (if required) and the mainfrac treatment pad, slugs, slurry stages and flush. The flush is
generally under displaced by a calculated amount of barrels to leave a sand plug to ensure zonal isolation for
fracturing of the next zone. The general rule of thumb of placing approximately 4000 lbs of proppant per foot of
coal has been used as basis while designing fracturing jobs in the field.
Many formations require the use of acid to reduce the formation breakdown pressures by dissolving any acid
soluble damage that may have occurred during drilling and completions (figure 6). Acid is either pumped with the
fracturing pumps or spotted / squeezed with the help of CT whenever high injection pressures were observed at
low pumping rates.
Acid Job Treatment Chart
4000

40

3000

30

2000

20

1000

10

0
10

20

Bld. Discharge Rate (bpm)

Pressure (psi)

Pressure drop due to acid

0
30

Elapsed Time (min)

Figure 6 : Typical Acid Job Treatment Chart

Needless to say, CT is pulled up to a safe depth prior to the fracturing job so as to avoid the possibility of stuck
coiled tubing in case of screen out. After pumping the fracturing stages, the sand of the under displaced volume of
the last proppant stage is allowed to settle for a sufficient amount of time and following an acceptable leak off, the
return line is opened while maintaining enough back pressure to ensure the isolating plug remains in place. The
CT is then run in hole to tag sand and ensure the treated zone is covered with sand before moving to the next
perforation depth and the process in repeated.

Equipment Description
The equipment utilized for the Coiled Tubing and Fracturing Operations include:
Fracturing spread pumps, blender, hydration unit, water tanks
Conventional 1.75 coiled tubing unit
Batch Mixer
CT pump
Specialized abrasive perforating BHA
Chokes and Flowback lines

SPE 163913

ProppantHandlingEquipment

Figure 7 : Location Layout

Sand Plugs
Placement of the sand plugs is important to ensure that the zone fractured was properly isolated before moving
onto the next zone. Over the course of the campaign, many lessons were learned when placing sand plugs which
were essential for the success of the treatment.
Based on the difference between the two perforation intervals, the under flush volume for the fracture treatment
was calculated taking into account the sump available at the end of each treatment. It was necessary to ensure that
the fracturing blender sand count was calibrated time and again and the line volume from blender to frac head was
calculated correctly so as to accurately place the calculated sand volume for the plugs. Terminal velocities of the
sand in use were calculated to get an estimate of the time required for the setting of sand before proceeding with
the next treatment. It was soon realized that the ideal wait time was approximately 45 minutes to an hour for the
sand settling and acceptable pressure leak off. Before proceeding to the cuts of the next zone, the return line is
opened while maintaining enough back pressure at the choke to ensure no sand plug movement due to the
previous frac burping back into the well.
Placing the sand plugs helped to eliminate the use of expensive packers and the difficulties faced when installing
mechanical isolation tools. An added advantage of using coiled tubing for fracturing these CBM formations is that
it can be used to tag sand and ensure proper placement of the sand plugs before commencing the perforations of
the next zone. At times when the intervals between two zones and the sump volume available were less, it was a
better option to use the perforating sand form a plug height by allowing it to settle compared to under
displacement during the previous fracturing treatment. If sand is tagged above the zone to be perforated, it is
cleaned with the aid of CT.
This whole process of using CT to perforate, place sand plugs and perform cleanout whenever required
contributed as the major factor in minimizing non productive time (NPT) for the campaign, thereby allowing time

