Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 7, 2013, no.

35, 1737 - 1755

HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com

The Finite Volume Method for Solving Systems

of Non-linear Initial-Boundary
Value Problems for PDE's
1

Eman Ali Hussain and 2 Zainab Mohammed Alwan

1

Department of Mathematics, College of Science

University of AL- Mustansiriyah, Iraq
dr_emansultan@yahoo.com

Department of Mathematics, College of Science

University of AL- Mustansiriyah, Iraq
lionwight_2009@yahoo.com

Copyright 2013 Eman Ali Hussain and Zainab Mohammed Alwan. This is an open access
article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract
This paper concerned the finite volume method that applied to solve some
kinds of systems of non-linear boundary value problems (elliptic, parabolic and
hyperbolic) for PDE's.
Keywords: Finite Volume Method, Control Volume, System, Boundary Value
Problems

1. Introduction
One of the most important sources in applied mathematics is the boundary
value problems, such as mathematical models, biology (the rate of growth of
microorganism), [1], chemical engineering (an exothermic chemical reaction ,
heat conduction associated with radiation effects, deformation of shells), [10],
heat and mass transfer or petroleum engineering, tools for scientific computing,
[7]. Generally speaking, a boundary value problem consists of an equation with
boundary conditions.

E. A. Hussain and Z. M. Alwan

1738

The mathematical methods are divided into two kinds, the first kind is
analytic, which is used to find the exact solution of the problem, and the other
kind which normally gives an approximate solutions such as [6], [8], [9], [11].
Engineering science and many branches of applied mathematics (in fluid
dynamics, boundary layer theory, heat transfer), all of them give many partial
differential equations. Only a few of them can be solved by analytical methods, so
in most cases, one can go for numerical methods of approximate solution. There
are many methods to solve partial differential equations, such as method of lines
[2].
In this paper, the finite volume method is devoted to study non-linear
system of boundary value problems [7].

2. Formulation of Finite Volume Method of Linear System of

Multidimension of Elliptic Problems
This section is concerned with the discretization of linear system of twodimension elliptic problem by ( finite volume method) FVM on = (0,a)(0,a)
with rectangular meshed and let be n open bounded polygonal subset of Rd, d =
2 or 3 and admissible finite volume mesh of denoted by T is given by a family
of control volumes which are open polygonal convex subset of . A family of
subset of contained in hyper-planes of Rd is denoted by , [5].
Let us, for instance, consider the case d = 2, let = (0,a)(0,a) and
f1, f2 C2(, R).
Let T = (ki,j)i =1, 2, , N1; j =1, 2, , N2; be an admissible mesh of (0,a)(0,a) that
satisfying the following additional assumption [3].
h1, h2, , hN1 > 0, k1, k2, , kN2 > 0, such that
Let ki,j = [ x 1 ,
i
2

N1

N2

i =1

i =1

hi = 1 , ki = 1.

x i + 1 ][ y j 1 , y j+ 1 ].
2

Let (xi)i = 0,N1+1 and (yj)j= 0,N2+1, such that:

and let xi,j = (xi, yj), for i = 1, 2, , N1; j = 1, 2, , N2
uxx(x,y) + uyy(x,y) F1(u,v) = f1(x, y), 0 x a, 0 y a

...(1)

vxx(x,y) + vyy(x,y) F2(u,v) = f2(x, y), 0 x a, 0 y a

...(2)

where:
F1(u, v) = F1(x, y, u(x, y)) or F1(u, v) = F1(x,y,v(x, y))

...(3)

F2(u, v) = F2(x, y, u(x, y)) or F2(u, v) = F2(x,y,v(x, y))

...(4)

Finite volume method

1739

with boundary conditions:

u(x, 0) = 1(x), u(x, a) = 2(x), 0 x a

...(5)

v(x, 0) = 3(x,), v(x, a) = 4(x)

u(0, y) = 1(y), u(a, y) = 2(y) , 0 y a

...(6)

v(0, y) = 3(y), v(a, y) = 4(y)

