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CHAPTER 2
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Kinematics

Define kinematics?
Kinematics is the study of motion of an objects without discussing the cause of motion.
Define rest & motion?
Rest:
A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.
Motion:
A body is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings.
Define scalars & vectors quantities?
Scalars:
Physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude only are known as scalars.
Vectors:
Physical quantities which are described by their magnitude and direction are called vectors.
Differentiate b/w speed & velocity?
Speed:
The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed.
Velocity:
The rate of change of displacement of a body is called its velocity.
Differentiate b/w rotatory & vibratory motion?
Rotatory motion:
The spinning motion of a body about its axis is called its rotatory motion.
Vibratory motion:
To and fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as vibratory motion.
Why vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like scalar quantities?
Scalars quantities are added or subtracted only by simple arithmetic methods because scalar quantities
have no direction. Since vectors have magnitude as well as direction, therefore vectors are added by
head to tail rule.
A car travelling at 10 ms-1accelerates uniformly at 2 ms-2. Calculate its velocity after 5 s.
Data:
vi = 10 ms-1
a = 2 ms-2
t = 5s
vf = ?
Solution:
vf = vi +at
vf = 10+2 5=10+10=20ms-1

Q.No.8:
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A sprinter completes its 100 metre race in 12s. Find its average speed.
Data:
S = 100m
t = 12s

v av =?

Solution:

S 100
v av = =
= 8.33 m s1
t 12

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Q.No.10

Define linear motion & translatory motion?

Linear motion:
Straight line motion of a body is known as its linear motion.
Translatory motion:
In translational motion, a body moves along a line without any rotation. The line may be straight or
curved.
A train moves with a uniform velocity of 36 kmh-1 for 10 s. Find the distance travelled by it.

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Data:

10

v = 36 kmh = 36
36
-1

= 10ms-1

t = 10 s
S=?
Formula:
S=v

Solution:

S = 10 10 = 100m
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Q.No.12
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Define uniform acceleration?

A body has uniform acceleration if it has equal changes in its velocity in equal intervals of time,
however small the interval may be.
How a vector is represented?
Symbolic representation:
We generally use bold letters to represent vector quantities, such as F, a, d or a bar or arrow over their
symbols such as

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Q.No.14
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F , a d .

Graphical representation:
Graphically, a vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow head. The length of the line
gives the magnitude of the vector on a selected scale. While the direction of the line gives the direction
of the vector.
How vector quantities are represented graphically?
Graphically, a vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow head. The length of the line
gives the magnitude of the vector on a selected scale. While the direction of the line gives the direction
of the vector.
A car starts from rest. Its velocity becomes 20 ms -1 in 8 s. Find its acceleration.
Data:
vi = 0ms-1
vf = 20ms-1
t = 8s
a=?
Formula:
a=

v f v i
t

Solution:
a=

200
8

a=

20
8

= 2.5ms-2

Q.No.15
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Write down the unit & formula to find acceleration?

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Unit: Its SI unit is meter per second per second (ms -2).
Formula:

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v f v i
t

a=
Q.No.16
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Derive first equation of motion?

Consider a body moving with initial velocity
velocity becomes

vf

v i in a straight line with uniform acceleration a. Its

after time t.

Slope of line AB gives the acceleration a of a body.

Slope of line
As

=v f
BD

a=

CD

BC
BD

AB=a=
=

AC
OD
,

CD=v
i
,

OD=t

v f v i
t

v f v i=at
v f =v i+ at
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Q.No.20
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Q.No.21
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Define gravitational acceleration & write its value in SI units?

The acceleration of freely falling bodies is called gravitational acceleration. It is denoted by g. On the
surface of the Earth, its value is approximately 10 ms -2.
Differentiate b/w rotatory & random motion?
Rotatory motion:
The spinning motion of a body about its axis is called its rotatory motion.
Random motion:
The disordered or irregular motion of an object is called random motion.
Define acceleration & write its SI unit?
The rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration. Its SI unit is meter per second per second
(ms-2).
Define circular motion & random motion?
Circular motion:
The motion of an object in a circular path is known as circular motion.
Random motion:
The disordered or irregular motion of an object is called random motion.
Define position?

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Q.No.31
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The term position describes the location of a place or a point with respect to some reference point called
origin.
Define distance & displacement?
Distance:
Length of a path between two points is called the distance between those points.
Displacement:
The shortest distance between two points is called the displacement.
What is scalars quantity? Write its two examples.
Scalars:
Physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude only are known as scalars.
Examples:
1. Mass
2. Length
What is vector quantity? Write its two examples.
Vectors:
Physical quantities which are described by their magnitude and direction are called vectors.
Examples:
1. Velocity
2. Displacement
Define rotatory motion & give an example?
The spinning motion of a body about its axis is called its rotatory motion.
The motion of a wheel about its axis and that of a steering wheel are the examples of rotatory motion.
Define translatory motion & give an example?
In translational motion, a body moves along a line without any rotation. The line may be straight or
curved. A car moving in a straight line has translational motion.
Define retardation?
Negative acceleration is also called deceleration or retardation.
What is difference b/w independent variable & dependent variable?
Independent variable:
The variable which is varied arbitrarily is called independent variable.
Dependent variable:
The variable whose value is dependent on independent variable is called dependent variable.
Can a body moving at constant speed has acceleration?
Yes, a body moving at constant speed has acceleration if it moves along a circular track because the
direction of motion of a body along a circular track is continuously changing.
Write four examples of vectors?
(1) Velocity
(2) Displacement
(3) Force
(4) Momentum
A train is moving with a velocity of 36ms-1. What will be its velocity in ms-1.

