Foreword: Framing Fanon by Homi K. Bhabha The sone underdeve ‘pot lta ee fhe er Funke Fann: The Wath ofthe Earth ed man aol reste nthe Aad once, when Sate bad made some comment, he [Fanon] te amenplastionfhiscgacentncy: a member ofa cloned Droplet be constant svar of i prtan hi mage; he Pegtnctened ales pone get rant the teed okeep up oes feces, “Bnone de Beso, The Fae of Ciamtance Fanta Fanon’ legend in Ameria tart wih the story of his death in Washington on December 6, 196, Despite his reluctance to be treated "in tat county of lhe”, Fanon wa advised thal isonly cane of sual ay in seking the leukemia treatment stailable at the National sts of Health in Bethesda, Mar land, Accompanied by aI cate officer provide by the Amer can Embasy in Tunis, Fanon few to Washington, changing planes in Rome, where he met Jean-Paul Sartre but was too ati hmsvt rortvono cenfeebed to utr single wor. A fe dys later on October 3, Fanon was admitted tothe hospital a brahim Fanon, a spor. cedly “Libyan” nom de guente he had assumed to enter hoptl in Rome aftr being wounded in Morocco diring a mison for the Algerian National Liberation Front isbody war sticken,buthis fighting day were not quit ove, theres his death "minute by mint," fiend weported frm Ih bedside, a his political opinions and belief ned into the elious fantasies ofa mind raging against the dng ofthe light. His hated of racist Americans now formed into a diss of the ‘using staf, and he awoke on hislastmoming, having probaly had ablod transfusion tought ight, obi with the dca ‘hat they put me ttough the washing machine laet night” Hi death vas inevitable. "We dd everthing we cou” hie doctor reported liter, “but in 1961 these wast much you could do ‘pecially when he came to ur o lt Perhap it was the writ. ing ofThe Wretched ofthe Earth ina feversh prt between Apri and July of 1961 that contributed to this ftl delay, when ie ‘ile, Josie Fanon, read him the enthusiastic carly reviews ofthe book, he could only ay, “That won't give me back my bone ‘martow.* On the day of his death, the French police seized cop ies of The Wretched of the Earth fom the Paris bookshops Aer his death, Simone de Beawvoir remembered seeing Fanon's hotogzph allover Pais fora couple of mec, on the cover oF Jeune Afeque, in the window ofthe Masperobooktore, younger, calmer than I had ever seen him, and very handsome." "Che Leena sce Dandy in Font Fore: ALi La hon: Crs SH} 8-90 Bch he Urpope del n ee ‘icclatcnc on ie havatinangtannn tits “freph An. Pamagol New Us Hero Odd Fact of Het. ne" A colonized person must constantly be amare a his image, eal ‘ously protect his postion, Fanon si o Sarre, The defenaes of the colonized are tuned like anxious antennae wating to pick up the hostile signals ofa racially divided word. In the proces the colonized sequite x peculiar viscera intelligence dedicated tothe sunival of body and spin. Fanon’ wo moa inlet texts, Black Skin, White Masts and The Wretched ofthe Earth, soe the concrete and contrasting wore of colonial acs as ‘perience in metropolitan France inthe 1950s and during the anticolonal Algerian war af liberation x decade later. Isis work lenin time wap? Isis imposed plea thatthe hid World musta over anew hitor of man” merely a vain hope? Does such alo ideal represent anything mere than the Tet her cal baggage ofthat daunting que or a norligned potcolonil world inaugurated atthe Bandung Conference 1985, Who can ‘claim that dream now? Who stil waite in the antechamber of history? Did Fanon’ das die with the decline and disoltion ofthe black per movernentin Amerie, buried wth Steve Biko ‘in South Aca, or were they bor aguin when the Belin Wall vs dismembeted and a new South Africa took it place onthe worl’ stage? Question, questions Ase catch the religion in Fanon language of evolution ary wrath—"the last shal be theft” "the almighty body of i lence rearing up ..""—and rn it together with his desertion ofthe widening circle of national unt a reaching the “boing point” in away that ‘is veminiscent of eligi brotherhood, church ora mystical doctine,”* we find ourselves both fore ‘vamed and wary ofthe ethnanationalist religions cont of our ‘oun times. When we heat Fanon sy that Yr the people only fellow nationals ae ever owed the tit," we furiously objec. aeto such a nanow and dangerous definition of “the people” and "the uth.” To have Fanon uphold the view tha the building of rational conseioussest demands cultural homogeneity and the disappearance or dissolution of differences i deeply troubling Ishe not dangerously outdated? Fanon’s best hops for the A igetian revolution were taken hostage and summary execute, fit bya bureaveratized military ral tht violated his bli "that anny i never a school for war, but school fr eves. tnd then by the rise of fundamentalist groups like the sie Salton Front Jone Fanan locked ot of her window nthe El Bar distit of Algiers in October 1988 oly find sens of a nage In olen quelling a demonstration inte tet below, the army had enflamed the passion of Algerian youths who re sponded by tarching police er before they were felled bya bare rage of bles. Speaking o er friend the Algerian writer Asia Djebar onthe telephone, Josie sighed. “Oh Fant, the wretched ofthe earth again"? The legacy of Fanon leaves ut with que tion his vital, verbal presence among us only provokes more ‘questions. And thats 2st shouldbe, "O my body, make of me sways aman who questions” was Fanon’ final, unfinished prayer atthe end of Black Skin, White Mest ‘The time ight to reread Fanon according to David Macey his most briliant biographer, eeause "Fanon was ang” and without the basi political instinct of nger there can be na hope for “the wretched ofthe earth (ho) ae sil with we" What hope does Fanon’ anger hold fr us today? Although times have changed, and history never appeats twice in the emperors new clothes, mais plu a change. New global empies is en force their own eiiliing misions inthe name of democracy and free matkels wheve once progress and development were We Ai ic, be lane Fg (Ps lin Mich, 195) 16, ste Ma, sce athe shibboeths ofa modemized, westerized sation Atif such evi, public goods were exportable commodities 35 ifthe “ther” countries and cltres were innocent of the lea ening sito feedom: a ithe deplorable rannics and dite. ‘oshipsof our dy, which mustbe destoyed, were nat themselves