Now, integrating equations (1) and (2) over each control volume kij.
The numerical scheme of the finite volume method:

kj
hi+ 1

(ui+1,j ui,j)

hi
k j 1

kj
hi 1

(ui,j ui1,j) +

hi
k j+ 1

(ui,j+1 ui,j)

(ui,j ui,j1) hi,j F1(u,v) = hi,j f1 i,j

(7)

kj
hi+ 1

(vi+1,j vi,j)

hi
k j 1

kj
hi 1

(vi,j vi1,j) +

hi
k j+ 1

(vi,j+1 vi,j)

(vi,j vi,j1) hi,j F2(u,v) = hi,j f2 i,j

(8)

The numerical scheme:

ui+1,j 4ui,j + ui1,j + ui,j+1 + ui,j1 hi,j f1(u,v) = hi,j f1 i,j
vi+1,j 4vi,j + vi1,j + vi,j+1 + vi,j1 hi,j f2(u,v) = hi,j f2 i,j

(9)
(10)

Example (1):
Consider the following system of boundary value problems:
uxx(x,y)+ uyy(x,y) v(x,y) = 4 x3y2, 0 x 1, 0 y 1

(11)

vxx(x,y) + vyy(x,y) u(x,y) = 6xy2 + 2x3 x2 y2, 0 x 1, 0 y 1

(12)

with the boundary conditions:

u(0, y) = y2, u(1, y) =1 + y2, 0 y 1

(13)

v(0, y) = 0, v(1, y) = y3
u(x, 0) = x2, u(x, 1) = x2 + 1, 0 x 1
v(x, 0) = 0, v(x, 1) = x

(14)

The exact solution of the problem u(x, y) = x2 + y2; v(x, y) = x3y2.

E. A. Hussain and Z. M. Alwan

1740

Solving the problem by using the FVM with h = 0.2, k = 0.2, and integrating
equations (11) and (12) over each control volume, considering the finite volume
scheme is given as:

kj

(ui+1,j ui,j)

hi+ 1

kj
hi 1

(ui,j ui1,j) +

hi
k j 1

hi
k j+ 1

(ui,j+1 ui,j)

(ui,j ui,j1) 0.04vi,j = 0.15999

(15)

kj
hi+ 1

(vi+1,j vi,j)

hi
k j 1

kj
hi 1

(vi,j vi1,j) +

hi
k j+ 1

(vi,j+1 vi,j)

(vi,j vi,j1) 0.04ui,j = 0.00058

(16)

and after some computations, one may have:

ui+1,j 4ui,j + ui1,j + ui,j+1 + ui,j1 0.04vi,j = 0.15999

(17)

vi+1,j 4vi,j + vi1,j + vi,j+1 + vi,j1 0.04ui,j = 0.00058

(18)

Moreover: u0,0 = 0, u0,1 = 0.04, u0,2 = 0.16, u0,3 = 0.36, u0,4 = 0.64, u0,5 = 1
u1,0 = 0.04, u2,0 = 0.16, u3,0 = 0.36, u4,0 = 0.64, u5,0 = 1
v0,0 = v0,1 = v0,2 = v0,3 = v0,4 = v0,5 = 0
v1,0 = v2,0 = v3,0 = v4,0 = v5,0 = 0
Evaluate equation (17) and (18) for all i = 1, 2, 3, 4; j = 1,2,3,4 to get the
following:
Table (1): Numerical results for example (1) by using FVM.
i

xi

ui,1

ui,2

ui,3

ui,4

u(x,y)

| ui,j ui,4 |

0.2

0.0797

0.1994

0.3991

0.6791

0.6800

0.0009

0.4

0.1994

0.3187

0.5180

0.7978

0.8000

0.0022

0.6

0.3992

0.5182

0.7172

0.9962

1.0000

0.0038

0.8

0.6793

0.7984

0.9978

1.2754

1.2800

0.0046

1.04

1.16

1.36

1.64

1.6400

Finite volume method

1741

Table (2): Comparison between the numerical and exact solutions of

example(1) by using FVM of example (1)
i

xi

vi,1

vi,2

vi,3

vi,4

v(x,y)

| vi,j vi,4 |

0.2

0.0004

0.0004

0.0034

0.0090

0.0051

0.0039

0.4

0.0006

0.0069

0.0194

0.0512

0.0409

0.0103

0.6

0.0039

0.0165

0.0370

0.1439

0.1382

0.0057

0.8

0.0141

0.0389

0.0035

0.3105

0.3076

0.0171

0.04

0.16

0.36

0.64

0.64

1.8

Numerical solution

1.6

Exact solution
1.4

Solution

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Fig.(1): Numerical and exact results for u of example (1) by using FVM.

