4 BIT COMPARATOR

Operation:
The purpose of a Digital Comparator is to compare a set of variables or unknown
numbers and produce an output condition or flag depending upon the result of the
comparison. For example, a magnitude comparator of two 1-bits, (A and B) inputs would
produce the following three output conditions when compared to each other. Some
commercially available digital comparators such as the TTL 74LS85 or CMOS 4063 4bit magnitude comparator have additional input terminals that allow more individual
comparators to be cascaded together to compare words larger than 4-bits with
magnitude comparators of n-bits being produced. These cascading inputs are
connected directly to the corresponding outputs of the previous comparator as shown to
compare 8, 16 or even 32-bit words.

Truth table:

Application:
Comparison of two N-bit words
This application demonstrates how these magnitude comparators can be cascaded to
compare longer words. The example illustrated shows the comparison of two 24 bitwords; however, the design is expandable to n-bits. As an example, one comparator can
be used with five of the 24 bit comparators illustrated to expand the word length to 120bits.

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

References:
http://www.worldofcomputing.net/digital-electronics/magnitude-comparator.html
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/combination/comb_8.html

2x1 MULTIPLEXER

OPERATION:
A multiplexer (or mux)
is
a
device
that
selects
one
of
several analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input into a
single line. A multiplexer of 2n inputs has n select lines, which are used to select
which input line to send to the output. A multiplexer is also called a data
selector. An electronic multiplexer can be considered as a multiple-input, singleoutput switch. It uses one control switch (S) to connect one of two input data
lines (A or B) to a single output (Z). Only one of the input data lines can be
aligned to the output of the multiplexer at any given time. The schematic symbol
for a multiplexer is an isosceles trapezoid with the longer parallel side containing
the input pins and the short parallel side containing the output pin. The schematic

below shows a 2-to-1 multiplexer and an equivalent switch on the right. The
wire connects the desired input to the output.
.

TRUTH TABLE:

Entity mult has three inputs: A, B, S and one output port Z. S is the selection switch
whereas A and B are the input data line. Below is the truth table of 2X1 multiplexer.

In simpler notation.

These tables show that when

then
but when
then
. A
straightforward realization of this 2-to-1 multiplexer would need 2 AND gates, an
OR gate, and a NOT gate. Since the NAND gate and the NOR gate are both
universal, implementing them with the 2x1 mux proves by construction the
universality of the multiplexer.

APPLICATION:
In electronics, multiplexers are mainly used to increase the amount of data
that can be sent over the network within a certain amount of time
and bandwidth. They are used in CCTV, and almost every business that has
CCTV fitted, will own one of these.

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

RESOURCES
http://teahlab.com/2_to_1_Multiplexer/#
http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/18757/how-a-2-1-multiplexer-muxwork
http://www2.cs.siu.edu/~cs320/multiplexer.php