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http://brilliantbiologystudent.weebly.com/iodine-test-for-starch.html
Starch is a polysaccharide consisting of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds.The
chains formed during the condensation reaction are either linear or highly branched molecules.
Linear - both straight and helical - molecules of starch are referred to as Amylose.
The starch-iodide complex is formed as charge - recall electrons are charged particles - is
transferred between the starch and iodide ion.The transfer of charge between the starch and the
iodide ion changes the spacing between the energy levels/ orbitals.This change results in the
starch-iodide complex absorbing light at a different wavelength - than any other species
aforementioned - resulting in an intense purple colour; Biologists call this colour blue-black.
Foods which are high in amylose have more intense blue-black colour. As the Beer-Lambert Law
is obeyed spectrometric analyses can quantify the quantity of amylose in starches.
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Carbohydrates/Case_Studies/Starc
h_and_Iodine
Introduction
Chemical Test for Starch or Iodine
Contributors
Plants store glucose as the polysaccharide starch; the cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) as well as tubers
such as potatoes are also rich in starch. Starch can be separated into two fractions--amylose and amylopectin.
Natural starches are mixtures of amylose (10-20%) and amylopectin (80-90%).
Introduction
Amylose forms a colloidal dispersion in hot water whereas amylopectin is completely insoluble. The structure of
amylose consists of long polymer chains of glucose units connected by an alpha acetal linkage. Starch - Amylose
shows a very small portion of an amylose chain. All of the monomer units are alpha -D-glucose, and all the alpha
acetal links connect C #1 of one glucose and to C #4 of the next glucose.
As a result of the bond angles in the acetal linkage, amylose actually forms a spiral much like a coiled spring. See
the graphic below, which show four views in turning from a the side to an end view.
Starch Test: Add Iodine-KI reagent to a solution or directly on a potato or other materials such as bread, crackers, or
flour. A blue-black color results if starch is present. If starch amylose is not present, then the color will stay orange or
yellow. Starch amylopectin does not give the color, nor does cellulose, nor do disaccharides such as sucrose in
sugar.
Iodine Test: When following the changes in some inorganic oxidation reduction reactions, iodine may be used as an
indicator to follow the changes of iodide ion and iodine element. Soluble starch solution is added. Only iodine element
in the presence of iodide ion will give the characteristic blue black color. Neither iodine element alone nor iodide ions
alone will give the color result. This phenomenon is used in theiodine clock demonstration.
Contributors
Metabolism
Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction
Catabolism
Anabolism
Organism Classifications
References
Outside links
Problems
8.
Contributors
(Greek: meltable, change) The biochemical processes by which all living organisms sustain life. Metabolism is the
sum of all chemical processes occurring within living cells and organisms. Although most living organisms on earth
share common pathways to sustain life they do so with the use of different sources of energy and carbon.
Introduction
Metabolism consists of two main types of reactions, catabolic and anabolic. Catabolic processes are ones in which
biomolecules are being degraded or oxidized. Anabolic processes are ones in which biomolecules are built via
biosynthesis and reduction. Below is a diagram of CO2 being reduced completely. Oxidation of methane can be seen
by following the process in reverse.
Catabolism
(Greek ketabole, throwing down) The biochemical processes of metabolism by which molecules are broken down.
Often catabolism is an oxidative process in which carbons have hydrogen atoms removed. CO 2 is the most reduced
form of carbon. NADH is the primary electron acceptor for catabolic reactions.
Anabolism
(Greek, ana, up, + bolein, to throw) The biochemical processes of metabolism by which molecules are synthesized
or built up. Often anabolism is a reductive process in which carbons have hydrogen atoms added. Fully saturated
fatty acids are the most reduced form of carbon. NADPH is the primary electron donator for anabolic reactions.
Organism Classifications
Classification
Carbon source
Energy source
Electron donor
Example
Photoautotroph
CO2
Light
Green plants,
photosynthetic
bacteria
Photoheterotrophs
Organic
compounds
Light
Organic compounds
Nonsulfur purple
bacteria
Chemoautotrophs
CO2
Redox reactions
Hydrogen, sulfur
and iron bacteria
Chemoheterotrophs
Organic
compounds
Redox reactions
References
1.
2.
Garrett, H., Reginald and Charles Grisham. Biochemistry. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 2008.
Raven, Peter. Biology. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 2005.
When glucose chains are sufficiently long they coil up like springs. This coil is supported by weak
links between the glucose molecules. These links break down at high temperatures and the glucose
chains uncoil, which is why the iodine test only works with cold wort and mash samples.
When the chains are longer than about 9 glucose molecules a triiodide ion (I 3-) fits inside the coil
(Figure 1). The resulting iodine-dextrin molecule absorbs light, which is the cause of the typical color
reaction between iodine and starch. The longer the glucose chains are the more iodine molecules fit
into the coils and the more intense the color reaction will be [2].
The resulting color depends on the length of the glucose chains. Shorter chains (starting at about 9
glucose molecules in unbranched chains and up to 60 glucose molecules in branches chains) give a
red color [1]. These dextrines are also called erythrodextrines. [3] Amylose, which consists of very long
glucose chains between occasional branch points and very large dextrines give a dark blue color
while amylopectin, which has much more branch points and shorter glucose chains between these
branch points, gives a more reddish color in the presence of iodine.