E. A. Hussain and Z. M. Alwan

1742

0.8

Numerical solution
Exact solution

Solution

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Fig.(2): Numerical and exact results for v of example (1) by using FVM.

3. The Formulation of Finite Volume Method of Nonlinear System

of Multidimension Elliptic Problem
Since FVM for nonlinear system of two-dimensional elliptic problem of
PDEs is difficult to be used directly. In this section, concerned Newtons method
[4] is a way to solve nonlinear system of elliptic problem of PDEs.
The functional iteration is:

(k 0 )

= W

(k 0 1)

(W (k
J

0 1) 1

) F( W (k

0 1)

...(19)

where:
F(W) = (f1(u11, u21, ..., unn, v11, v21, ..., vnn), f2(u11, u21, ..., unn, v11, v21, ..., vnn), ...,
fn(u11, u21, ..., unn, v11, v21, ..., vnn))t

(k 0 )

(k
u
11
=(

0)

0)

(k
u
, 21

(k )
(k )
(k )
(k )
v
v
u
11
nn
, ,
,
, 21 , , v nn )t

Finite volume method

1743

where:
f1
f1
u (x, y) u (x, y)
21
11
f 2
f 2
(x, y)
(x, y)

u
u 21

J(W) =
11

M
M

f n (x, y) f n (x, y)
u11
u 21

f1
f1
f1
f1

(x, y)
(x, y)
(x, y) L
(x, y)
u nn
v11
v21
vnn

f 2
f 2
f 2
f 2

(x, y)
(x, y)
(x, y) L
(x, y)
L
u nn
v11
v21
vnn

O
M
M
M
O
M

f n
f n
f n
f n
(x, y)
(x, y) L
(x, y)
(x, y)
L

u nn
v11
v21
vnn
L

Example (2):
Consider the boundary value problem of two-dimensional elliptic problem:
uxx(x,y)+uyy(x,y)u(x,y)v(x,y) = x2y2(x2+y2)+4, x(0,1), y(0,1)

...(20)

vxx(x,y)+vyy(x,y)u2(x,y) = (x2 + y2)2+2(x2+y2), x(0,1),y(0,1)

...(21)

with boundary conditions:

u(0, y) = y2, u(1, y) = 1 + y2

,0y1

...(22)

v(0, y) = 0, v(1, y) = y2
u(x, 0) = x2, u(x, 1) = 1 + x2 , 0 x 1
v(x, 0) = 0, v(x, 1) = x

...(23)

The exact solution of the problem is u(x, y) = x2 + y2, v(x, y) = x2y2.

With h = 0.2, k = 0.2, we have:
Now, integrating equations (20) and (21) over each control volume.
The results of the above integral is given by:

kj
hi+ 1

[ui+1,j ui,j]

hi
k j 1

kj
hi 1

[ui,j ui1,j] +

hi
k j+ 1

[ui,j+1 ui,j]

[ui,j ui,j1] 0.04ui,jvi,j = 0.1545

...(24)

kj
hi+ 1

[vi+1,j vi,j]

kj
hi 1

[vi,j vi1,j] +

hi
k j+ 1

[vi,j+1 vi,j]

hi
k j 1

[vi,j vi,j1]

0.04 u i, j = 0.0105

...(25)

After some computations, one may have:

ui+1,j 4ui,j + ui1,j + ui,j+1 + ui,j1 0.04ui,jvi,j = 0.1545

...(26)

E. A. Hussain and Z. M. Alwan

1744
2

vi+1,j 4vi,j + vi1,j + vi,j+1 + vi,j1 0.04 u i, j = 0.0105

...(27)

