Ans

wer
Key

Answers
Chapter 1 Our Genes
1.1

Traits and Heredity Unit

1. (a) traits
(b) heredity
(c) genetics
(d) genes
(e) fertilization
(f) zygote
2. (a) The study of heredity
(b) (i) Gregor Mendel
(ii) The father of genetics
(iii) Garden peas
(iv) Each parent donates a heredity
factor to the offspring.
1.2

Chromosomes

1. (a) Chromosomes are the thread-like

structures in the nucleus cells that
carry the genes.
(b) During cell division
(c) Chromatin
(d)

(e) 46
2. (a) Diploid number
(b) The pair of chromosomes that is
similar in size and shape
(c) 39
(d) (i) 39
(ii) Haploid number
3. (a) The fusion of the female gamete and
the male gamete
(b) Gamete: 19 chromosomes

Zygote: 38 chromosomes
1.3

DNA and Genes

1. (a) Deoxyribonucleic acid

(b) Chromosomes are made up of DNA.
(c) Gene
(d) Gene is a length of DNA that
determines a certain characteristic.
2. (a) DNA resembles a twisted ladder.
Each side of the ladder are made up
of sugar-phosphate molecules. The
rungs of the ladder are made of paired
molecules called nitrogen bases.
(b)
Nitrogen bases

(ii) Adenine, guanine, cytosine,

thymine
3. It helps to understand how genes play the
roles in hereditary diseases, and find ways to
improve them.
1.4

Inheritance of Traits

1. (a) Alleles are the forms of a gene that

controls a trait.
(b) (i) Dominant allele and recessive allele
(ii) The dominant allele will show
its effect when it is present. A
recessive allele will show its effect
in the absence of the dominant
allele.
2. (a) An organism that has two same alleles
for a trait.
(b) An organism that has two different
alleles for a trait.
(c) (i) Homozygote
(ii) Heterozygote
(iii) Homozygote
3. (a) Genotype refers to the alleles that an
individual receives during fertilization
for a trait.
(b) Phenotype refers to the physical
appearance of an individual resulting
from the expression of its genotype.
(c) (i) Homozygous dominant
(ii) Black hair
(iii) Heterozygous
(iv) Black hair
(v) Homozygous recessive
(vi) Brown hair
1.5

Genetic Disorders

1. (a) A genetic disorder is caused by abnormal

genes or chromosomes.
(b) Color-blindness, hemophilia, sickle-cell
disease, Down syndrome
2. (a) His body cannot produce blood clotting
materials to stop bleeding.
(b) He bleeds easily from small cut which
may lead to death.
3. (a) A Down syndrome patient has an extra
chromosome in his body.
(b) Flatter face, slanting eyes, slow learner

Map It Out
1. Gene therapy
2. Cloning
3. DNA fingerprinting
4. Genetic engineering
5. Genetic medicine
Enrichment Exercises
Objective Questions

Sugar - phosphate
backbone

(c) (i) 4

1. A
6. D
11. D
16. A

2.
7.
12.
17.

D
C
C
D

3. B
8. A
13. D
18. B

Subjective Questions
1. (a) (i) Fertilization

4. C
9. B
14. D
19. C

5. B
10. A
15. B
20. A

(ii) Genes
(b) (i) 46
(ii) 23
(c) Down syndrome
2. (a) Hereditary information
(b) A dominant gene is a gene which
shows its effect whenever it is present.
A recessive gene will only show its
effect in the absence of dominant gene.
(c) (i) Presence of dimples
(ii) Presence of dimples
(iii) Absence of dimples
3. (a) Abnormal gene or abnormal
chromosomes
(b) Green and red
(c) It is a genetic disorder where the blood
is unable to clot at a wound. Excessive
bleeding may occur and may result in
death.
(d) Sickle-cell disease
(e) This is a genetic disorder caused by an
additional chromosome in the cells.
Chapter 2 Interdependence among
Living Organisms and
the Environment
2.1

Interdependence among Living

Organisms

1. (a) Population
(b) Ecosystem
(c) Community
(d) Habitat
(e) Ecology
2. (a) Seaweed, prawns, fish
(b) Plants make food using non-living
materials such as carbon dioxide from
animals. Prawns depend on seaweed
for food, oxygen and shelter. Fish feed
on prawns and depend on seaweed for
oxygen.
2.2