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v = 36 kmh-1 = 36

10
36

= 10ms-1

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Q.No.37
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Define displacement with help of diagram?

The shortest distance between two points is called the displacement.

Define speed & write its unit?

The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed. Its unit is ms-1.
Define positive & negative acceleration?
Acceleration of a body is positive if its velocity increases with time. Acceleration of a body is negative
if velocity of the body decreases.
Define uniform velocity?
If a body covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time, however small the interval may be, then
its velocity is said to be uniform.
Convert 20ms-1 velocity in kmh-1?
v = 20 ms-1 = 20

Write second & third equation of motion in mathematical form?

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S = vit +
2aS =
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Q.No.39
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3.6 kmh-1= 72kmh-1

1
2
2

at2 (2nd equation of motion)

2

v f v i

(3rd equation of motion)

Define vibratory motion & give an example?

To and fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as vibratory motion. A baby in a cradle
moving to and fro is the example of vibratory motion.
Describe with example the position of body?
The term position describes the location of a place or a point with respect to some reference point called
origin. For example, we want to describe the position of our school from our home. Let the school be
represented by S and home by H. The position of our school from our home will be represented by a
straight line HS in the direction from H to S as shown in figure.

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Q.No.48
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Differentiate b/w variable & uniform speed?

Variable speed:
If the speed of a body changes with time then its speed is variable.
Uniform speed:
If the speed of a body does not change with time then its speed is uniform.
What would be the shape of a speed - time graph of a body moving with variable speed?
Its speed-time graph would be a straight line.
Differentiate b/w average speed & average velocity?
Average speed:
Average speed of a body is the ratio of the total distance covered to the total time taken.
Average velocity:
Average velocity of a body is defined as the ratio of its net displacement to the total time.
What is graph?
Graph is a pictorial way of describing information as to how various quantities are related to each other.
What information do you get from Distance - time graphs?
Distance - time graphs provide useful information about the motion of an object. Slope of the distancetime graph gives the speed of the body.
When a body is said to be at rest?
A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.
Give an example of a body that is at rest and is in motion at the same time.
A passenger sitting in a moving bus is at rest because he/she is not changing his/her position with
respect to other passengers or objects in the bus. But to an observer outside the bus, the passengers and
the objects inside the bus are in motion.
Write down the types of motion?
There are three types of motion.
(i) Translatory motion (linear, random and circular)
(ii) Rotatory motion
(iii) Vibratory motion
Write down the types of translatory motion?
There are three translatory types of motion.
(i)Linear motion
(ii) Random motion
(iii) Circular motion

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Q.No.59
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Q.No.60
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Q.No.61

Differentiate b/w circular & rotatory motion?

In circular motion, the point about which a body goes around, is outside the body. In rotatory motion,
the line, around which a body moves about, is passing through the body itself.
Define Brownian motion?
Random motion of gas molecules is called Brownian motion.
Give two examples of random motion?
Motion of insects and birds is random motion. The motion of dust or smoke particles in the air is also
random motion.
Represent a force of 80 N acting towards North of East.

What is LIDAR gun?

A LIDAR gun is light detection and ranging speed gun. It uses the time taken by laser pulse to make a
series of measurements of a vehicles distance from the gun. The data is then used to calculate the
vehicles speed.
What is terminal velocity?
A paratrooper attains a uniform velocity called terminal velocity with which it comes to ground,
What is shape of distance time graph when object is rest?
When the object is at rest, its distance time graph is a horizontal line parallel to time axis.
What is shape of distance time graph when object is moving with constant speed?
When object is moving with constant speed, its distance time graph is a straight line.
What is shape of speed time graph when object is moving with uniformly changing speed?
Its speed-time graph would be a straight line.
Which is the fastest animal on the Earth?
Falcon is the fastest animal on the Earth which can fly at a speed of 200kmh -1.

Briefly describe the motion of freely falling body?

Galileo was the first scientist to notice that all the freely falling objects have the same acceleration
independent of their masses. He dropped various objects of different masses from the leaning tower of
Pisa. He found that all of them reach the ground at the same time.
When the value of g is positive & negative?
For bodies falling down freely g is positive and is negative for bodies moving up.
Write equation of motion for bodies moving under gravity?

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v f =v i+ (1st equation of motion)

1
2

gt2 (2nd equation of motion)

h = vit +

v f v i

2gh =
Q.No.62
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(3rd equation of motion)

A train moves with a uniform velocity of 36 kmh-1 for 10 s. Find the distance travelled by it.
Data:

10

v = 36 kmh = 36
36
-1

= 10ms-1

t = 10s
S=?
Formula:
S=v t
Solution:
S = 10 10= 100m
Q.No.63
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A car starts from rest. It acquires a speed of 25ms -1 after 20s. Find the distance moved by car?
Data:
vi = 0ms-1
vf = 25ms-1
t = 20s
S=?
Formula:
a=

v f v i
t
1
2

S = vit +

at2

Solution:
a=

250 25
= = 1.25ms-2
20
20

S = 0 20 +

1
S=0+ 2

1
2

1.25 (20)2

1.25 400 =

500
= 250m
2