Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Computer Network
Computer Network
The computers on the network can share hardware devices like printer, scanner etc.
Data and software can be shared within the computer on the network.
Files can be transferred from one computer to another computer.
Computers in the network can communicate with each other.
a.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):A UTP cable is one of the most popular LAN cables.
This cable consists of 4 twisted pairs of metal wires (means there are 8 wires). Adding
RJ-45 connector at both ends of the cable, it becomes a LAN cable that we generally
use.
b. Shielded twisted Pair (STP):A shielded twisted pair cable (also known as IBM Type
I) is similar to UTP but it has metallic covering placed just underneath the plastic
casing. It is more expensive than UTP cables. STP cable offer the best protection from
interference. It can support data transfer rate from 16 to 500 Mb/s (millions of bit per
second).
Co-axial cable
Coaxial cable have wide bandwidth and noise
immunity. These are widely used in long
distance telephone lines. It's transmission speed
is much higher than twisted pair cables.
Satellite: Satellite communications are like microwave and has relay stations in the sky.
Transponders on the satellite are used to receive and re-transmit signals sent from earth
stations. A transponder has a very high capacity and can handle more than 400 channels.
A computer network is a logical or physical interconnection between two or more
computers such that they could communicate with each other. The process of transferring
data between computers is known as data communication. The data and information can
be transmitted over significant distances through computer network. The communication
of data and information over significant distances is known as telecommunication.
There are three modes for transmitting data from one device to another.They are as
follows:
1. Simplex
The transmission of data can take place in only one
direction in a simplex. The simplex device can send
only or receive only. The transmission of data through
radios, televisions etc are examples of simplex.
2. Half Duplex
Data can be transmitted in both directions, but only one
at a time in half duplex. A half duplex device can
alternately send and receive data. The transmission of
data through walkie-talkie is an example of half duplex.
3. Full Duplex
A full duplex device can transmit data in both
directions at a time. It improves the efficiency as it can
transmit data in both directions at a time. The
transmission of data through telephones is an example
of full duplex.
Different hardware and software are required for networking computer. here are some of them.
NETWORK ELEMENTS
NIC (Network Interface Card)
It is a hardware device which contains electronic circuitry needed
to ensure reliable communication between workstation and server.
Hub
A hub is simply a multiport repeater and is the control component of the network transmission
mode.
Router
A router is a network connecting device. Although a router can
transfer data between network that uses the same technology, it
commonly transfers data between network using different
technologies.
Gateway
A gateway is a network connecting device that interconnects
two networks using different technologies.
Repeater
A repeater accepts weak signals, electrically regenerates
them and then sends the message on their way.
Bridge
A bridge is the connection of hardware and software that
connects the network that uses similar communication
system.
Bandwidth
It is the amount of data that can be transmitted through communication channel in a fixed time
period. It is expressed in Hertz.
Server
Server is the main computer that provides services, data and
other resources to other computers.
Workstation
It is the place where the client works. It requests services, data and other resources to other
computers.
Networking Architecture
Network Operating System
A network operating system is a computer operating system that is designed primarily to support
workstations, personal computers and old terminals that are connected on a local area network.
They are the server versions of the Windows, Unix, Linux Solaris etc. The computer in which
NOS is installed act as a server and is ideal for file sharing and other network-related jobs. NOS
are also designed for client computers and provide networking functions, so for some NOS the
distinction with a stand-alone operating system are not obvious. The NOS should provide file and
print sharing, account administration for users, and security functions. NOS is equipped with
security modules for controlling the security of the server or client computer, protocols for data
transfer (for file and printer sharing) and administrative tools for account administrations. The
NOS can be run according to two model of computer architecture.
The networking architecture or network model specifies how computers on the network
interacts and communicate with each other. The network of the personal computers may use
Client-server Network or Peer-to-Peer Network.
Client Server Network
like banks, offices etc use MAN. In MAN, cables and unbounded communication media
are used as the transmission channels.
Disadvantages
1. If a problem arises at any point of the cable, the entire network goes down.
2. It tends to slow down under a heavy load.
3. In this topology, troubleshooting could be difficult.
2. Star Topology
Disadvantages
1. It the central switch/hub fails, the whole network goes down.
2. Long cable length is required, since each device is directly connected to the hub/switch.
3. It may be costly to install since long length cable is required.
3. Ring topology
Disadvantages
1. It is difficult to change network structure.
2. If a single computer fails, at least a portion of network wont work.
Elements of Network
NIC (Network Interface Card) : It is a hardware device which contains electronic circuitry
needed to ensure reliable communication between workstation and server.
Hub: A hub is simply a multiport repeater and is the control component of the network
transmission mode.
Router: A router is a network connecting device. Although a router can transfer data between
network that uses the same technology, it commonly transfers data between network using
different technologies.
Repeater: A repeater accepts weak signals, electrically regenerates them anhd then sends the
message on their way.
Bridge: A bridge is the connection of hardware and software that connects the network that uses
similar communication system.
Bandwidth: It is the amount of data that can be transmitted through communication channel in a
fixed time period. It is expressed in Hertz.
Server: Server is the main computer that provides services, data and other resources to other
computers.
Workstation: It is the place where the client works. It requests services, data and other resources
to other computers.
Modem (Modulator Demodulator) : It is a device which converts analog data to digital and vice
-versa.
Gateway: A gateway is a network connecting device that interconnects two networks using
different technologies.
Protocol