Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
http://ocw.mit.edu
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #8-9 page 1
Suggests engine can run in a cycle and convert heat into useful work.
▲ Second Law
-q2
IMPOSSIBLE!! T2 (cold) OK!!
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #8-9 page 2
q2>0
q2>0 T1 (hot) T1 (hot)
w>0
q1<0 -q1 -q1 q1<0
-q1=q2
w -q1=w+q2
q2 q2
IMPOSSIBLE!! T2 (cold) T2 (cold) OK!!
đqrev đqirrev
Mathematical statement: v∫ = 0 and v∫ <0
T T
đqrev đqrev
∫ is a state function = ∫ dS → dS =
T T
S ≡ ENTROPY
2 đqrev 2 đq
v∫ dS = 0 → ΔS = S2 − S1 = ∫ 1 T
>∫
1 T
irrev
2 q irrev 1 qrev q
∫1 +∫ = ∫ irrev < 0
T 2 T T
2 qirrev 2 qirrev
∫1 − ΔS < 0 ⇒ ΔS > ∫
T 1 T
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #8-9 page 3
4 q2
isotherm (T2) 3
T2 (cold)
q1 + q2 q
∴ Efficiency ≡ ε = =1+ 2
q1 q1
2 ⎛V2 ⎞
1→2 ΔU = 0; q1 = −w1 = ∫1 pdV = RT1 ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝V1 ⎠
2→3 q = 0; w1′ = CV (T2 −T1 )
γ −1
⎛T2 ⎞ ⎛V2 ⎞
Rev. adiabat ⇒ ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝T1 ⎠ ⎝V3 ⎠
4 ⎛V4 ⎞
3→4 ΔU = 0; q2 = −w2 = ∫3 pdV = RT2 ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝V3 ⎠
4→1 q = 0; w2′ = CV (T1 −T2 )
γ −1
⎛T1 ⎞ ⎛V4 ⎞
Rev. adiabat ⇒ ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝T2 ⎠ ⎝ V1
⎠
q2 T2 ln (V4 V3 )
=
q1 T1 ln (V2 V1 )
γ −1 γ −1
⎛ V1 ⎞ ⎛T ⎞ ⎛V ⎞ ⎛V4 ⎞ ⎛V1 ⎞ q2 T
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ 2⎟=⎜ 2⎟ ⇒ ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ ⇒ =− 2
⎝V4 ⎠ ⎝T1 ⎠ ⎝V3 ⎠ ⎝V3 ⎠ ⎝V2 ⎠ q1 T1
q1 q2 đqrev
or +
T1 T2
=0 ⇒ v∫ T
=0
q2 T
Efficiency ε =1+ =1− 2 → 100% as T2 → 0 K
q1 T1
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #8-9 page 5
⎛T1 −T2 ⎞
Total work out = −w = ε q1 = ⎜ ⎟ q1 ⇒ ( −w ) < q1
⎝ T1 ⎠
Note: In the limit T2 → 0 K, (-w) → q1, and ε → 100% conversion of
heat into work. 3rd law will state that we can’t reach this limit!
⎛T −T ⎞
Total work in = w = ⎜ 2 1 ⎟ q1
⎝ T1 ⎠
q1 q ⎛T −T ⎞
But = − 2 ⇒ w = ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ q2
T1 T2 ⎝ T2 ⎠