Interactions between Living

Organisms

1. (a) Mutualism
(b) Parasitism
(c) Commensalism
(d) Prey-predator
(e) Competition
2. (a) (i) Competition

(ii) The cats are competing for food.
(b) (i) Mutualism

(ii) Nodules provide a place for the
bacteria to live in. The bacteria
produce nitrate for the plant.
(c) (i) Prey-predator

(ii) The eagle which is the predator
catches the chick which is the prey
for food.
(d) (i) Parasitism

(ii) Rafflesia gets its food from the
root of the forest plant (host). The
plant slowly dies.
(e) (i) Mutualism

(ii) The hermit crab provides a place

for the sea anemone to be a ttached
to and to make its home. It also
carries the sea anemone wherever
it goes. The hermit crab catches its
food from among the animals that
move in between the sea anemone.
(f) (i) Commensalism

(ii) The bird nest fern gets to live
higher up in the tree where it can
get sunlight. It makes its own
food and gets water from its
surroundings. The growth of the
bird nest fern does not affect the
tree.
(g) (i) Prey-predator

(ii) The tiger is the predator. It is
eating the deer which is its prey.
(h) (i) Commensalism

(ii) Remoras attach themselves to
the shark. They get to go where
the shark goes. The shark is not
affected by the presence of the
remoras.
3. (a) The use of natural interaction between
organisms to destroy an organism
without upsetting the ecosystem.
(b) Pesticides are chemicals which can
kill all organisms, including those
that do not harm us.
Pesticides can pollute the air and
water.
Using biological control is much
cheaper than using pesticides.
(c) Snakes and owls are introduced into
oil palm plantations to control the
rat population (prey-predator).
Ichneumon wasps are introduced
into oil palm plantations. The ichneumon wasps lay their eggs in the
caterpillars that feed on the leaves
of oil plams. When the eggs hatch,
the larvae will eat the caterpillars
(parasitism).
2.3

Food Web

1. (a) Plants which can produce food by

using energy from the Sun.
(b) Animals that eat plants and other
animals.
(c) Organisms that break down dead plant
and animal materials by converting
them into minerals in the soil.
(d) The food relationship between
organisms in an ecosystem.
2. (a) Producer Rice plants

Herbivores Rats and grasshoppers
(b) Four
(c) The Sun
(d) Rice plants. They supply food directly
or indirectly to all the organisms in the
community.
(e) This is because energy is used for
life processes like growing, breathing,
reproducing, excreting and moving.

Therefore, the more organisms involved
in a food chain, the more energy will be
used up and very little energy will be
left for the organism at the end of the
food chain.
3. (a) Grass grasshopper toad snake.

11. C
16. B

(b)
Snake
Toad
Grass

(c) The animals will have no food to

eat and they will all die or migrate
somewhere else.
Nutrient Cycles

1. (a) (i) Carbon in the soil

(ii) Fossil fuels
(iii) Combustion
(b) (i) Photosynthesis
(ii) The plants reduce the amount of
carbon in the air as carbon dioxide
by changing it to other form, sugar.
(c) Respiration
(d) Decomposers break down the organic
remains and return the carbon back
into nature when they respire.
2. (a) mineral salts, water
(b) the air, photosynthesis
(c) fats, carbohydrates, proteins
(d) transpiration, respiration
(e) condenses, clouds
3. (a) (ii)
(b) (i)
(c) (iv)
(d) (iii)
2.5

Limiting Factors of Population

Size

1. The size of a population that occupies an

area.
2. A factor that limits or restricts the number of
individuals in a population.
3. Limited resources such as food, water and
living space
The increase of their predators.
Spread of diseases
Environmental disasters such as floods,
wildfires, volcano eruptions and tidal
waves
Human intervention and pollution
2.6

1. Biodiversity refers to the diverse species of

plants and animals in different ecosystems
on Earth.
2. It provides various biological products that
have economical value such as timber,
food, medicines, rubber and organic oils.
It provides many environmental services
such as pollination, nutrient cycling,
regulation of the atmospheric composition
and weather.
It provides food, shelter and other basic
needs to all living things.

Map It Out
3. Commensalism
4. Mutualism

Enrichment Exercises
Objective Questions

1. A
6. C

2. A
7. A

3. A
8. D

4. A
9. C

14. C
19. A

15. B
20. D

1. (a) Prey-predator
(b) Controls the size of the population
of rabbits

Create a balanced and stable
environment
(c) It is bigger in size than the rabbit.