pat ofthe intricate negotiation, and internecine histories, of world powers and thei politcal intrest asf ay eilzing it son, despite is avowed ams, had ever been fice of pychologeal testo, cultral anegance, and even physical torture The colo nizadunderdeseloped man todays pela ccatie in the most lobal sense ofthe ter," Fanon writes in The Wretched of the Earth, adits ny purpose, alot half century late, ok what tight be saved rom Fanoa’seties nd polities of decolonization tohelp us reflect on globalization in our sense ofthe term. emus seem iron, even absurd at it to euch for asoci ‘ionsand intersections between decolonization andablization— anil would be pushing the analogy when decolonization had the dream ofa “Thid Weel” offre, postolonal nations fly ‘nits horizon, whereas globalization gazes tthe ration teough the buck minor, sit speeds toward the sttegc denationaliza- tion of tate sovereignty. The global aipiations of hid World national thinking belonged to the international tations of socialism, Mans, and ham, whereas the dominant forces ‘of contemporary globalization tend to abctbe to fee market ‘ideas that ensrine ideologies of neoliberal technocractic ei fam. And finaly, wile it was the primary purpese of dcoloni- zation to eposes land and terol in one fo ensure the security of national polity and global equity, globalization props gates world made upof itl tannatonal domains and wited ‘communities Hat ive vindly through webs and connects, “online” In wat way, then, can the once colonized woman man become Figures of intrusion fr our global entury? WE‘To this end there isan immediate argument to be made that sugges thatthe economic solutions” ta inequality and poverty subverted toby the IMF and the Weld Bank, for instance, hove “the feel ofthe colonia ruler,” according to foseph Stiga once senior vice president and chie economist of te World Ban. “They help to cesta dual economy in which there are pockets feat... Butadualeconomyis nota developed economy [tis the reproduction of dul, unequal economies as effects of obalizaton tht render poorer svete more vulnerable tothe “culture of eanditonaliy,” through which what is purportedly the granting ofloans ts, attimes into the peremptory enforce ‘ment of poliy. These dual economies claim to sistnn diverse ‘words of opportunity, consisting of slab villages, silicon val ley, and ses of outsourcing dated aeros the North and the South, The landscape of opportunity and “choice” has ertainly widened in sope, but the colonial shadow falls crow the sue ‘ese of globalization. Dual economies crate divided words Jn which uneven and unequal conditions of development ean offen muskthe ubiquitous, underng factor of peistent poverty ‘nd malnutiton ease and aca inte, the hidden injures of cls, the expotation of women's aber, and the vitimization ‘of minorities and refugees. For instance, “India shining.” the 2004 election slogan ofthe “high tech” Hind nationalist BJP government, led to mention the dtker, daly reality ofthe 63 percent af ual howscholde tat do not have eleciity and the ten often hours of blackout and browouts that aft those tht do on any given day ‘ll duality should be potin the historical content of Fanon’ {ound insight nt the “geographical configuration” of colonial fag E Sha lbtatio and Dion (No Yk WW. seg 03), ERK jane Key ae Rr Ekin pubihe in oj Mone Ie Cooker 308, apnea lgoemance,” his celebrated description ofthe Manichacan or ‘ompartmentalized structure of colonial society. The generic vali that spans the global world of colonized societies ss ‘world divided in two. inhabited by diferent species." Spa til eompartmentalztion, Macey aetelyagucs, typical ofthe social sche of eter societies ke Alger, but etnogaphie ually is lo found in other colonial screties that were vided between the club and thebavaarorthecantonment andthe ei lines. Fanon’s emphasis on the racaliation of inequality does not, ofcourse, apply union to the inequities of contempo. tary global underdevelopment. However, the racial opie if seen ava symbolic standin for oter forms of sol diference and dsrimination~ does clarify the roe played bythe obseur- ing and normalizing dacoures of progres and evi, in both East and West, that ony “tolerate” differences they at able to cclturalyasiilae into their on sigur terms, of sprope. ate within thei own utrnslated traditions. As Fanon puts tin whats perhaps the most quoted (and quarveled over passage in The Wretched ofthe Ear: The singuaityof the colonial ont ein the ft hat economic reali inequaly, nd enermoue dpa in ess never manage ‘omtitheliman rly Lookngat the unmedacice ee clonal contests cltha what ddethiswerk finan fresh species wht ace one belongs In th elite como ner Mucor abo a supertace ln my view, The Wretched ofthe Earth does indeed allow uso ook well beyond the immed oft aniolanl context —the Algerian wat of independence andthe Afican continent—towad A eitique ofthe configurations of contemporsty globalization.‘Thisisnotbecawe the tet peophetcally transcends it oun time, butbecaue ofthe peculiar grounded, historical stance it takes toward the fture. The eral language of duaiy— whether Colonial or global i part of the spatial wnagiaton that sess to come o naturally to geopalies! thinking ofa progresive, postcolonial cast of mind: margin and metopole, center and periphery, the global and the lca, the nation and the word Fanon’ famous trope of colonial compartmentalzation, of “Manichaeanism isfy rooted wth thisanticolonial patil tradition. But here is anoher time Frame s work in the marr tse of The Wretched ofthe arth hat introduces a tempor! di ‘mention int the dacoureof decolonization, Iauggets thatthe Faure ofthe decolonzed world —"The Third World mst tart ‘over anew history of Man -.."