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THEORY
TRANSFORMER
I1 R1
I12
X1
I1
R1
THEORY
X1
I0
IW
V1
R0
I
X0
E1
E2
ZL V2
Ideal Transformer
TRANSFORMER
R1
I1
X1
R2 =
R2
K2
X 2 =
THEORY
X2
K2
I0
IW
V1
R0
Z
V
Z L = V2 L2 V2 = 2
K
K
X0
R0 1
R 2 =
X01
R2
K2
X 2 =
X2
K2
I0
V1
IW
R0
I
X0
E1
E 2 =
E2
K
Z
Z L = V2 L2
K
V2 =
V2
K
TRANSFORMER
THEORY
R1 + R2 = R01
X1 + X2 = X01
I1
R0 1
X0 1
I0
V1
IW
R0
Z L V2
X0
TRANSFORMER
THEORY
REGULATION OF A TRANSFORMER
When a transformer is loaded with a constant primary voltage,
because of the voltage drop across the primary and secondary
impedances, it is observed that secondary terminal voltage drops
from its no-load value (E2) as load current increases.
This change in secondary terminal voltage from no load to the
given load conditions, expressed as a fraction of the no-load
secondary terminal voltage is called regulation of the
transformer.
Let E2 = secondary terminal voltage on no load
V2 = secondary terminal voltage on the given load
Then mathematically voltage regulation at the given load can be
calculated as
%regulation =
or % regulation =
Secondary
terminal
voltage on no load
E 2 V2
E2
100
100
TRANSFORMER
THEORY
I1
V1
E1
R0 2
X0 2
LOAD V2
E2
E2
E2
I2 X 0 2 f
I2 X0 2
V2
I2 R0 2
I2
V2
I2 R0 2
I2
(a)
D N
B
M
L
(b)
= E2 V2 = OC OA = OM OA
= AM = AN + NM
6
TRANSFORMER
THEORY
%regulation =
100
Hence, in general,
% regulation =
100
+ sign is used for lagging pf and sign is used for leading pf.
On the primary side, the regulation can be expressed as
% regulation
100
100 I2 R02
E2
cosf
100 I2 X 02
E2
sinf
= vr cos f vx sin f
where
vx =
vr =
100 I2 X 02
E2
100 I2 R02
E2