It has powerful jaws / sharp teeth /
sharp claws / good vision
(d) It can run fast. / Its scope of vision is
wide
(e) It does not cause pollution. / It is not
costly. / It does not affect the health of
humans.
2. (a) Grass Snail Chicken Snake
Eagle

Grass Grasshopper Frog
Snake Eagle

Grass Grasshopper Chicken
Snake Eagle

Grass Caterpillar Frog
Snake Eagle
(b) Chicken and frog
(c) The population of frogs will increase.
(d) The grass is able to produce its
own food through the process of
photosynthesis.
(e) They break down dead animal and
plant materials into simpler substances
which can be used again by green
plants.
3. (a) (i) Respiration
(ii) Decomposition / Decaying
(iii) Combustion
(iv) Photosynthesis
(b) Carbon dioxide is used to make food. /
Oxygen is produced.
(c) Presence of water, sunlight and
chlorophyll
Chapter 3 Natural Resources and
the Environment
3.1

Biodiversity

1. Prey-predator
2. Symbiosis

13. B
18. D

Subjective Questions

Grasshopper

2.4

12. B
17. D

5. B
10. B

Environmental Issues

1. (a) Air pollution happens when the air

contains pollutants such as smoke, dirt,
dust and poisonous gases in harmful
amounts.
(b) (i) Acid rain is formed when gaseous
pollutants from vehicles and
factories dissolve in rainwater.
(ii) It corrodes metals, marble and
stonework. It increases the acidity
of rivers and ponds, killing small
living things in them.
(c) (i) Using scrubbers
(ii) Installing catalytic converters in
vehicles
2. (a) Greenhouse effect
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) It traps heat that should be radiated
back to space, thus causing the
temperature of the atmosphere to rise.
(d) Deforestation / Burning of fossil fuels
(e) Trees absorb carbon dioxide during
photosynthesis and this helps to reduce
the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.

 3. (a) Cause: Untreated chemical and

radioactive waste from factories are
released into rivers.

Effects: Poisons aquatic life, causes
cancer and other diseases
(b) Cause: Excessive pesticides and
fertilizers from farms are washed away
into the rivers.

Effects: Causes rapid growth of algae and
lowers the oxygen level in the water.
(c) Cause: Mud and sand from
deforestation and construction sites are
washed into the rivers.

Effects: Water becomes brown and
muddy. Rivers become shallow.
(d) Cause: Oil spills from tankers into the
seas.

Effects: Kills seabirds and marine life.
4. Implement laws to discourage people from
discharging waste materials into drains,
rivers and seas.
Conduct public awareness campaigns
on the importance of conserving and
preserving water.
Treat sewage before releasing it into rivers
and seas.
3.2

Natural Resources

1. (a) Natural resources are useful materials

that are found in nature.
(b) Renewable natural resources and nonrenewable natural resources
2. (a) Forest, animal, air, water
(b) Coal, petroleum, metal, mineral
3. (a) Fossil fuels are the remains of plants
and animals that are turned into fuels
by the great heat and pressure in the
Earth. Examples: Coal and petroleum.
(b) Fossil fuels are non-renewable
resources that are limited and cannot
be replaced quickly by the natural
processes.
(c) By using other renewable resources
such as solar energy, wind energy and
wave energy.
4. (a) Reduce, reuse and recycle
(b) Reuse unwanted things to make
other useful things such as
unwanted pail into a flower pot

Reduce the use of plastic bags by
using cloth bags that can be used
over a time

Recycle aluminum cans, bottles and
newspaper
5. (a) Moderation, reasonableness and selfimmunity
(b) Knowledge and virtues
(c) We can plant our own forest. We can
use these trees to build our houses.
The trees should be chosen wisely to
avoid wastage. Replanting the trees
should be done to sustain our forest.
3.3

Ecosystem and Balance

1. (a) The equilibrium that exists when the

needs of all living things are being met
and the conditions remain the same for
a long period of time.
(b) Changes to the living things / Changes
to climate / Changes to the physical
features

(c) Many species may move out / Some

species may die.
(d) Implementation of laws

Use of technology to improve the
ecosystem

Educate the people of the
importance of a balanced ecosystem

Use biological control instead of
pesticides and herbicides to control
pests
2. New technology helps us to reduce waste
by recycling aluminum cans, glass and
newspaper. Besides reducing wastes, it also
reduces the demand for raw materials, thus
reducing mining and deforestation.
With new technology, cars using solar energy
instead of fossil fuels are invented. This
reduces the demands for fossil fuel, thus
reducing mining and air pollution.
3. The public will understand the importance of the
ecosystem and the ways to maintain a balanced
ecosystem. They know the consequences of
unbalanced ecosystem. Therefore they will
work toward maintaining one.