Moreover:
u0,0 = 0, u0,1 = 0.04, u0,2 = 0.16, u0,3 = 0.36, u0,4 = 0.64, u0,5 = 1
u1,0 = u2,0 = u3,0 = u4,0 = u5,0 = 0
v0,0 = v1,0 = v2,0 = v3,0 = v4,0 = v5,0 = 0, v0,1 = v0,2 = v0,3 = v0,4 = v0,5 = 0
and the following results are obtained:
Table (3): Numerical results for example (2) by using FVM when k0=1.

u i(1)
,2

u i(1)
,3

u i(1)
,4

Exact
solution

| Exact -

xi

u i(1)
,1

0.2

0.1053

0.2304

0.4249

0.6937

0.6800

0.0137

0.4

0.2304

0.3566

0.5487

0.8141

0.8000

0.0141

0.6

0.4249

0.5487

0.7399

1.0066

1.0000

0.0066

0.8

0.6937

0.8141

1.0066

1.2775

1.2800

0.0025

1.04

1.16

1.36

1.64

1.64

u i(1)
,4 |

Table (4): Comparison between the numerical and exact solutions of

example(2) by using FVM when k0 =1of example (2)
| Exact Exact
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
v i ,1
v i ,2
v i ,3
v i ,4
i
xi
v i(1)
solution
,4 |
0

0.2

0.0244

0.0384

0.0466

0.0489

0.0256

0.0233

0.4

0.0384

0.0713

0.1037

0.1351

0.1024

0.0327

0.6

0.0466

0.1037

0.1762

0.2635

0.2304

0.0331

0.8

0.0489

0.1352

0.2636

0.4336

0.4096

0.024

0.04

0.16

0.36

0.64

0.64

Finite volume method

1745

Table (5): Numerical results for example (2) by using FVM when k0=2 .
| Exact -

xi

u i(2)
,1

u i(2)
,2

u i(2)
,3

u i(2)
,4

Exact
solution

0.2

0.0839

0.1917

0.3935

0.6772

0.6800

0.0028

0.4

0.1485

0.2839

0.5002

0.7911

0.8000

0.0089

0.6

0.2207

0.4504

0.6889

0.9855

1.0000

0.0145

0.8

0.6274

0.7645

0.9788

1.2669

1.2800

0.0131

1.04

1.16

1.36

1.64

1.64

u i(2)
,4 |

Table (6): Comparison between the numerical and exact solutions of

example(2) byusing FVM when k0= 2 of example (2)

v i(2)
,2

v i(2)
,3

v i(2)
,4

Exact
solution

| Exact -

xi

v i(2)
,1

0.2

0.0079

0.0210

0.0350

0.0441

0.0256

0.0185

0.4

0.0211

0.0530

0.0916

0.1301

0.1024

0.0277

0.6

0.0348

0.0917

0.1686

0.2602

0.2304

0.0298

0.8

0.0370

0.1288

0.2601

0.4314

0.4096

0.0218

0.04

0.16

0.36

0.64

0.64

v i(2)
,4 |

E. A. Hussain and Z. M. Alwan

1746

1.8

Numerical solution, k0 = 1
1.6

Numerical solution, k0 = 2
Exact solution

1.4

Solution

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Fig.(3) : Numerical and exact results for u, k = 1, 2 of example (2) by using FVM.
0.7

Numerical solution, k0 = 1
Numerical solution, k0 = 2

0.6

Exact solution

Solution

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Fig.(4): Numerical and exact results for v, k = 1, 2 of example (2) by using FVM.

Finite volume method

1747

4. Formulation of Finite Volume Method of Nonlinear System of

Parabolic Problem
This section discussed discretization the system of parabolic problem on
an open polygonal subset by FVM of the form:
ut(x, t) uxx(x, t)g1(u, v) ux(x, t) = f1(x, t)

...(28)

vt(x, t) vxx(x, t)g2(u, v) vx(x, t) = f2(x, t)

...(29)

where:
g1(u, v) = g1(x, t, u(x, t)) or g1(u, v) = g1(x, t, v(x, t))

...(30)

g2(u, v) = g2(x, t, u(x, t)) or g2(u, v) = g2(x, t, v(x, t))