—is imaginable, ot achievable, only in the proces of resting the peremptory and polarizing choices thatthe superpowers impose on thir “lint” tater. Decolonization can truly be achived only wit the destriction ofthe Manichaeanim of the cold war, and its is belie tht ‘enabler the insights of The Wretched of the Earth o be efetve beyond its pubietion in 1961 (nd the death of i author in ‘hat yar, and o provide ue with salient and nugzestive perspec tives onthe state ofthe decompartmentlized world afer the di semberment ofthe Belin Wal in 1989, anon i esolte thatthe Thitd Werld should follow the 9- cialis pth, "based onthe principle tat man isthe most pe ‘ous aset™ But he i equally itstent thatthe Thid World rust not be content ta define sel elation to values which preceded i. The basic iste with which we ae faced is not the unequivosal choice between soil and capital sich they have been defined by men for diferent continents and Aiterent periods of time” (my emphasis)! decolonization ‘be achieved only Brough the destruction ofthe “compartmen = WE, 5 talized” colonial system, then the “new humans of the Third World cannot propery emerge unt the bipolar tensions, con tradctons, and dependences ofthe cold war are brovght to fan end. Thre ate to stories at workin The Watched of he orth the Manichaean history ofecloiaim and decolonization ‘embedded intext and contest, against which the book mount major political and ethical offensive anda history ofthe coe ‘ive “anivaal choices” imposed bythe cold wares onthe rest. Of the world, which eonattte the ideological conditions ofits wrting In atempingo think poleptally of questions of fee dom andximes beyond the col war, Fanon itiguingly projects ‘nfnihed busines ad unanswered questions related he rid twentieth century and the “end of empire into the uncertain fates ofthe finde sic and the end ofthe cold war. Tis in hi sense that his wonk provides a genealogy for elobalzation that ‘Teaches back to the complex problems of decoloniaton (ater than the simplestory ofthe death of omni ae Wiumph of fieemaet neoliberal), and t could be sid, bh tally Sin figuratively, that The Winthed ofthe Earth takes us back theft. Rel, for nance om Fanon’ farseaching wainess aboutthe national consciousness of young” rations, then absent itfrom hie wider entique ofthe “underdeveloped” nationals bourgeise of postcolonial counties and stent his sttement asa weather report on oo day National consciousness nothing but code empty age shal The crackin temlin ow eny tio youg independent counties toowich bc frm nation to te poupand fm at oe regreion which ns ely detent and pedal othe dee ‘pment ofthe nation ad mato ony tis ofcourse, one ofthe most significant lesan af the pet elonial experience that no nations simply yong o old, newor ancien, despite the date of its independence. “New” national Intemational, or global emergences crete an unseingsese of transi, a iFhistry ata ing point and itn ch cu Batonal moments Antonio Crane's word forthe perceived nowne” fchange—tha me expesience the palms i print of pas, preset and fature in peel contemporary fi tres of time and meaning. Fanon’ description ofthe “erode, ‘empiyfagile shell” ofemergent national stories quicken the Tong shadows cast by the etinonationalet switchbacks” of ‘our own ies, the charnel houses of ethno cleansing, Boil, Rowands, Koro, Gujarat Sudan, Les spect, but no es trai, ate the terssons tha lead to the balan of eligious farsdaentalism. And then there are those deeply iablingthe- ses ofthe clash of ciation” one tured again Islam and ‘ow targeting migrants, refugees, and minorities more generally anon’ sion ofthe global future, port eolnilisn and afer ‘decolonization isan ethical and political poject—es, «plan of ection aswel a projected apration-—that mst go beyond natn aninded nationalism” or bourgeois national formal ism because “ifnationalism not explainedeniched and deep ened fit des not very quickly ten into a socal and politcal sciousness, into humanism, then it leads toa deadhend "= [Now many readers have held tht The Wretahed ofthe Barth is Jong on prophecy and polemics and short on policy and plan ning—delberatey unieralized level ofanabsthathaed The Wretched ofthe Earth to become, a Start Hall has erated the ‘Bible of decolonisation" I has alo been juety argued that Fanon's Third Weel isan iconic evocation of Arica, symbal of PanvAican solidanty composed of his sere experiences ofthe “Maghreb, West Aa, South Acs, andthe Als, with sant ™ tne wah Sou lin Ft Fao: lac hin Whe Macs, die baju As Can of gland, 15 atarenes of Latin America (withthe exception of Cuba), Ass, cor the Middle Ese These fine historical reading have greatly enanced out unde sanding ofthe univenlzing generalizing tendency in Panen’s ‘writings. Thete i more tobe si, however, about Fanon's uni ‘ersalism fits read, as Ihave proposed, elation oa concept ‘ofthe Third World asa project marked by 2 double tenporaliy. Decolonization demands asutained. quotidian commitment fo the srg for national bertion, for when the high, hey sind of revolution lores it velocity there ls no “guetion of bridging the gap in one gint stride, The epic i played out on 2 dlc day to dy basen the suffering ended far exceeds that ofthe colonial period "Bt the coming int being ofthe Third Word isalso a project of fututy conditional upon being freed from the “univocal chotee” presented by the cold wat Fanon’s invocation ofa new humariam-—"Let us endeavour to invent man in al something which Earope hasbeen incapable of achieving”? is certainly grounded ina univers entlogy that informs both is tne to human consciousness ad sot realy The historical agency ofthe discourse of Third Worlds, however, with its xtcal, political stance aginst the imposed ‘nivel choice of capitalism vs. socialism," makes tes ‘ers in temper and more strates, activist and sprational In character: The basi confontsionwhichseemed tbe seni vena clonal, indeed exp vers scsi, aleay lang it imprtance, What raters toa, these which Mocks Ue horn, [sth need raedutrbiona wealth Humanity wl ve ode this quai, no mater how derstating the crsequenees ay beFanon’ cal fora redatbution of wealth and technology beyond the thetorical picts of moral reparation” is a nels reminder ofthe need for someting like “right to equitable development (contoverial though it may be) ata ime when {ual economies ze celebrated ifthe wer global economies, And coming tous fom the distances of midentury decal zation, Fanon's demand for a fae distibution of tights and resources makes timely interention in a decadelong debate fon socal eqity that has focused pethap too exclusively on ‘he caltire wars, the politic of deni, and the politi of ee Cognition. Fanon’s eal has certainly been heard by popular ‘movements and soil institutions committed to debt relief ot fongivenes it has le to ealthiniiatives that ae he availability of generic drugs fr HIV.AIDS as an economic necessity for the “right” to