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4(a)
Where
and
are the densities of the process fluid (air) and the manometer fluid
(water) respectively, H is the difference in the level of the manometer fluid in the two ends of
the inclined manometer, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. By knowing the point
velocities at a given cross section, the volumetric flow rate, Q, can be determined
D /2
Q= 2 u 0 dr
0
Procedure
1 Start the flow of air by switching on the blower.
2 Divide the pipe diameter in 9 equal parts to fix the radial position at which the point
velocities are to be determined.
3 Keep the Pitot tube at the radial position.
4 Once the flow steadies (indicated by unchanging or slightly fluctuating level
difference in the manometer), record the level difference in the manometer.
5 Record the ambient temperature (taken same as the air temperature).
6 Repeat step 4 by moving the Pitot tube at the radial determined in step 2.
Observations
Position of Pitot
tube
Actual position
wrt axis of the pipe
Conclusions
Reference:
1 Unit operations of Chemical Engineering by M.C. Smith, 5th edition Pg. No. 150
Actual head, H
mm
Aim
To determine the velocity profile across the cross section of pipe for the flow of water
using Pitot tube and thereby determine the co-efficient of Pitot tube for different flow rates.
2 Objective
To measure the velocity at different points across the flow in a pipe at different flow rates.
3
Theory
It is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any point in a pipe. It is based on the
principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, there is increase in pressure due
to the conversion of the kinetic energy into pressure energy. The Pitot tube consists of a
capillary tube, bent at right angle. The lower end, which is bent through 90 o, is directed in the
upstream direction. The liquid rises up in the tube due to conversion of kinetic energy into
pressure energy. The velocity is determined by measuring the rise of liquid in the tube.
When a Pitot tube is used for measuring the velocity of flow in a pipe or other closed conduit,
it may be inserted in the pipe as shown in figure. Since a Pitot tube measures the stagnation
pressure head (or the total head) at its dipped end, the pressure head may be determined
directly by observing the difference in the level of manometer fluid. The point velocity or
theoretical velocity, at a given position can be obtained from the Bernoulli equation, by
neglecting the frictional losses, as
v = 2 gH
Actual velocity:
v act =C v 2 gH
4 Experimental set-up
The apparatus consists of a Pitot tube made of SS and fixed below a pointer gauge. The
pointer gauge is capable to measure the position of Pitot tube in transparent test section. The
pipe has a flow control valve to regulate the flow. A pump is provided to circulate the water.
Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stopwatch
5 Experimental procedure
Starting Procedure:
1 Clean the apparatus and make Tank free from Dust.
2 Close the drain valves provided.
3 Fill Sump tank with Clean Water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
4 Close all Flow Control Valves given on the water line and open By-Pass Valve.
5 Ensure that On/Off Switch given on the Panel is at OFF position.
6
7
8
9
10
11
Now switch on the Main Power Supply (220 Volts AC, 50 Hz).
Switch on the Pump.
Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water through orifice.
Adjust water flow rate to desired rate with the help of flow Control Valve.
Set the Pitot tube at the center of test section
Record the manometer reading and measure the discharge with the help of measuring
tank and stop watch.
12 Now move the Pitot tube up and down at the same flow rate and note the piezometric
readings to find out the velocity at different points in pipe.
13 Calculate the co efficient of Pitot tube from actual and theoretical velocities and plot
the velocities at different points inside the pipe.
14 Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of water, operating Control Valve,
and By-Pass valve.
Closing Procedure:
1
2
3
6
Formulae
1. Discharge,
Q
A* R
t
2. Actual Velocity,
v act
3.
Q
a
Theoretical velocity
v th
2 gH
4.
5.
v C v 2 gH
Observation table
S.No.
Pressure
head
at
different points on up
side
8 mm 6 mm 4 mm
Pressure
head at
center
0
Pressure
head
at R(cm)
different points on down
side
4 mm 6 mm
8 mm
t(sec)
1.
2.
3.
Calculation Table
S.
No.
1.
Cv
v8
v6
v4
v0
2.
3.
Data
A
=
a
=
g
=
0.1 m2
0.0006157 m2
9.81 m/ s2
Nomenclature
A
=
Area of measuring tank.
a
=
Cross section area of test section
R
=
Rise of water level in measuring tank.
H
=
head difference
CV
=
Co- efficient of Pitot tube
g
=
Acceleration due to gravity
va
=
actual velocity of fluid.
Q
=
discharge at outlet.
t
=
time for R.
v4
v6
v8
Conclusion
10 Precautions
1 Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
2 Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
3 Always keep apparatus free from dust.
4 To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
5 Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
6 Always use clean water.
7 If apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely,
and fill pump with cutting oil.
PROCEDURE
1 Fill in the tank with water, and the dye- chamber with dye.
2 Note the water temperature.
3 Start the water flow and maintain a small flow rate, enough to fill the whole pipe
cross section.
4 Once the flow stabilizes, start the dye injection. The injection rate should be just
5
6
7
9
6
Observations
Temperature of the liquid
Pipe diameter
S.No
1
2
3
Flow Regime
Laminar
Transition
Fully Turbulent
= oC
= m
Volume of water collected
Time taken
=m/s
=m/s
=m/s
=kg/m
=kg/ m s.