Map It Out
A


B

1. Air pollution
2. Land pollution
3. Water pollution
1. Renewable natural resources
2. Water
3. Air
4. Plants
5. Animals
6. Non-renewable natural resources
7. Minerals

Enrichment Exercises
Objective Questions
1. D
6. D
11. A
16. D

2.
7.
12.
17.

C
B
B
A

3.
8.
13.
18.

A
B
D
D

4.
9.
14.
19.

D
C
C
A

5. A
10. C
15. C

Subjective Questions
1. (a) (i) Carbon monoxide prevents blood
from carrying oxygen and it can
cause death.
(ii) Carbon dioxide
(iii) It causes global warming.
(b) (i) Chlorofluorocarbons
(ii) It depletes the ozone layer.
2. (a) (i) Renewable resources are natural
resources that are replaceable by
ongoing natural processes.
(ii) Forest / Air/ Animals / Water
(b) (i) Non-renewable resources are
natural resources that are
available in limited amount and
are not quickly replaced by natural
processes.
(ii) Coal /Petroleum / Metal /Minerals
(c) Use less non-renewable resources /
Use renewable resources / Recycle
(d) Wind turns the windmills to generate
electricity.
3. (a) The equilibrium state that exists when
the needs of all living things are being

met and the conditions remain for a

long period of time.
(b) Soil erosion / Landslides / Extinction of
flora and fauna
(c) (i) Catalytic converters convert
harmful gases into harmless gases
(ii) Bacteria are used to break up the
oil.
(d) The renewable resources are
inexhaustible.

They are pollution free.

Chapter 4 Forces and Motion

4.1

Acceleration

1. (a) Acceleration is the rate of change of

velocity.
Change in velocity
(b) Acceleration =
Time

2. (a) (i) Acceleration = 24 6
6

= 3 m s2
(ii) The velocity of the bus increases
by 3 m s1 every second.
(b) (i) Acceleration = 8 18
5

= 2 m s2
(ii) The velocity of the motorcycle
decreases by 2 m s1 every second.
3. (a) Newtons Second Law of Motion says
that when a resultant force acts on an
object, the acceleration of the object
is directly proportional to the resultant
force and has a magnitude that is
inversely proportional to its mass.
(b) Resultant force = Mass of the object
Acceleration of the object
4. (a) 6 N
(b) To the left
(c) F = ma
F
a =
m
6
=
60
= 0.1 m s2
5. (a) F = ma
= 10 2
= 20 N
(b) Resultant force = F1 frictional force
F1 = 20 + 8
= 28 N
vu
(c) a =
t
v = at + u
= (2 8) + 0
= 16 m s1
6. (a) The weight of an object is the force of
gravity which acts on the object.
(b) Weight = mass force of gravity

= 990 9.8

= 9702 N
4.2

Action and Reaction Forces

1. Newtons Third Law of Motion states that

when an object exerts a force on a second
object, the second object exerts a force of
equal magnitude but opposite in direction on
the first object.

 2. (a)

(d) Kinetic friction

Reaction
force

Action
force

(b) Reaction force

Action force
Bullet

(c) Reaction force

4.3

Action force

Buoyant Forces and Liquid

1. Buoyant force is an upward force which acts

on an object that is being completely or
partially immersed in a fluid.
2. It states that the buoyant force acting on a
completely or partially immersed object is
equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
3. (a) 8 N
(b) 7.5 N
(c) 8 N 7.5 N = 0.5 N
(d) 0.5 N
4. (a) The buoyant force that acts on the boat
is equal to the weight of the boat.
(b) The weight of the anchor is more than
the maximum buoyant force acting on
it.
5. (a) opened
(b) air
(c) sea water
(d) greater
(e) air
(f) sea water
(g) less
4.4