life and human capability and his influence i Felt amongst reformist bodies that ecko vetrctae interna tional trade and taf and democratize the governance of glo bal financial institutions, n favor af equitable assistance snd redisibation “The actors and agents ofthese global initiatives of an interna ‘ional ii society the making, whether hey are NGOs, human tight organtaation,interatonal legal or education bodes, ‘or national snd taneational popular movernents, have done theirbett reste coerivecutires oF univocal choice, Some time they succeed fen they fail ost ikely they survive ua cetanl between succes and failure, By secing the need for ‘equitable distbtion ax pat of « humanistic prejest, Fanon transforms is economie erm of reference he places the prob lem of development inthe context of these forcefl and fragile ‘paychoafective” motivations and millions that drive ur calletiv stn fr survival, nurture ou ethical afiliation and !mbivalences, nd nour our politcal dese for freedom WE, | want totum now to Fanon's exploration ofthe psycho- slfective realm, which ie nether subjective nor objective, but a place ofsocil and pychic edition, andi may qute Fanon ‘ut of conte "the glowing foal point where eitzen and i dividual develop and grow...” leis Fon’: great contribu tion to our understanding of ethical judgment and pobtieal experience to insistenly Hare his reflections on violence, de ‘colonization, national conciousness, and huanis in terms ofthe pychoafectveresim—the body, dreams paychic inet sions and displacements, phantasmatic politcal dentfeations Apschoective relation or response hsthe semblance of uni ‘crtity and timeleseness heeae i iveles the emotions, he Imagination or payee lif, but ition ever mebilzed into - cal meaning and historia effet through an embodied ander bedded aeton,an engagement with (or resistance to} a given realy, ora performance of azeney in the preset tense The nervous condition aed political agitations of porcho- slfectivity compose and decompete the comparimentalized ‘worlds of colonialism and metrpaltan racism. In Block Skin, ‘White Marks, Fanon dramatically explores the pychoallectve predicament ofthe Antilean Negro ashe is assailed by the de- essonalizing, discriminatory gaze of racist recognition: "Look Negro..." The black pero, afiee French elzen fom an ‘overseas department of the republic, isasailed om a public hoe. ‘ugha in Lyon or Pars, He is foreed t inhabit a alienating fd Fragmented reality as soon as “the white mans ees” cal fort ths "other" being who is "battered down by tomfoms, can. rials, itllectaldeficieney, ebchism, acl defects." Blak citizen ae fixed a dyer inthe personae of serectypes whose peecutory force erates a vente of cial death, or hey ate vaporized into a mote general “climate of opinion” where 5, ia Fanon, lack Stn, Whi Mate (New Yak Cre Pr 16‘he aciaized person i seen a threat, infction, symptom of social decline: “overdetermined from without dissected ‘ander white eyes Tam feds and long shlesnae pick Uupthe catch phases stewn over the surfice of thingy." Is the peeulaity of repimes of cal oppreso they ake in mediately visible and vivid the more mediated ad abstract prac tices of power suchas clas division, te exploitation a Libor, nd socal hierarchies of status. "Looking athe immedicis of the colonial context.” Fanon writes, "itbecomes clea that what divides thi wold i fit ond foremost what species, what race ‘one belong on the colonies the ecancnie infrastructure alko a superstctre, The ease is efect you ate ich becuse you re white, you ate white beens you are ich." Tris the Manichacan mentality that goes with such racial cultural discriminations, and the economie divisions set up fo accommedate and authoie them, that reat the vilen prycho- affective conditions that Fanos describes in The Wietched of the Earth. The colonial vocabulary isc rough with stor ance, slagoniom, and ansely- thse hysterical mass: hei Hank faces this vegetative existence” The colonized, who ate ‘fen devoid of a public woe, resort to dreaming, imagining sting out, ernediding the reactive vocabulary of violence and retributive justice in thet bodies, thei psyches "To blow the Colonial world to smithereens is henceforth clea image within the gasp and imagination of every colonized subject. To cil cate the coli weld. To desoy the colons’ sector Challenging the colonial word ie nots tlional confrontation of viewpoints. I's nota discourse onthe nivel, but the it psoned claim by the colonized that hee worl is fundamen tly diferent” Thetis more to the pychoulectve real than the subject ‘ofviolence, which has become the cans ctlebre afte fist chap- terofThe Wetchdf th Earth, “On Violence” Hanah Arends saul onthe bookin the lt sister ws an ater staanching the wife it spread acs university campuses, while she realy achnowedged that it vas relly Sart pefice that ried io- lence beyond Fanon’ wonds of wither. Sete finned tie flames "We have certainly son the wind; they ae the whitind. Sons cofviolence, at every instant they draw thet hamaniy ran ™— stile arguing that despite the doctrine of Hberatony violence, Fanon, “the man, deep down hated it” tis dificult to do us tice to Fanon’ views on violence, oo appreste his pasion se appreach tothe phenomenology ofécolonization, without acknowledging a profound itera dstonance, in French colo nial thought between the fee fanding ofthe ciizen and the Segregated sts ofthe subjet—the double pol destiny of the same colonized person. Indeed, T want to argue thatthe troubled trafic between the psyehie body andthe body pall- om the subjective experience of objective reality so pic of Fan's sve suggest that the pavchovfective relation i alk “the glowing focal pont where citizen and individual de velop and grow. When Fann ini that the colonized’ impassioned claim to diference ta chllenge othe discourse of tational contotaton and universality, he s both using and ‘opposing the very words and values—rationaliy, univer ‘upon whic the French mason ciliaris ound ts gover ‘mental practices of colonisl assimilation, asocationism, and integration. ™ Jenefol Seine Cla and Newco, ta, Haden, yt and NeW Coody 2 Biba se "Rabe Young, Psalm Bec S01) Seer YT inbing ntThe orignal ofthe French phenomenological approach to ealoniaism and decolonization ies in it warenet of the abiding instability ofthe sytem, however