...(31)

with initial conditions of the form:

u(x, 0) = k1(x) , 0 x a

...(32)

v(x, 0) = k2(x)
and the boundary conditions of the form:
u(0, t) = 1(t), u(a, t) = 2(t)

, t R+

...(33)

v(0, t) = 1(t), v(a, t) = 2(t)

where 1(t), 2(t), 1(t), 2(t), k1(x) and k2(x) are continuous functions.
Now, integrating equations (28), (29) over the control volume Ki and with time
dependent (nk, (n + 1) k). The numerical scheme is given by:

h i n +1 n
u i +1 u in u in u in1
n
n

( ui ui ) k
g1(u,v) k( u i +1 u i ) =

hi+ 1
hi 1
k

2
2
m(k)f1(x,t)

(34)

and;

h i n +1 n
vi +1 vin vin vin1
n
n

( vi vi ) k
g2(u,v) k( vi +1 vi ) =
h 1
hi 1
k
i+

2
2
m(k)f2(x,t)

(35)

E. A. Hussain and Z. M. Alwan

1748

Example (3):
Consider the following system of initial-boundary value problems:
ut(x,t) uxx(x,t)v2(x,t) ux(x,t) = 3xe3t e3t = 0, x (0,1), t R+

(36)

vt(x,t) vxx(x,t)u(x,t) vx(x,t) = 2xe3t e2t, x (0,1), t R+

(37)

with initial conditions:

u(x, 0) = v(x, 0) = x, x (0, 1)
and boundary conditions:
u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = e3t , t R+

(38)

v(0, t) = 0, v(1, t) = e2t

The exact solution of the problem is u(x, t) = xe3t, v(x, t) = xe2t.
Solving the problem by using the FVM with h = 0.1, k = 0.01 , and
integrating equations (36), (37) over the control volume with time dependent
leads to the following numerical scheme given by:
n +1

10 u i

10 u i 0.1[ u i +1 2 u i +

u in1 ]( vin )2 0.01 u in+1 =

0.005(e3(n+1)k e3nk) 0.03(e3(n+1)k e3nk)

n +1

10 vi

10 vi 0.1[ vi +1 2 vi +

(39)

vin1 ] u in

0.01 vi +1 =

0.005(e3(n+1)k e3nk) 0.05(e3(n+1)k e3nk)

(40)

u 00 = u10 = u 02 = u 30 = u 04 = u 50 = u 60 = u 70 = u 80 = u 90 = u10
0 =0

u10

= 0.1,

0.8,

0
u 90 = 0.9, u10

v00

v02

v10

= 0.1,

v02

= 0.2,

v10

u 02

u 30 = 0.3, u 04 = 0, u 50 = 0.5, u 06 = 06, u 07 = 0.7, u 80 =

= 0.2,
=1

v30

v04

v50

v60

v70

v80

v90

v10
0

=0

v30 = 0.3, v04 = 0, v50 = 0.5, v06 = 0.6, v07 = 0.7,

0
=1
v80 = 0.8, v90 = 0.9, v10

Evaluating equations (39) and (40) for all i = 1, 2, , 9; n = 0,1,2 to get the
following results:

Finite volume method

1749

Table (7): Comparison between the numerical and exact solutions of the
example (3) by using FVM.