Moment of Force

4.5

Static Friction and Kinetic Friction

1. (a) Friction is a force that stops movement

of two contacting surfaces and acts in
the direction that opposes motion.
(b) The surfaces are not smooth.
2. (a) Static friction acts on two contacting
surfaces that are not moving when a
force is applied.
(b) Kinetic friction acts on two contacting
surfaces that are moving when a force
is applied.
(c) Static friction
vu
3. (a) a =
t
10 0
=
10
= 1 m s2
(b) F = ma
= 1000 1
= 1000 N
(c) Resultant force = Applied force
friction

Friction = Applied force resultant force

= 3000 N 1000 N

= 2000 N

1. Moment of force is the measure of the ability

of a force to turn or rotate an object that it
acts on.
2. (a) Clockwise moment:

100 N 60 m

= 6 000 Nm

Anti-clockwise moment:

150 N 40 m

= 6 000 Nm

The lever is balanced.
(b) Clockwise moment:

(30 N 20 cm) + [30 N (20 + 60) cm]

= (30 N 0.2 m) + (30 0.8 m)

= 30 Nm

Anti-clockwise moment:

80 N 30 cm = 80 N 0.3 m

= 24 Nm

The lever is not balanced.
3. Clockwise moment = Anti-clockwise moment
(0.8 X) 20 = X 12

16 20X = 12X

32 X = 16

X = 0.5 m
Motions of Objects

4.6

Map It Out
1.
2.
1.
2.

Static friction
Kinetic friction
Linear motion
Circular motion

Enrichment Exercises
Objective Questions

1. B
6. D
11. D
16. A

2. B
7. C
12. B
17. B

3. D
8. C
13. C
18. D

4. A
9. C
14. A
19. B

5. B
10. A
15. C
20. C

Subjective Questions
1. (a) Weight = 9.8 200

= 1960 N
(b) F = ma
a = F
m
400
=
200
= 2 m s2
(c) a = v u
t
80
=
10
= 0.8 m s2
F = ma
= 200 0.8
= 160 N
2. (a) For a complete or partially immersed
object in a fluid, the buoyant force
acting on the object is equal to the
weight of the fluid it displaced.

Chapter 5 Energy Changes

5.1

Forms of Energy

1. (a) (i) work

(ii) joule
(b) matter
(c) different
(d) potential
(e) kinetic
(f) heat
(g) sound
(h) chemical
(i) nuclear

1. (a) Linear motion

(b) Projectile motion
(c) Circular motion

A

B

(b) (i) 9 N
(ii) 8.5 N
(iii) 50 cm3
(iv) 0.5 N
(c) The apparent loss of weight of the
object immersed in water is equal to
the weight of the water displaced.
3. (a) Moment of force is a measure of the
ability of a force to turn or rotate an
object on which it acts on.
(b) Anti-clockwise moment

= 20 N 6 m

= 120 Nm

Clockwise moment

= (6 N 4 m) + (8 N 12 m)

= 24 Nm + 96 Nm

= 120 Nm

The lever is balanced.
(c) Anti-clockwise moment = Clockwise
moment
80 N X m = 60 N 40 m
2400

X =
80
= 30 m

2. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

Chemical energy
Sound energy
Heat energy
Potential energy
Electrical energy
Light energy
Nuclear energy
Kinetic energy

3. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

Potential energy
Potential energy
Chemical energy
Sound energy
Kinetic energy
Electrical energy

5.2

Energy Changes

1. Energy can change from one form to another,

but it cannot be destroyed or created.
2. (a) Chemical energy Kinetic energy
Sound energy
(b) Potential energy Kinetic energy
(c) Chemical energy Heat energy +
Light energy
(d) Chemical energy Electrical energy
Light energy + Heat energy
(e) Electrical energy Light energy +
Sound energy
3. (a) Potential energy
(b) Potential energy + Kinetic energy

(c) Potential energy

(d) Sound energy + Heat energy
4. (a) Potential energy. This is because position
P is the highest point.
(b) Potential energy to kinetic energy
(c) Kinetic energy. This is due to its velocity
and position R is the lowest point.
5. (a) (i) Its potential energy is the greatest as
it is at the highest point. It does not
have any kinetic energy as it is not
moving.
(ii) Its kinetic energy is the greatest as
its velocity is the greatest and it is
at the lowest point.
(iii) Its potential energy is the greatest
as it is at the highest point. It does
not have any kinetic energy as it is
not moving.
(b) (i) Potential energy to kinetic energy
(ii) Kinetic energy to potential energy

2. (a) The rate of flowing electrical charges.