sable te netutons tay appear. “Ifone chooses to undentand the colonial stem, Abert Memmi writes in The Coloniver and the Colonize, "hi must admit that i unstable and its equilbriom constantly threatened" The ciiliring isin egosnde in a profond senteofinstabilty—not« saenountabl or sublaable “ont diotion”~s the French Republic gazes araously upon its own Imior image a werld power. On the one hand, ance ithe supreme bearer of universal Righs and Reason "beater even of 2 ew extegoyof ime for he indigenous populations onthe ‘aber, varios adminitnative sats asimiton, sociation, integration deny thoxe same poplation the right fo emerge at French citizens in a public sphere oftheir own ethical and cultural making. The principle of citizenship i held ou; the Posi of fre cultural choice and communal patcipaton withheld “The fear of instability and disequilibrium between freedom and ely 6 T have described its endent in the hitry oe lon Algeria, Citizenship becomes he unable, snsutanable pychoallective stein the confit between politcal and legal ‘ssimilation, andthe respet for, and recognition of, Muslim ‘ethical and elt afiations. Between 1865 and 1936, fever than thee thousand Algerian Muslims had availed themselves ‘of Napoleons senatu entut, which extended French eitien hip to those Mais who agrecd to dvet themselves ofc sate under Islamic law." Agtin, the Algerian state of 1947 Alen Memmi The Calon and te Clie (a hes. inde oi excell wok is nade a “grand” gore, which wat no more than a sleight of hae. The electra system a ddd into two colleges one forBuropeansand small umber of Muslims who wer granted falipoliteal rights, the other fer the majority ofthe Msi pope lation. earful of the increase inthe Muslim vote, the Hate alloted haf he sea inthe Algerian asemly othe fist college, and in 1948 and subsequent yea, the colonial amination age he ballots to reefer Maslimparicpation Such widespread denfanchisement bred «deep dstrst nthe Mis lim population, leading s norber of dient groupe to ara tamatein 1954 fon the Front de Libation Naonale (FUN), mein Bulan ders the proces: "Cradally thse who fo decades sought assimilation ino French society and the tad. tional nationals joined forces inthe FLN.™* When “nt. gation” was proposed by the lst goermorgenen, |acques Soule (ater the Algenan Wa ef Independence began in 1954, the “Algerian ft” of diverse regional cultures, lan ngs, ard emits was recognized longa these “pr Finca —provsonal?—French ot sete Under the surely ofthe pateralti sonal poner that deeply distused what ito a the rgesive zealot fan Such a threatened equilisium leads to 2 phenorenoogial Condition of necous astm, nares jsifeaton, and vai, even vangloios, poctamatons of prgresive principles og the pt the lil at and ch er eh active ympoms that rea the injustices and dseuonum that haunt the colonel ice record, Banon was quick gap the pac affective implications af subly punishing and diabling pateralitic power ° wag [el ly Sram ntl ond ee * Hueln Abbi Balan, Reolinay chit fF sng aon The Cn Dlg Nig Che Sueur 3ingle be ptecel wet Kind heated moe wh protect her ‘hid fom bowtie ewronmer butter meth who conan prevent herbal ere child fo comming ce or Inge vein wis malcetatinets The clon ber pees child fom oom fen psalogs bil nd ‘On Violence" describes the struggle between brute realities and resant beds in a pote that nso the page to tke you by the and, “to touch my reader affective, of in other words imationlly or sensually- For me words have charge. | find myself incapable of escaping the bite ofa word, the vertigo of 4 question mask" The colonialist decloes the mative to be “a corrosive element... distoring everthing which involves aesthetics or morals” an unconicious and incurable inst ‘ment of blind frees Such an ontoogieal obliteration ofthe ater” ess in “the colonies aflectiy (being put on edge ies running soe finching fom aeatic agent asthe psyche ‘ete into muscular spas and hysterical symptoms. Treat ing the natives as something lea han human ster ijlante groups called their wanton killing of Muslin Algerians “rat hhunts*"— results in a proces of deperonaliaton that eeates sense of bodily memory anda violent corporeal agency. "The shantfown is the consecration ofthe colonies lope de son to invade the enemy citadel tal cat, and ifneed be, by the most underground channel” (my emphasis). These vo. lent aspects ofthe realm of paycho-flectve conflict and delense donot, homever, ell the whole storyto be found in The Wethed ofthe Earth Much ofthe book is devoted to exploring the proceses by hich decolonization turns into the projet of ration buildings nd by delving int the “babbling trepidation” thatexiss inthe ‘moment of tanston, The Witch ofthe Bath opens up poss bales for postive and productive pachoaletive relations “Re. claiming the pas does hot only habit or jst the promise of «national culture.” Fanon writs, “it Wiggers 4 change of 5 Bulan, in Cibo, 15,fundamental importance inthe colonised spychoalectiveequi- [ibium.* The pscho-afecive equilibrim achieved through the eteation of a national culture pases through a “tonal stage” on it way to constructing « worldsystem based on the ideas of global equity. "This cold war.» ges ue nowhere,” Fanon atgues tepeately, "The nuclear are race mat be stopped andthe underdeveloped region must receive generous Snestmente and technical ad. The fat ofthe world depends on the response gen to this question. Ifthe anticolnial move- ment as a establishing national sovereign and cultural is. Aependence the visionary goal of decolonization io dmarlc {he “ether” ofthe cold war that dictates ideologies] options sd economic chaies to Third World nations aan integral part ‘ofthe supranational, xenophobie tragge for wenld supremacy. (Gold war internationalism, with its dependent states and it vision ofthe spoils repeats the Manichaean structure of pos fesvion and dipossession experienced in the colonial world, ‘The urtaveling ofthe Soviet tem saw the rapid emergence of ethnoregional patriots and nationalisms ofa fixsonary Kind that destroyed the existence of the very posi of el society inthe mid of chil war and enic cleansing Fanon was committed to creating s werldsystem of Third Werld nations that fostered a postolonis] consciousness based ‘ona “al emergence” of national sovereignty and intemational soldat, for "itis a the heat