xi

ui

ui

ui

Exact solution

| Exact - ui |

0.1

0.100124

0.100246

0.100365

0.109417

0.009052

0.2

0.200224

0.200446

0.200665

0.218834

0.018169

0.3

0.300324

0.300646

0.300965

0.328252

0.027287

0.4

0.400424

0.400846

0.401266

0.437669

0.036403

0.5

0.500524

0.501046

0.501566

0.547087

0.045521

0.6

0.600624

0.601246

0.601866

0.656504

0.054638

0.7

0.700724

0.701446

0.702166

0.765921

0.063755

0.8

0.800824

0.801646

0.802468

0.875339

0.072871

0.9

0.900924

0.902115

0.903677

0.984756

0.081079

10

1.030454

1.061836

1.094174

1.094174

Table (8): Numerical results for example (3) by using FVM

I

xi

vi

vi

vi

Exact solution

| Exact - ui |

0.1

0.100109

0.100216

0.100321

0.106183

0.005862

0.2

0.200209

0.200416

0.200621

0.212367

0.011746

0.3

0.300309

0.300616

0.300921

0.318550

0.017629

0.4

0.400409

0.401616

0.401222

0.424734

0.023512

0.5

0.500509

0.501016

0.501522

0.530918

0.029396

0.6

0.600609

0.601216

0.601822

0.637101

0.035279

0.7

0.700709

0.701416

0.702122

0.743285

0.041163

0.8

0.800809

0.801616

0.802424

0.849469

0.047045

0.9

0.900909

0.902009

0.903301

0.955652

0.052351

10

1.020201

1.040810

1.061836

1.061836

E. A. Hussain and Z. M. Alwan

1750

1.1

Numerical solution

1.0

Exact solution
0.9
0.8

Solution

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Fig.(8): Numerical and exact results for u of example (6) by using FVM.

1.1

Numerical solution

1.0

Exact solution
0.9
0.8

Solution

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Fig.(9): Numerical and exact results for v of example (3) by using FVM.

Finite volume method

1751

5. Formulation of Upwind Finite Volume Method of Nonlinear

System of Hyperbolic Problem
In this section, the FVM will be applied to solve the system of nonlinear
partial differential equations of the form:
ut(x,t) + ux(x, t)f1(u,v) + v(x,t) = f1(x,t), x R, t R+

(41)

(42)

vt(x,t) + vx(x, t)f2(u,v) + u(x,t) = f2(x,t), x R, t R

where:
F1(u, v) = F1(x, t, u) or F1(u,v) = F1(x, t, v)

(43)

F2(u, v) = F2(x, t, u) or F2(u,v) = F2(x, t, v)

(44)

with the initial condition of the form:

u(x, 0) = k1(x), v(x, 0) =
k2(x)

(45)

where k1(x) and k2(x) are continuous functions.

Now, integrating equations (41), (42) over the control volume. The numerical
scheme is given by:

u in +1 u in
n
n
n
hi
+ ( u i u i 1 )f1(u,v) + hi vi = hif1(x,t)
k

(46)

n +1

v
hi i

vin
n
n
n
+ ( vi vi 1 )f2(u,v) + hi u i = hif2(x,t)
k

(47)

Example (4):
Consider the following nonlinear system of one first order of PDEs:
ut(x,t) + ux(x,t)v2(x,t) + 2v(x,t) = (xt)2+2x2t+1, x R, t R+

(48)

vt(x,t) + vx(x,t)u(x,t) + 3u(x,t) = 4x+4t1, x (0,1), t R+

(49)

with initial conditions:

u(x, 0) = x,

xR

(50)

v(x, 0) = x
The exact solution of the problem is u(x, t) = x + t, v(x, t) = x t.
Solving the problem by using the FVM with h = 0.1, k = 0.01, integrating
equation (48),(49) over control volume in order to get the finite volume scheme
which is given as:

E. A. Hussain and Z. M. Alwan

1752

u in +1 u in
n
n
n
n
hi
+ u i u i 1 ( vi )2 + 0.2 vi = 0.1103+0.1t20.21t
k
v n +1 vin
n
n
n
n
hi i
+ vi vi 1 u i + 0.3 u i = 0.08 + 0.4t
k

(
(

)
)

The numerical scheme of (48), (49) is given by:

n +1

u in1 ]( vin )2+0.2 u in =0.1103+0.01t20.21t

10 u i

10 u i +[ u i

10 vi

10 vi + [ vi

n +1

u10

u 02

vin1 ] u in

u 00

= 0,

0.7,

0
=1
u 80 = 0.8, u 90 = 0.9, u10

= 0.1,

= 0.2,

u 30

(51)

+ 0.3 u i = 0.08 + 0.4t

= 0.3,

u 04

= 0.4,

u 50

= 0.5,

(52)

u 06

= 0.6,

u 07

v00 = 0, v10 = 0.1, v02 = 0.2, v30 = 0.3, v04 = 0.4, v50 = 0.5, v06 = 0.6, v07 = 0.7,
0
=1
v80 = 0.8, v90 = 0.9, v10