(b) The difference in electrical potential
energy.
(c) The measure of how an electrical
component resists current flow.
3. (a) electrical energy
(b) negative
(c) positive
(d) positive
(e) negative
6.2

1. (a)

(b)

2.

(d)

(e) Galvanometer
(f) Variable resistor
2. (a)
A

Measuring Electricity
X:
Y:
X:
Y:

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Voltage; volt
Current; ampere

or
A

Battery

Bulb

Map It Out
Ammeter

1. Kinetic energy
2. Chemical energy
3. Nuclear energy
4. Heat energy
5. Electrical energy
6. Potential energy

Voltmeter

6.3

Enrichment Exercises
Objective Questions

1. A
6. D
11. C
16. B

2.
7.
12.
17.

A
C
A
D

3.
8.
13.
18.

D
B
D
C

4.
9.
14.
19.

B
A
B
A

5.
10.
15.
20.

C
D
A
A

1. (a) (i) Energy is the ability to do work.

(ii) Joule
(b) (i) The greater the speed of a moving
object, the greater is its kinetic
energy.
(ii) The larger the mass of a moving
object, the larger is its kinetic
energy.
(c) Mass of the object

Height of the object above the
ground

Strength of the gravitational force
on the object
2. (a) Energy can be changed from one form
to another, but it cannot be destroyed
or created.
(b) Chemical energy Kinetic energy
Electrical energy Light energy + heat
energy
(c) Chemical energy Electrical energy
Light energy + Heat energy
3. (a) (i) L
(ii) P
(b) (i) Kinetic energy and potential energy
(ii) Kinetic energy and sound energy
(c) 200 J

Electricity

1. (a) Electricity is a form of energy.

(b) Battery, solar cell

6.5

Current, Voltage and Resistance

in a Series Circuit

1. (a) Series circuit

(b) V3 = 3 V, V4 = 3 V
(c) The current of a series circuit is the
same at every point and all the bulbs
are the same.
(d) The others are also not working
because the circuit is broken.

4
2
0

3 Current, I

(c) Current is directly proportional to

voltage.
2.

Resistor

2. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
6.6

Ammeter

Battery

3. (a) (i) current

(ii) proportional
(iii) voltage
(b) V = I R

1. (a)

Voltage, V

6.4

Chapter 6 Electricity

(b)

Current, Voltage and Resistance

1. (a) (i) Resistance

(ii) Current
(iii) Voltage
(b)

Subjective Questions

6.1

Parallel and Series Circuit

(b) Dry cells

(c) Bulb

the same
I1 = I2
R 1 + R 2 + R 3
V1 + V2 + V3
adding more
fail too
Current, Voltage and Resistance
in a Parallel Circuit

1. (a) 12 V
(b) A1 = 2.4 A A2 = 1.2 A
(c) 3.6 A
2. (a) (i) Parallel circuit
(ii) Series circuit
(b) (i) The other bulbs are working.
(ii) The other bulbs are not working.
(c) P
(d) In circuit Q, the bulbs share the voltage
of 240 V. So each bulb glows dimly. In
circuit P, each bulb gets the full voltage
of 240 V. So each bulb glows brightly.
6.7

Electronic Circuits

1. (a) electronic circuits

(b) computers
(c) amplifiers

 2. (a) (i) Variable resistor

(ii) To control the voltage in the c ircuit.
(b) (i) Diode
(ii) To control the flow of current in
one direction only in the circuit.
3. It contains many complete circuits with
transistors, diodes and other components on
a tiny silicon chip.
6.8

Cost of Electrical Energy

Electrical energy (J)

1. (a) Power (W) =
Time (s)
(b) Power (W) = Voltage (V) Current (A)
(c) Electrical energy (J)

= Power (W) Time (s)
2. (a) Energy used = power time
460 W 500

=

hour
1000
60

= 3.83 kWh
(b) Cost of energy used

= 3.833 kW 2 Baht

= 7.67 Baht
3. (a) Energy used by kettle
30
= 1 kW
hour
60
= 0.5 kWh
Energy used by fan
= 150 kW 8
1000
= 1.2 kWh
Energy used by 4 bulbs
= 4 100 6
1000
= 2.4 kWh
Total of energy used in a day
= 0.5 + 1.2 + 2.4
= 4.1 kWh
Total of energy used in a month
= 4.1 30
= 123 kWh
(b) Cost of energy used

= (100 2 Baht) + (23 3 Baht)

= 269 Baht
6.9

1. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Importance of Safety Precautions

in the Use of Electricity
hot and melts, rating, blows, damage.
Earth wires, two-pin, live, neutral.
leakage, 30 mA, switch off.
safety device, short circuit, current, cut
off.