of national consciousness tha in ternational consiouaness establishes tue and thrives The hopefsl nonin of Fanos dual emergence was bused not on 2 "metaphial principle” of cultial athens or geal tal exceptionalism ithe Afiean “raion,” the Aan “temper ‘ment, the Latin American “pit but on the polite! and ethical principles of independence and secutiy—a regional ‘ay extended ay nian hat eb tay a ‘erable to antidote gemanee or excl reseed by hegemonic, qasselonal powers Tn mary ways ree chee ea of exon inepaton and concn ele ton on bowd sc princi of wen an agan doe Sperent wer sled byte comupt and aan paciees a the clonal brea tat he desucd fro ede op Drain ofthe role othe seer noma selecesne, sick of he “pineeing spe te iventve deemececk new-norks nee of popes maton] pousgese ta, coring World Bank Werking Rep snot © poscatat Seuth Aton pate wealth s held ue eco Bat Fan's eli nthe ctl importance of coroner tee ropes upper undedevepe gone i te ‘ot depends on the epee ois queso nate Bing iste that eas each ie ne fine secu seeping county saci by unedeemable debt hee problens have hid no sabtoy lon ston te aloe $y fom hind oo With fev eceptons, th caogupy ofthe gba south lows the contoumoftheTrd Wer. The urusonre co oy “development fefor toe Amara Sov cacln shine, hs long histo tiie or whieh veto goes tent mot share espns wit the memo cs ty), Horeve, Faron’ plete pop tae pcan Saran of indepen an bling ald eter tence Sonal pany aterth end the Cold Wortley aon Noy of ele nn ou ies, sensi reas mpd roxy ofthe incomplete project of declutter ie 7% nit, Ake He sn Carine ail igh Cai a Foal Cece’ Nn st iy Rech Neg haps ea Spor St Nr en, Donen trek (Ne Yc es (ee Ox UP 1, " "ipasessed sbieet of globalization. Caught up inthis prof histon, the wretched ofthe eat, in oar time aed Fanon enter the zane of pychoalectvty and echo the horrifying cal to vio Fanon for oar ime And Fanan fr othe ies and places 1 1966, Bobby Seale and Huey Newton sead The Wretched ofthe Earth in bowen Oakland, ad 0 the tony goes” —when they ‘nee ares some month ltr fr “locking the sidewall" the {eat provided foundational perspectives on neocolonialism and rationals tht inpited the founding ofthe Black Nationalist Pay In Pantherls Black Cat, writen 1971, Reginald Moor (Kelly) acknowledges Fanon’ influence onthe Panthers With sexist swagger tat was pat of te macho se ofthe times, Major rakes Fan's ands the colonial mentality understanding the arsickof"whitenes that devalues black consiousnessand results ina “eulural and pyehie genocide" that lads to the inadequacy ofblack manhood. Gio Pontecono's Bate of ger became cul film among the Bay Ava Panthers because it was anon finkd,” and yungrevoltionais attentively watched is depiction oftvorit ats and the axganization of covet cells “They found sition in the fick The natives won. In the early seventes, Steve Bio's room nthe student residence atthe Univeraty of Natal Became the meeting place for mer ber ofthe South Afncan Students Astocaton; it was also the fntllctal center ofthe lac consciousness movement. Tat dorm room in Durban was the place where Bik, "the person Sg ele Aicen Ariens (Deto Ml Gale Recah vg win aM A anh Black Cat NewYork: Wiis aro who brought ideas ist created The Wrathed ofthe Earth tohis ends and comrades—wrters activi, comity work actors, tadents-who were avo converse wth the poely tnd the polis ofthe Black Panther movement Fanon’ sing lar contribution tothe theoretical understanding ofthe black Gonos mae yn hiateson fe connie ‘ote of Marsm toward grater emphasis on he immportance of psychological and cultural liberation the pxyeho-ffective teal of revalonary activin and emancipation Ina prison cll inthe noteroas H.Block of Beli pison, some time ater 1973, a young apprentice coach builder and member ofthe Ish Republican Ay, Bobby Sand, First read Fanon's ‘The Wreched of the Earth, of which there were male copies ‘on the H-Black shelves. & historian ofthe IRAM suggests that Fanon incendiary spit may have set alight IRA passions be- cue of passages ike thi “Theat shal be fist andthe Fit at” Deon ithe poting ‘ato practice of thinset. Forth et shal be fis ts wl cnlvcometo pa ern ad dace sage baieen the "wo protagnis. That fed inenon pace the a he head of ingen ony rnp wee all meas fo tur he ele, rnlidng of cause ato lees. The Shite revival ofthe 196 and 1970, which developed nto the rnin revelation led by Ayatollah Khomeini was based on 4 revision of Shite doctine influenced by Maxim and com Bands Py Te Ord sivemite othe slog of Third Wor Herat No scholar Drie ase epee sg eet man tho alloned the People’s Rsjbidcen than Ai Sharia, who Tod eal Fanon during his staent dein Pts nd talated Thence ef he Earth in ean According toils Kee, 2 hisoran of pola am, “Sharia rendered the dierence iemeen-oppesots and oppresed’ withthe Kraic terms movie teas) a6 moadafine (he weakened ot Gere), thus tampering he theay of cls Sage ito theterminloy ofan Tes malate” yb tem crept into Khosin’ ola htorie via Shas ranltion a Fanon ater 19°, n his aempt Broaden the sped of fresage and aes a mote dive audience Finally, on September 19,2001, Richard Pete, former US. a Sisto sere of defense (1981-87), wrote the following three asap: “The isanaiof Veh deft boot sme of te commentary onthe caren wat on eno, We conn carte eran fsachtheme "We dent now swhathcenatyiWeda know where ost hem and tha TrecWeethed ofthe Er owe he tie of Brant Fanon famous ticoonil tact) revo desert ht they would noe honorable death tthe hand of wat ys a the Great Satan 1 US. Def Secretary, Donald Rams. eite ight say hat tattle kind war niche Fee Wold ow es 7 Gls Repe hd: The Tei of Pla gn, ans. Anthony. age Caml i ard Ue Fr 08) i soa Feros © Rehan Fl "Get oS 1201-18 Fanon acknowledges the enoemous significance of hisphenom- nological level of life when he opens his esay “On National Clute” with one ofhis set egmtic nd inpting pronounce ments “Each generation mist dicove is mison, il it or betray itn elaieopzety" Tam to that ise by is ret ing to my beginning: What forms of unhappy consciousness prevall among the colonized wo fel restened fom all sides? How does the body speak in extemis how does he mind wih stand? “Colonials forces the colonized to contact ask the ‘question: Who am Fn reap?" Fanon writs in The Wretched the arth, From where does he sprit vl ariein the midst ofthe confusion