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M
K
Macrophage (Makrofaj)
Karyotype (Kariotip) A type of white blood cell that engulfs
A display of chromosome pairs of a somatic cell, microorganisms and destroys them by
arranged according to size and shape. phagocytosis.
Malignant (Malignan) N
Life-threatening and invasive. Usually refers to the
growth and spread of cancers. Negative feedback (Suap balik negatif)
A situation in which a change initiates a series
Manometer (Manometer) of events that tend to counteract the change and
An instrument used to measure the pressure of a restore the original state. Negative feedback in
gas or liquid. The basic manometer consists of a physiological systems maintains homeostasis.
U-tube containing a known liquid. For example,
mercury. One side of the U-tube is connected to a Nerve (Saraf)
gas supply, the pressure of which is to be measured A bundle of axons of nerve cells, bound together
and the other side is exposed to atmospheric in a sheath.
pressure.
Nerve tissue (Tisu saraf)
Medulla (Medula) The tissue that makes up the brain, spinal cord and
1. The inner portion of some organs, as compared nerves. It consists of neurones and ganglia.
to the outer cortex. For example, the adrenal
medulla and the renal medulla. Nervous system (Sistem saraf)
2. It is also commonly used to refer to the medulla The system which is made up of the central nervous
oblongata of the brain. system and the peripheral nervous system; it
controls and coordinates responses of the body.
Mesophyll (Mesofil)
Specialised parenchyma cells beneath the epidermis Nicotine (Nikotin)
of a leaf. There are often two layers or mesophylls, A poisonous and addictive organic compound
the closely packed upper palisade layer and the found in cigarette smoke.
loosely packed lower spongy layer. Neurone (Neuron)
Monocot (Monokot) Nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses through
Short for monocotyledon, a type of flowering plant the nervous system.
characterised by embryos with one seed leaf or Nucleotides (Nukleotida)
cotyledon. The building blocks of a nucleic acid, each consis-
Morphology (Morfologi) ting of a five-carbon sugar linked to a nitrogenous
The study of the form and structure of living base and phosphate group.
things.
Morula (Morula) O
A compact ball of cells formed from the repeated
Obese (Gendut)
mitotic division of a zygote, just before the
Excessively fat
blastocyst stage.
Mutagen (Mutagen) Open circulatory system (Sistem peredaran terbuka)
An agent such as radiation and chemicals that A type of circulatory system found in some
causes mutations in an organism. invertebrates, such as arthropods and mollusks,
that includes an open space (the haemocoel) in
Mutation (Mutasi) which blood directly bathes body tissues.
A sudden random change in the genetic material
of a cell that alters the genotype and hence the Operculum (Operkulum)
phenotype and functions of the cell or organism. An external flap, supported by bone, which covers
and protects the gills of most fish.
Mutualism (Mutualisme)
A symbiotic relationship in which both participa- Osmoregulation (Pengosmokawalaturan)
ting species benefit. The control of the water content and the
concentration of salts in the body.
Myelin sheath (Salut mielin)
A wrapping of insulating membranes around the Osteoporosis (Osteoporosis)
axons and dendrons of many vertebrate nerve A condition in which bones become porous, weak,
cells. It increases the transmission speed of nerve brittle and easily fractured; most common in
impulses. elderly women.
Ovulation (Pengovuman) Peristalsis (in the digestive tract) (peristalsis)
The release of the secondary oocyte from the Rhythmic, coordinated contraction and relaxation
Graafian follicle in the ovary. of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract that
moves food through the digestive tract.
Ozone layer (Lapisan ozon)
The ozone-enriched layer of the upper atmosphere Petiole (Petiol)
that filters out some of the sun’s ultraviolet The stalk that connects the blade of a leaf to the
radiation. stem.
Phenotype (Fenotip)
P Any observable or detectable characteristic of an
Palisade cell (Sel palisad) organism.
A cell of the mesophyll layer, just beneath the upper
Phloem (Floem)
epidermis, which contains a lot of chloroplasts.
The vessels that transport dissolved organic
substances from the leaves to other parts of the
Parasitism (Parasitisme)
plant.
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism
(the parasite) benefits by feeding on the other (the Phytoplankton (Fitoplankton)
host), which is normally harmed. Community of photosynthetic microorganisms
that drift or float in the well-lit surface layer
Parthenocarpy (Partenokarpi) (euphotic zone) in an aquatic environment.
The formation and development of fruit without
fertilisation; produces fruit without seeds. Placenta (Plasenta)
A temporary organ derived from foetal and
Passive transport (Pengangkutan pasif) maternal tissue located in the uterus of higher
Movement of substances into or out of cells mammals; it is the site of exchange of materials
along a concentration gradient, that is, from a between the foetus and the mother.
region of higher concentration to a region of
lower concentration. No energy is needed for this Plasma (Plasma)
process. Diffusion is an example. The liquid part of the blood in which the blood
cells are suspended.
Pathogen (Patogen)
A microorganism or organism that causes Platelet (Platlet)
disease. A cellular fragment in blood that plays an important
role in blood clotting.
Pectoral girdle (Lengkungan pektoral)
The bones that form the shoulder, consisting of Polar nuclei (Nukleus kutub)
the clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder The two nuclei in the centre of the embryo sac that
blade). are involved in double fertilisation; they fuse with a
male gamete to form the triploid nucleus of the
Pectoral muscles (Otot pektoral) endosperm tissue.
The muscles that are attached to the sternum and
collar bone of vertebrates. Pollen tube (Tiub debunga)
The tube that grows out of a germinating pollen
Pedigree chart (Carta salasilah) grain. It carries male gametes to the ovule.
A diagram showing genetic relationships among
a set of individuals, normally with respect to a Pollination (Pendebungaan)
specific genetic trait. The process in which pollen are transferred from
the anther to the stigma of a flower.
Pelvic girdle (Lengkungan pelvis) Primary consumer (Pengguna primer)
The bones that form the hips; it forms a joint with An organism that feeds on plants or algae. Also
the femur or thigh bone. known as herbivores. In terrestrial ecosystems,
Peptide (Peptida) these organisms are mainly insects, rodents and
A chain composed of two or more amino acids ruminants. In aquatic ecosystems, they are mainly
linked together by peptide bonds. zooplankton.
Q Root pressure (Tekanan akar)
A force that pushes water and dissolved minerals
Quadrat (Kuadrat) up from the root into the xylem vessels in the
In ecological studies, an area of known size used to stem.
measure some property, for example, distribution
number in a population.
S
Saprophytes (Saprofit)/ Saprotrophs (Saprotrof)
R Organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, that get
Receptor (Reseptor) their nutrients by breaking down organic wastes
A cell (receptor cell) or a group of cells (sensory and dead organisms. Also known as decomposers.
organ) specialised to detect a particular stimulus Scientific method (Kaedah saintifik)
and initiate the transmission of nerve impulses via A system in which a problem is identified,
afferent neurones. a hypothesis is made and tested through
Recessive allele (Alel resesif) experimentation or additional observation,
The phenotypic characteristic of a recessive allele relevant data are gathered, and finally a conclusion
is only expressed in the homozygous condition; it is drawn.
is not expressed in a heterozygote. Scientific name (Nama saintifik)
Reflex action (Tindakan refleks) The name of an organism formed from the two
A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus which is smallest major taxonomic categories – the genus
not under conscious control. and the species.