Now, evaluate equations (51) and (52) for all i = 1, 2, , 10; n = 0,1,2 to get the
following:
Table (9): Comparison between the numerical and the exact solutions of the
example (4).
I

xi

ui

ui

ui

Exact solution

| Exact - ui |

0.1

0.10893

0.11791

0.12694

0.13

0.00306

0.2

0.20663

0.21344

0.221041

0.23

0.008959

0.3

0.30413

0.30858

0.31334

0.33

0.01666

0.4

0.40143

0.40335

0.40573

0.43

0.02427

0.5

0.49853

0.49774

0.49579

0.53

0.03421

0.6

0.59543

0.59176

0.58892

0.63

0.04108

0.7

0.69213

0.68540

0.67972

0.73

0.05028

0.8

0.78863

0.77867

0.77000

0.83

0.06

0.9

0.88493

0.87150

0.85964

0.93

0.07036

10

0.98103

0.96410

0.94900

1.03

0.00306

Finite volume method

1753

Table (10): Numerical results for example (4) by using FVM

I

xi

vi

vi

vi

Exact solution

| Exact - vi |

0.1

0.08800

0.07606

0.06419

0.07

0.00581

0.2

0.18400

0.16821

0.15263

0.17

0.01737

0.3

0.2800

0.26035

0.24104

0.27

0.02896

0.4

0.37600

0.35250

0.32948

0.37

0.04052

0.5

0.47200

0.44465

0.41793

0.47

0.05207

0.6

0.56800

0.53682

0.50641

0.57

0.06359

0.7

0.66400

0.62899

0.59491

0.67

0.07509

0.8

0.76000

0.72117

0.68343

0.77

0.08657

0.9

0.85800

0.81517

0.77363

0.87

0.09637

10

0.95200

0.90574

0.86088

0.97

0.10912

1.1

Numerical solution

1.0

Exact solution
0.9
0.8

Solution

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Fig.(10) : Numerical and exact results for u of example (4) by using FVM.

E. A. Hussain and Z. M. Alwan

1754

1.0

Numerical solution

0.9

Exact solution
0.8
0.7

Solution

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Fig.(11) Numerical and exact results for v of example (4) by using FVM.

6. Conclusion and Future Work

The following can be drawn from the present study:
The use the FVM for solving nonlinear system of elliptic problem of PDE give
good results compared with the exact solution and the FVM was applied to solve
some kinds systems of non-linear for parabolic and hyperbolic problems PDEs.
An interesting future research topic is to use of the FVM to solve other types of
problems, such as fluid dynamic problems, optimal control problems, fluid
mechanic problems and the shallow water problem with topography.

References
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Press, New York, (1965).
[2] W. Ames, Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equation, Academic
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[3] A. Alami-Idrissi and M. Atounti, An Error Estimate for Finite Volume
Methods for the Stokes Equations, J. of Inequalities in Pure and Appl. Math.,
Vol.3, Issue 1, Article 17, (2002).

Finite volume method

1755

[4] R. Burden and J. Faires, Numerical Analysis, 7th ed., Brook/Cole, Australia,
Prindle,(2001).
[5] Y. Coudir, Gallout T and Herbin R., Discrete Sobolev Inequalities and Lp
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[7] E. Eymard, T. Gallout and R. Herbin, Finite Volume Method handbook of
Numerical Analysis, Editors: P. G. Ciarlet and J. L. Lions, Vol.70, pp.7131020, Amsterdam, North Holland, (2003).
[8] A. Handloviov, Perona-Malik Equation Properties of Explicit Finite
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[9] L. Jiangguo, M. Lin and Y. Xiu, An Adaptive Discontinuous Finite Volume
Methods for Elliptic Problems, J. of Comput. And Appl. Math., Vol.235,
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[11] Zhang Q. ,Johansen, H. and Colellad, P., A Fourth-Order Accurate FiniteVolume Method with Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Solving
the Advection-Diffusion Equation, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., Vol.34, pp.B179B201, (2012).
Received: January, 2013