Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Educational Technology 1
CHAPTER 1
LESSON I
INTRODUCTION
Learning Objectives: At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to;
Trace the development of Education using a graphic organizer using the
chain of events, under the different era and corresponding educational
technology used; ( Ancient Times, Medieval Era, Renaissance Period, Age
of Naturalism, Movement in 19th Century, Contemporary Times, 21st
Centuty)
Contrast Technology in Education from Technology of Education
Define Educational Technology
Differentiate educational technology, instructional technology, technology
integration and educational media.
1.1.Development of Education
Education during the Ancient Times
Educational technology is a complex concept and seems to be the phenomenon of the 21 st
Century. But history tells us that this started during the ancient civilization when man started to use
pointed sticks to inscript signs and symbols on the leaves of trees and knives for the bark of trees.
At about 3100 BC, the Egyptians devised a system of picture called hieroglyphics. Although they
may represent the objects for which they stand for, hieroglyphics symbols usually represent a
sound or a group of sounds. This development gave rise to the class known as scribes, a group of
men trained in the art of writing. The scribes came to be the countrys chronicler of events
(DUka,1999).
In ancient Greece, the Spartan education emphasized the development of the physical body
coupled with discipline. The boys underwent exercises and activities that promoted bodily strength,
endurance and vitality. These included dancing, wrestling, horseback riding, swimming and
gymnastics. They were taught by the paidonomus, a military commander in the public barracks.
The girls on the other hand stayed by their mother who taught tem the rudiments of housekeeping
and motherhood.
In Athens, recognition is given for its beign the first to recognize the right of individual to
develop to the fullest. They believe that the mind and the body has a strong relationship, thus
activities to develop both were the prime concerns in the music schools, the grammar schools and
public gymnasium or palaestra. With the help of the sophist cognitive rules, systematically
arranged subject matter instructional technologies and effective instructional materials were
designed and implemented.
Education during the Medieval Era
During the medieval era, the establishment of the Medieval University was an important
milestone in educational development Emperor Frederick I of Bologna in 1158 chartered the first
university Degrees offered were expanded which required students to engage in more in dept
Educational Technology 1
CHAPTER 1
studies and to write their theses, defend them in public before the deans, facultas and rectors. This
created the spark in writing textbooks, which was felt problem at the time. The Saracens or the
Arabs among the Moors of Spain gave a significant contribution in determining the direction of
what educational technology is today. The aims of their education was search for knowledge and
the application of scientific facts to their daily lives. Their curriculum was the most organized
and complete in the elementary, secondary and collegiate levels. Their universities and libraries
were the models in the entire Europe because they invented the printing press. They also
originated the scientific method of teaching.
Education during the Renaissance Period
Authorities agree that modern times began with the movement known as age of
renaissance or Reawakening. The period has three main lines of concern; the intellectual to which
education belongs, the aesthetic and scientific. Along the intellectual development, movements like
Humanism, Reformation, Realism, Disciplinism and Rationalism contributed to the development of
educational technology especially along theories and practices. Bacon, Rabelais, Vives and Milton
advanced their own ideas about education; John Locke came our with his idea about the nature
of childs mind at birth in Tabula Rasa. Johann Amos Comenius was recognized for developing the
first picture book known as Orbis Pictus (The World in Pictures). He was considered as the
pioneer in instructional technology development. Maira Montessoru contributed her own ideas
about teaching, which is the use of multi-sensory materials to teaching, which is still use in
Montessori schools of today.
Education during the Age of Naturalism
Notable figure during this age was Jean Jacques Rosseau. His educational views were
contained in a book titled Emile, which he authored. The aims of education was the preservation of
the natural goodness of the individual and the formation of society based upon the recognition of
natural individual and formation of society based upon the recognition of natural individual rights.
Herbart also came out with the five formal steps to teaching now known as the Herbatian Method
of Teaching with the following steps: preparation, presentation, comparison and abstratction,
generalization and application. Peztallozi believed that teaching is more effective if its proceeds
from concrete to abstract, hence the use of actual and real objects that involve most of the senses.