of "myriad signs of the eolonil world"? How do the oppresed discover the enduring stengtto founda fee and jus society, a national eonsciouanes, they ae continu tly aware oftheir own ansiety and agli? ‘The Witch of he Barth ezetges, yar afer yar, in allan Natal, Belt, Tehran, Washington, Pais, to sty nothing of Bomtoy, wherein read ito wlerever oe may be today hit ‘ook fas ito your hands Fanon is invoked repented by Hera stents, radial atts, human sights worker, cult histor an, terry scholars, journal, evens foner U.S. asian ferse secretary. I could be sid that Fanon’ street fighting ays ame tan end in the 197 and 1980, and tha e now tks is place onthe bookshehesslongaide CLR Jes, Sarbe, Memmi, Marcuse, Coerara, Angela Dai... Thon who clan to fallow in Fanon’ fottps itis oem sid, only absorb his abstracts guments ae sting sentiment they ai Wo understand his sel Tes engagement withthe Algerian War of Independence and tum lind eye to his ale to consider the possibility that « Sate bil onthe revolutionary violence of the PLN could slidemore easily nto state terror and religious fanaticism. Marists hve traditionally distance themselves fiom Fanon’s emphasis ‘on pychoulfetv factor inplitealreatoning whl etizing Is efal lo prose the oe of the ganized peoletait in the anticolonal revolution, The insgent energies ofthe Algerian peasanty and lumpen proletariat, Fanon believed, would goad agaist the corrption End coopation of westenized” ational pris ed by ban elites, Bt inthe opinion ofsome of his FLN cornades, Fanon Alsplayed x nave noi dela ou in championing peasnty that had become fagmented and displaced though the 1950s, some afthem confined ta refagee o revetment camps in Tani Sis and Morocco, aters having migrated t cities i Alera oF France." Itwasin te Ite 1950s that Fanon’ commitment othe Algerian ease seemed to tur rom apolitical commitment into 4a more inward identficstion, a consusamateselEfashioning of his as an Algerian. Tis aia indigeninaton of deny, ike hisoveresimaton the peanniy, could be seen ashi nondance orenhancement ohisomn nal and pyc realiy—1 compen ‘Stor family omance that would diavow his Marinezn ogi. through a phantasatie denial ofthe “unheroic aston” of the Antilan heritage wor of the vile and decolonised teri” ofthe FLN.” Simone de Beawvoi?s memoris of her ‘omnerition wih Fanon flesh cut this poigeant and probler> ttc predicament. “Above all I don't want to become a profes Sion esolutonay,"" Fanon ansiouly observed of hirsl 5. he lamented his exilicextence ar an Antilean fighting for A eran independence "ohne, ote in Macey 8 1 ert Mein yenrabl ay, “The npn Ui Frantz Neha ee Was 1739-9 nd Dann Ns ra Fort New Yt Ors Fe 8 + ets Verge Mote nd Retna Coll Fay Ro Fanon's involvement in the Algerian revolution was prima as witness, doctor, diplomat, wrtr—or athe was once kno in ‘Tunisia, “the pamphleter fom Martinique” (This moniker fers to his frequent contibutios to EI Mujahid, dae Algerian nationalist newspaper, afer he took up residence in Tun, ha ing been expelled from Algena by the French administration in 1957) During histenure atthe pyhistic spt at Bld (1933 56), there were cecasionson which he covet tne the idayine (village mits to cope with thei own atc of errand a ‘fy while they were carrying aut asasination ater he sso taught them paychologial way and pasiloical means of with sanding ore and resisting intregation In 1960, Fanon was tivoled in exploringthe post of establishing Saharan ent in southern Algeria to be acces fan Mal, whic could pro ‘dea line of soppy and support for FLN forces Tie year lang up tothe composton of he Wretched of he Bart 1961 were faught withthe woence and uncertainty of the Algerian War of adependence, which the French sate pr sed a iit were no more tan the “poison” of cil psi= ing Fenchletvingitelectuslcame gether underthe banner afte “Manifesto ofthe 121" support the Algerian national, tnd compared the Fench military presence in Algeria to the Hilt order" Doesithave tobe eae hat ten yeaa the desiction ofthe Hienite order, French mits fas, be cause ofthe demands ofa war ofthis kind, succeeded ia reinto- Ahucingtortre and has once mot insitationalied tin Esrope™”™ ‘Simone de Bear, one of the staunchest sypportes of the “Manifeto, exprssed ashared sente of digut and despa: “Ten thousand Algerians had been herded into the Vel HW lite the Jews t Dray once before Again [Tothed allthis eaunty, Bae Bennai, 15, cable. Onc pin Macey pros thedsel the whole worl Dusing a particulary bral oersve {in July 1959 natned Operation Binecuan, General René Challe’ ‘toop sought to root out the ingent ofthe Armée de Liber tion Nationale (ALNY hing inthe high Kabyle mountains by nmin local wilge that oftered oppo to the national The policy ofmgroupement,orestlement moved the ul pop Jaton barbea ire compounds eemblingconcentatoncamps fieen thousand people sequestered ina space meant fr three ‘howsand and sutounded by bleak txched elds “without water, ‘without sevageor sition of any kind, withoat land ty alate tnd forthe mast part without work. A couple of ea ex Tey, n 1957, the southern edge of the Kaba had been the ate of. the appalling masrere of Melua, The rary beeen the FLN and the MNA (Mouvement NabonaliteAlgevenne), which had centered on tert contl and ttl ation, exploded sto ‘bloodbath when te FLN eadeip ordered is operatives to “ex terminate this vermin"® ~a cling, uneanny echo, hala cen tury ter, of Kurt's command, "Extent the brates," in Joep Conta’ clase tle of colonial tupitade in the Belgian Congo, Heat of Darnes The FLN herded al males above the age of Fen, Alistair Home wits, “ino houses andintthe mosque and slaughtered them with ifs, pck aces and krives-a tol of 301" anon forged his thinking on violence and countrviolence in hase conditions of dre extremity, when evenydy interactions vere med into exigent evens of ie and death incendiary ‘elations between colonizer and colonized, intemecine feuds between revolutionary brotherhoods femoris tacks in Pari de Beet, 321, > ia Home Se Worf Pre A 182 anda Als Hoe, Savage War Poses, rns he rsisldetpese he Feng ne ed and Algies by the ultra sightoving QAS (Organisation Armée Secreta) and thee pid nie supporters (Europes seers in Algeria) As locus lass of polities sistance and the het ric of retributive violence, The Wretched ofthe Earth captures the tone of hove apocalyptic