SPE 163913

and cost efficient operation without comprising on the quality of the stimulation treatments.
Sand cleanout
A major advantage of using Coiled Tubing for perforating is to clean sand if required. During the operations, sand
cleanouts are required in two cases; first after a fracturing treatment has screened out and second when sand is
tagged above the zone which is required to be perforated (typically observed when setting sand plugs in deviated
wellbores). There are various parameters to consider while performing a cleanout such as the wellbore deviation,
pumping rate, viscosity of the cleanout fluid, hole circulation time, wiper trips, etc. Simulations were run to
design cleanout jobs and to optimize the wiper trip rates and penetration rates in the sand fill. It has been observed
that wells with deviation of more than 35 require wiper trips which are time consuming. On an average about half
an hour to one hour was required for sand cleanout in vertical and deviated wells respectively.
In certain wells, CT cleanouts became a routine job and the procedure mentioned below was implemented to
perform cleanouts in deviated wells:
1. Wiper trips are not required for shallower sand fill and for deviations upto 35. 15 to 20 cP gel is used for
circulation. The higher the viscosity of the gel, the better it transports solids.
2. 10 cP gel degrades by about 20% under the reservoir temperature and conditions. Hence, while performing
the cleanout, gel under 10 cP should be avoided. 10 cP gel can be used for making the cuts but the viscosity
must be increased while performing bottoms up.
3. For deeper sand fills, after penetration and establishing circulation of sand fill, it is recommended to perform
a wiper trip till less deviated section, followed by circulation of at least 1.5 times annular volume provided
that the deviation does not exceed 35 at the depth.
4. While performing wiper trips with sand jetting tool, the rate should not exceed 2 bpm to maintain a
circulation pressure of approximately 2200 psi, to avoid accelerating the fatigue of the CT string. The rates
can only be exceeded to 3 bpm if a separate run with a sand wash tool is done.
5. During the cleanout operations, the well head pressure shall be reduced as much as possible to avoid a back
pressure on the flow back sand.
6. It is always recommended to continue the circulation until the returns are clear of sand particles.

Operational Challenges
Throughout the project, there have been several operational and equipment related constraints which were
overcome.
Water Supply
Fresh water supply has been a major issue throughout the project. This led the use of produced water for the
perforations and fracturing operations. As linear gel is more tolerant to poor water quality as compared to
crosslinked fluids, the stringency on water quality may be somewhat relaxed. The use of produced water
demanded an increase in gel loading to achieve the desired viscosity as compared to the fresh water. It however
significantly increased the consumption of the filter cartridges.

Sand Availability
Sand supply and associated cost has been another major issue. Initially the 20/40 mesh sand was used for the
fracturing stages as well as sand jetting. But due to the shortage of 20/40 mesh sand, the operator switched to
16/30 mesh sand for fracturing jobs keeping the 20/40 mesh sand specifically for sand jetting. The sand quality

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SPE 163913

also varied and often the small stones mixed in the sand lead to the BHA nozzles being choked. This led to very
high circulation pressures and the pumps being shut down due to reaching the limit preset pop off pressures.
Time was wasted to pull out the CT, disconnect the BHA and flush the coil. It was later decided to use sand sieves
while mixing the sand slurry leading to more time being consumed while preparing the jetting fluid and a
stringent proppant QC measures were implemented.

Mobilization of Equipment
Over the first two campaigns it was learnt that a considerable amount of time was lost in inter-location
movements. This was mainly due to topographical and infrastructure constraints in the operating area. Low
overhead electric lines were one of the major hurdles while moving equipment.
Coupled with these issues, land acquisition was another major challenge. To address these issues, the operator
decided to drill and complete multiple deviated wells from a single pad/location.
A normal inter-location location movement in this area takes 2-3 days. Considering 2 fracturing jobs a day and 5
zones per well it translates to completion of 6 wells in a month. Compared to this, the, rigging up on a pad takes
only half a day, thus if there are 4 wells drilled on each pad with the similar constraints, it translates into
completion of 8 wells in a month which is a 33% increase in number of job completed.
Local residents stopping the movement and posing threat to the crew became a common scenario. To address to
this issue safety guards were called out every time as a part of procedure to ensure smooth mobilization. This lead
to sub-optimal job performance.

Coiled Tubing Fatigue

Introducing the CT for performing the sand jetting in the second campaign allowed pumping more fracturing jobs.
CT was also used to place acid across the perforations in several instances prior to fracturing stages which lead to
accelerated coiled tubing fatigue due to loss in wall thickness. Wells having deviation more than 40 demanded
the use of wiper trips during sand cleaning after screen-outs leading to additional coil trips and fatigue. As the job
performance increased, the CT string had to be replaced more frequently with a new string which required
additional couple of days for spooling and maintenance. Proper pipe management was essential through out the
project. The CT string was replaced after an average of 60 runs or after treating 10 wells.

Chokes
The isolating plug at the end of the fracturing treatment demanded for enough back pressure to be maintained
while making the cuts to ensure that the plug remained in place. Some of the formations showed poor leak off and
hence very high back pressures were required. It was noticed that these high back pressures caused the new
chokes to be worn out very quickly; sometimes within just a day. It was later realized that maintaining a pressure
of not more than 500 psi allowed the choke spares to be used for an extended period of time and hence this
practice was continued.