Froebel, who was known as the Father of kindergarten emphasized the use of actual objects,
which could be manipulated by the learners. He too, recommended the use of plays and songs.
This encouraged the writing of songs and discovery of games suited for the grades.
Education Movement in the 19th Century
Famous are the works of John Dewey and Edward Lee Thorndike Dewey, An American
Pragmatist, formulated the scientific theory of learning while Thorndike, A connectionist, advanced
the primary laws of learning.
This era paved the way to the development of effective educational technology, including
the production of books, the use of blackboards and the improvement of writing implements like
pen and ink. Photography was invented giving way to movement called visual instruction. By 1920,
visual media became widely accepted. Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts. In
1926 educational films were used as instructional media. In 1932 the first instructional television
Educational Technology 1
CHAPTER 1
program was aired in the State University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16mm sound motion
picture was develop.During the 2nd WW, the experiences of the American soldiers showed the
importance of educational devices. They used these devices in military trainings. After the war
more developments in educational technology were seen like the use of programmed instruction
by Skinner, the taxonomy of educational objectives by Bloom; the use of modularized instruction.
Education in Contemporary Times
The 2nd Millenium saw the persasiveness of educational technology in all aspects of
educational
organization
and
management.
Most
schools
have
already
adopted
the
computerization of records, entrance procedures and all other aspects of administration and
supervision. In the classrooms of the better finance schools multi-media resources and computers
are common fixtures while the lesser financed ones, they maintain an educational media center
where few computer units are being installed to be shared by the whole studentry. Schools in he
secondary, collegiate levels and even in the graduate level have radically revised and enriched
their curricular offerings to include course in computer applications. In fact, private elementary
schools which are well finance and well-equipped offer computer lessons as early as in the
elementary grades.Schools administrators saw the need of retooling teachers so that they can lead
fello teachers and students to make use of various softwares and other computer assisted
instructions like CD-ROM, so that they can create multi-media presentations to make teaching and
learning more interesting and effective. Educational organizations like the INTEL and UP NISMED
build linkages with Teacher Education Institutions (TEIs ) in the training of key teachers in the
integration of INTEL Teach of the Future and Curriculum Review for Pre Servie Education. The
Training provides the teachers first hand experiences in applying computer skills in the preparation
of multi-media presentations using power point, the preparation of brochures or newsletter using
publisher, creating webpage, exploring the internet and the preparation of other teacher and
student support materials on specific content.The internet and e-mails have become tools for what
is known as fast-paced interactive learning, communication and search for information. This era
saw the proliferation of computer schools, internet cafes and computer centers to serve the
escalating need of computer services. The GOs as well as NGOs sponsor computer literacy
training to in-school youths, OSYs and to the employes and unemployed adults under the auspices
of the NFE.With the advent of computers peripherals, computers became more user-friendly so
people began procuring sets for personal as well as for office and instructional use. With the
mouse even a new computer user could direct the progress of a blinking indicators. The user could
now transport instruction and information, start and stop program operations, find stored data and
perform other important tasks quickly and easily (David King, 2002)
Educational Technology 1
CHAPTER 1
Educational Technology 1
CHAPTER 1
A graphic organizer is an instructional tool used to illustrate a student or class's prior knowledge
about a topic or section of text; specific examples include the K-W-L-H Technique and the
Anticipation/Reaction Guide. Other organizers include the:
Spider Map
Used to describe a central idea: a thing (a geographic region),
process (meiosis), concept (altruism), or proposition with
support (experimental drugs should be available to AIDS
victims). Key frame questions: What is the central idea? What
are its attributes? What are its functions?
Series of Events Chain
Used to describe the stages of something (the life cycle of a
primate); the steps in a linear procedure (how to neutralize an
acid); a sequence of events (how feudalism led to the
formation of nation states); or the goals, actions, and
outcomes of a historical figure or character in a novel (the rise
and fall of Napoleon). Key frame questions: What is the
object, procedure, or initiating event? What are the stages or
steps? How do they lead to one another? What is the final
outcome?