2. (a) (i) Do not touch switches or electrical

appliances with wet hands.
(ii) Do not connect too many electrical
appliances to one source.
(iii) Do not try to put things other than
a plug into a socket.
(b) (i) Damaged insulation.
(ii) Overheating of cables.
(iii) Damp conditions.
(c) The safety features help prevent fires,
electrocutions and electric shocks.

Map It Out
1. Both are complete, closed circuits.
2. I = I1 =I2
3. I = I1 + I2

4. V = V1 + V2
5. V = V1 = V2
6. R = R1 + R2
7. 1 = 1 + 1
R
R1
R2

2. (a)
(b)

Enrichment Exercises

3. (a)

Objective Questions

1. A
6. D
11. D
16. D
21. C

2.
7.
12.
17.
22.

A
C
D
C
D

3.
8.
13.
18.

D
D
C
B

4.
9.
14.
19.

A
D
D
B

5.
10.
15.
20.

D
A
C
D

Subjective Questions
1. (a) X : Ammeter to measure the current.

Y : Voltmeter to measure the voltage.
(b) The bulb with the resistance of 4 will
not be affected but the bulb with the
resistance of 3 will not light up.
1
1
1
(c)
=
+
R
4
(3 + 1)
1
=
2

R = 2

V = IR
3
I = A
2
= 1.5 A
660 W
2. (a) Current =
220 V

=3A
(b) 4 A
(c) A slightly higher rating fuse should be
used. So if there is a fault, the fuse will
blow and break the circuit.

(b)

(c)
7.3

called meteor. A meteorite is a meteor

that has fallen on Earth.
Asteroid belt
Asteroid belt is made up of lumps
of rocks orbiting between Mars and
Jupiter.
Comets are made up of dust and rocks
mixed with frozen water, methane and
ammonia.
When a comets orbit takes it close to
the Sun, the Sun will melt some of its
ice. This creates a hazy cloud millions
of kilometres long that looks like a tail.
Halleys Comet
Sun

1. (a) Photosphere
(b) Chromosphere
(c) Corona
(d) Inner core
(e) Solar flares
(f) Sunspot
(g) Prominence
2. (a) Solar flares
(b) Sunspots
(c) Prominence
3. (a) hydrogen, helium
(b) heat, light
(c) hydrogen
(d) nuclear fusion
(e) 5000 million
7.4

Stars and Galaxies

1. (a) A constellation is a group of stars with

a pattern of an animal or a familiar
object.
(b) (i) Orion
(ii)

Chapter 7 Solar System, Stars and

Galaxies
7.1

Planets

1. (a) Mercury
(b) Venus
(c) Earth
(d) Mars
(e) Jupiter
(f) Saturn
(g) Uranus
(h) Neptune

(c) A star map is used to locate the
position of the stars and constellations
in the sky.

2. (a) A planatery system is a group of

planets and moons which travel around
a star.
(b) Jupiter
(c) The further the planet from the Sun, the
longer the duration it takes to complete
one orbit.
(d) Its surface is covered with iron oxide
which is reddish in color.
7.2

Asteroids, Comets and Meteoroids

1. (a) Asteroids are small rocks that orbit the

Sun.
(b) Most asteroids are located between the
orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
(c) Meteoroid is a lump of dust, rocks and
metals in the Solar System. When it
enters Earths atmosphere, it usually
burns up. The trail of glowing vapor is

2. (a) 6
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
(e) 1
(f) 5
3. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

A red giant is formed.

A white dwarf is formed.
A black dwarf is formed.
A red giant is formed.
A red supergiant is formed.
Supernova explosion.
A neutron star is formed.
A black hole is formed.

4. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

Elliptical galaxy
Spiral galaxy
Irregular-shaped galaxy
M87, NGC147
Milky Way, Andromeda
Large Magellanic Cloud, Small
Magellanic Cloud

7.5

Existence of the Universe

1. (a) There are thousands of galaxies in the

Universe.
(b) The Sun gives out light.

The Sun gives out warmth.

Green plants use sunlight during
photosynthesis to produce food.
(c) The galaxies keep on expanding
outward from their boundaries and new
galaxies are formed in space.
7.6

Sun-Earth-Moon

1. (a) Summer, autumn, winter, spring

(b) The Earth rotates around the Sun. The
Earth is tilted.
(c) P : Spring

Q : Summer

R : Autumn

S : Winter
(d) Q : Winter

S : Summer
(e) Thailand is situated near the Equator.
2. (a) Eclipse of the Sun or solar eclipse
(b) The shadow of the Moon falls on the
Earth, blocking the Sun.
(c) Y : Partial eclipse

Z : Total eclipse
(d) (i) Eclipse of the Moon or lunar
eclipse
(ii) The shadow of the Earth falls
on the Moon, making the Moon
disappear from our view for a few
hours.
(iii) Night-time
3. (a) Tides are the alternate rising and falling
of the ocean in a day.
(b) The gravitational force of the Moon
pulls the water body toward it.
(c) (i) The Sun, Moon and Earth are in a
line. The gravitational force of the
Sun and Moon are combined to
give those effects.
(ii) Spring-tides
(d) The tides influence navigation, fishing
and water-related sport activities.

Map It Out
A

1. Medium-sized star
2. Red giant
3. Large star
4. Red supergiant
5. Supernova

6. Neutron star
7. Very large star
8.
Red giant
9. Red supergiant
10. Supernova
A 1. Eclipse
2. Day and night
3. Seasons
4. Lunar eclipse

Chapter 8 Space Exploration

8.1

1. (a) The scientific study of stars and

planets.
(b) The area outside the Earths
atmosphere.
2. (a) Galileo Galilei
(b) Hans Lippershey
(c) Yuri Gagarin
(d) Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin

Enrichment Exercises
Objective Questions
1. C
2. C
6. D
7. B
11. A 12. C
16. A 17. B
21. B 22. C
26. A
27. D

3. B
8. A
13. B
18. D
23. C
28. A

4. D
9. C
14. A
19. D
24. B
29. A

5. A
10. C
15. D
20. C
25. C
30. B

Subjective Questions
1. (a) Solar flares
(b) Radio and television programme
reception
(c) (i) Prominence
(ii) During a solar eclipse
(d) (i) About 150 million kilometres
(ii) Light years
(e) The Earth is about 110 times smaller
than the Sun.
2. (a) When all the hydrogen in its core is
used up.
(b) The nuclear reactions that release heat
and occur at the core stop.
(c) A supernova explosion
(d) (i) A black hole or a neutron star
(ii) A black dwarf
(e) New stars and galaxies are constantly
being formed.
3. (a) The Moon reflects the light from the
Sun.
(b) (i) We see different areas of the Moon
surface that are lit up when it
moves around the Earth.
(ii) Phases of the Moon
(c) M : Old Half Moon

N : Old Cresent Moon

O : New Moon

P : New Cresent Moon

Q : New Half Moon

R : New Gibbous Moon

S : Full Moon

T : Old Gibbous Moon
(d) 29.5 days

Astronomy and Space

Exploration

3. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Robert Goddard
Soviet Union
Sputnik II
Apollo II
space shuttle

4. (a) To monitor the weather.

(b) To spy on enemy troop movements and
manoeuvres.
(c) To receive and transmit radio, television
and telephone signals.
(d) To give the location of ships, aircraft or
people.

Map It Out
1. Communication
2. Weather forecasting
3. Remote sensing
4. Military purposes
Enrichment Exercises
Objective Questions

1. B
6. B

2. C
7. A

3. C
8. B

4. A

5. D

Subjective Questions
1. (a) An unmanned spacecraft usually sent
to explore other planets.
(b) A probe can carry out simple tasks
such as collecting soil samples and can
move over a planets surface. A satellite
is launched into space and orbits the
Earth.
(c) Both can take photographs and
transmit information back to Earth.
(d) Intelsat
2. (a) To send astronauts and equipments to
space.
(b) A rocket can only be used once,
whereas a space shuttle can be reused.
(c) Discovery
(d) The United States of America
(e) Russia and United States of America