The Way Ahead

Nitrogen for sand clean outs
The operator has plans to complete future wells with 7 casing. Performing sand cleanouts in bigger casing sizes
would be challenging and would require the use of nitrogen for efficient cleanouts. Due to the wellbore
completion size and low reservoir pressure, it would be necessary to use fluids with improved solids suspension
capabilities which can be either water based polymer systems or foamed fluids. The volume of nitrogen in the
foam base fluid is referred to as foam quality. Foam fluids have a good carrying capability. It also has the ability
to suspend material of much higher density than itself. The advantage of foam is that it can act as a diverting

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11

agent during cleanout, artificially increasing BHP.

A commercial viability study and field effectiveness of using nitrogen for sand cleanout would be explored in
future campaigns.

Telemetry
Depth correlation is one of the critical aspects for abrasive perforating technology. The keys of the mechanical
casing collar locators often wear out, which sometimes makes it difficult to locate the collars and the loss of time
involved in POOH and replacing the keys is not beneficial.
The Telemetry System is a communication system that allows direct electrical link to smart downhole tools,
consisting of the following three main components
1. Intelligent BHA
2. Telemetry cable in CT
3. Surface equipment & software

The Telemetry system conductor is installed inside the CT and is impervious to aggressive fluids such as acids,
cement slurries and even sand-laden fluids used for abrasive perforating. The sensors allow real time monitoring
of the downhole internal and external pressure and temperature. It encompasses casing collar locators which allow
depths to be correlated at a faster pace that the mechanical casing collar locators.
The main hurdle in using telemetry to monitor downhole parameters is the economic feasibility as these services
tends to be expensive.

Guar
Given the demand driven steep price increase and supply crunch in respect of guar gum based gelling agents
recently, the use of Visco elastic based fluids is being explored.
Viscoelastic fluids have number of advantages over the conventional gels as discussed below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

There is scope for the viscoelastic fluid returns collected after flow back to be recycled and reused as a base
fluid in future treatments.
Environmentally friendly fluid without an organic base (Diesel).
Easy mix ability on the fly. Just one or two chemicals needing to be mixed.
The elimination of equipments like hydration unit, batch mixer, etc. allows for cutting down on total
equipment foot print.
Eliminates requirement of settling agents, buffers, bactericides and flow back surfactants.
Compatible with CO2, nitrogen, brines, many formation waters.

The most important driver of moving to a visco-elastic based fluid system is the performance as indicated by
much higher regained permeability values observed compared to linear gel in the core testing studies done on
cores from this field.

Conclusions

Time and cost optimization have been the key drivers for improving the economics of the CBM fracturing
operations in the Raniganj field of India

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With the introduction of sand jetting technology, more than 35 fracturing treatments have been successfully
pumped in a month on a routine basis using sand plug isolation making it cost efficient operation. Compared
to previous campaigns where only wireline was used and a maximum of 14 jobs were possible in a month.

Optimizing flow rates, sand concentrations, viscosity of the fluid used for perforating, perforating time for
achieving the desired penetration into the formation are the key parameters to successful perforations.

Use of acid has been effective to the formation breakdown pressures by dissolving any possible damage that
may have occurred during drilling and completions.

Sand cleanout has been more efficient with the use of higher loading gels.

Near wellbore and perforation friction pressures are lower than the wireline perforated zones with fewer
perforations and larger diameter.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Baker Hughes Inc for the opportunity to present this paper. We further wish to
thank the Baker Hughes field operation crews for the execution of these campaigns and those in engineering, field
support and sales in India whose experience and assistance are invaluable to this project.

References
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presented at SPE/EAGE European Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition held in Vienna,
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2. Juan Carlos Castaneda, Luis Castro, Steven Craig, Christopher Moore and James Myatt, Coiled Tubing
Fracturing : An Operational Review of a 43-stage Barnett Shale Stimulation. SPE Paper 130678 presented at
SPE/ICoTA Conference and Exhibition held in the Woodlands, Texas, USA 23-24 March 2010.
3. C.R. Clarkson and R.M. Bustin, Coalbed Methane: Current Evaluation Methods, Future Technical
Challenges. SPE Paper 131791 presented at SPE Unconventional Gas Conference held in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, USA, 2325 February 2010.
4. Keka Ojha, B. Karmakar, A. Mandal and A.K. Pathak, Coal Bed Methane in India : Difficulties and
Prospects published in International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol 2, August 2011.
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