Continuum Scale
Used for time lines showing historical events or ages
(grade levels in school), degrees of something (weight),
shades of meaning (Likert scales), or ratings scales
(achievement in school). Key frame questions: What is
being scaled? What are the end points?
Compare/Contrast Matrix
Used to show similarities and differences between two things (people, places, events, ideas, etc.).
Key frame question: What things are being compared? How are they similar? How are they
different?
Name 1
Name 2
Attribute 1
Attribute 2
Attribute 3
Problem/Solution Outline
Used to represent a problem, attempted solutions, and results
(the national debt). Key frame questions: What was the problem?
Who had the problem? Why was it a problem? What attempts
were made to solve the problem? Did those attempts succeed?
Network Tree
Used to show causal information (causes of poverty), a
hierarchy (types of insects), or branching procedures (the
circulatory system). Key frame questions: What is the
superordinate category? What are the subordinate categories?
How are they related? How many levels are there?
Educational Technology 1
CHAPTER 1
Human Interaction Outline. Used to show the nature of an interaction between persons or groups
(Europeans settlers and American Indians). Key frame questions: Who are the persons or groups?
What were their goals? Did they conflict or cooperate? What was the outcome for each person or
group?
Educational Technology 1
CHAPTER 1
technology. There is the perception, however, that the term educational technology has become
an unfortunate one. It appears that to many people it has served to inhibit the introduction of
better educational technology and its use in delivering educational technology and its use in
delivering higher quality learning outcomes.
In two minutes, write down anything that comes to your mind when you hear the phrase
educational technology.
Discussion:
o Of the words written on the board, what is most common?
o Are there words that are related ? If yes, how are they related?
o What conclusion can you draw on what most people think educational
technology is ?
o Is this common concept on educational technology adequate? Defend your
answer.
TECHNOLOGY TOOL:
Brainstorming is the name given to a situation when a group of people meet to generate
new ideas around a specific area of interest. Using rules which remove inhibitions, people are
able to think more freely and move into new areas of thought and so create numerous new
ideas and solutions. The participants shout out ideas as they occur to them and then build on
the ideas raised by others. All the ideas are noted down and are not criticized. Only when the
brainstorming session is over are the ideas evaluated.
(1) Brainstorming is a process for generating new ideas
(2) Brainstorming is "a conference technique by which a group attempts to find a solution for
a specific problem by amassing all the ideas spontaneously by its members" - Alex Osborn
(3) To brainstorm is to use a set of specific rules and techniques which encourage and spark
off new ideas which would never have happened under normal circumstances.
BRAINSTORMING RULES
Rule 1: Postpone and withhold your judgment of ideasRule 2: Encourage wild and exaggerated ideas
Rule 3: Quantity counts at this stage, not quality
Rule 4: Build on the ideas put forward by others
Rule 5: Every person and every idea has equal worth
TECHNOLOGY comes from the word techne means Craft or Art. Based on the
etymology of the word technology eductl technology means the art or craft of responding
to our educational needs.
Technology is not a machines it is a planned, systematic method of working to achieve
planned outcomes- a process not a product.(Dale,1969)
Technology refers to all the ways people use their inventions and discoveries to satisfy
their needs and desires (World book Encyclopedia)
Educational Technology is a complex integrated process involving people, procedures,
ideas, devices and organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing,
evaluating and managing solutions to those problems, involve in all aspect of human
learning
Educational Technology consist of designs and environments that engage learners and
reliable techniques or method for engaging learning s.a cognitive learning strategies and
critical thinking skills
Educational Technology 1
CHAPTER 1
Educational Tehcnology is a theory about how problems in human learning are identified and
solved.
Educational technology is a field involved in applying a complex, integrated process to
analyze and solve problems in human learning
Work in small group. Explain what educational technology is using a graphic organizer.
Brainstorm with your group mates and Accomplish the Learning Bank. Use the matrix
below.
Deposit/s
(What I Learned)
Dividend/s
(How I use what I Learned in my life
Educational Technology 1
CHAPTER 1
ASSESSMENT
10