tines. ‘The colonel subject ducover ety and tranormsitongh i rss hs deploinent of violence and hr agen fe iberation” Butbor dow et am violence to sting once inmotion? What owe the hd" When the Algerians jt any method which dosnt ircide vio- leoce they know thatch rade alone can dele hem omy telonal oppresion. A new hie af vltinshp elie in the etd The peoples of he Third Word sea the proceso catenin ther chai and what eaordinry itt they ceed” Hannah Arendt’ objection to The Wratchad ofthe Earth has les todo withthe occurence of violence than with Fanon’s teleological belie that the whole process would end ina new hhumarism, 2 new planetary relation to redo defined by the ‘Third Word. Collective violence engenders clove politcal ki ships lke suicide squads and revolutionary brotherhoods, she ‘wot, but "No body polite | know was ever funded on equa: iy before death and is aetualistion in violence Arend at best onlyhalfghtinherreadingoF Fanon He iscatious about the celebration of spontaneous wolenee where my blood ell forthe blood of the othe” because “hated i not an agenda capable of maintaining the unity of party organization once vi- Tent revolt breaks down into the difcult day-to-day strategy of SWE Heth Arr, On Vor (New Yr: Hrs, ced Wal win,fighting a war of independence.” On the eter hand Sates preface to The Wetched ofthe Earth (he nub of Are’ attack fon Fanon’ ies) commited to brnging the colonia daletic torts conclusion by eurying home to metropolitan France— ‘he esos and the lesions of anticolonial lence Those who thereto principles of nonvnlene inthe ceo coonaloppres- sion are taunted with the ethical ipa of thee posions— “even your nonviolent thoughtsarea condition bom of an age-old oppression, Sarre pares aay the pietes and vanities of En Tightenment univers o reveals tlerance of cise nd practice He confront his compatrios with a pectacular sep ene of out human whi jung he wes of wolence to ‘ene an catelgial claim to humanity Sor those who have been treated x sbumany Son of violence, a eer instant the dam ‘heir homanty om i we were human beings a thei expense, they are making thermscives human beings a ous.” For Arendt, Fanon svolence lesds tothe death of pois: for Sante, draws the fry, fist breath of human freedom. pro pe a diferent reading, Fanonin violence, in ny view, spat ‘a rugae for pryho affective sual and a serch for human gene inthe rst of the agony of oppression, Te does nator + Cea choice betwecn life and death ox slavery and freedom, be fase icons the coll condition of ies-esth.Fanons phenomenology of wolence conceive ofthe ealonized~ body, Soul, culture, community, fistory—in a proces of “continued ‘agony [rhe] than a total disappearance ™ He describes this sy eed Sats hae “ping the det os com (Calman otf Nevelmaon 10 “The adapt this poe om Fest Fano, "Rim ané Calc in Toman on Mee evn, state of polite consciousness and pyc being with #harows ing accuracy Expoiaion ltire rien, collective luis. fl make ofthe rae an objectin fe hands of he ecupvngnation, Tht bjt man, ito means fein, withut a aon ee bo en inthe ver dep fbi suntance The Gio ve to conti, ‘becomes mote and mre ders, moe ard mae pantie i gett the wellanown usmle appene™ Dees the “gu comple” ie tthe very origins of violence of does he sug fr ideation have to ent eee ult inorder be efetve? The double-edged nate of his question guilt a stimulant, ran obstacle to eedor, or posbly ‘thf Fons wi expe to Sarre ard Benoit) that il poliicalleden shoul be payers as well Fanon’ Se of thinking and writing operates by eeating repeated disunetions followed by proximate ntpostons —bedveen the wil ofthe political agent and the desire of the poycho affective subject His dscouse does no privilege the sbjectve er theabjective orice vem nor doer his argument prescribe "hicrcy ofelatonsbetven ater aly and mental r cor poreal experience. The dole fge ofthe politician chat fomeon like Frantz Fanon hil, temps to decipher the changing scale measure, judgment) ofa problem, event, ew tig, oraction as itcomes tobe represented or famed in the shit ing ratios and telabons that ext beween the ress of politcal and pychoaffectie eperione. The connectone between guilt and violence ate pat of such 4 delicate balance ® , ‘The colonied bjs always his gud nfs the mrad sig he clonal weld he mee hs whether ei ut of Bie de Bn, 318Conor wih wad oid ni js hy freed ply. Th colt da mt cg pi bt ar Bebe tages net Dames Sa ep doen he ‘Sense bjt inshore dtd ae dons ‘Seiden tty same eet ioc pte wreck dws acd ihewtot also nah the le ace bag calk ne ‘ruchith ag png se ny Iii butte mb Thy dete Sy ches ae? Bathe eyes rng” Thc ne sccm, ati, thatthis ia straightforward spectacle of Fanon ian etabutve vilence. The oxgins of vlencelie ina presump tive "ase gil,” which the colonized hast assome because of his powerless postion tit ea gu tat he doesnot acceptor interiorize "He i made to fel fro, but by means con ‘inced of hi inferiority” The upton of violence isa manies: tation of hi ansious act of masking, ram which the colonized emerges a2 guerila i camouflage waiting forthe colons 0 Tet down his guards hate might ump; each obstacle encour tered isa simolant to action and shield to hide the insurgents intention fo take the colonists place. Because hei dominated by military power and yet not lly domeaticated by the ege- ‘mnie persasions of asimiation and the evilizing mision, the nticolonil nationalists able to decipher the double and op- posed meaning emited by the sounding symbols of cic the bhgle els or police sirens. "They donot igi Stay where ou sate! Bat tther ‘Cet ready to do the ight thing’ From the Torgued mind and muscle ofthe colonized subject Yom guaed™ >We. veces the nana agent as mjd FLN ale) o dine (PLN perl). Thete however, another scenario that uns though this ‘arate of lence and omental nseting os progres though not onaveled byt Here the pycrtetve tag faton of walence isa desperate at sual onthe poe “cbjctman,"asbugletep ave The fle” or masked gui comple (have eal) eg Fanon els urn tee feding quotation, when the very este tine becomes tnd attenuated, "more and mote indecisive wore and ore Plann Artis poi, the spine or dsuncton, be {ween being dominated and Being dmesicted the mea Siclenion bwen he lod ath jt dae fom which atcolnialvilenceemergr~isenpeienced = poychic and fective cue rather tan primary a plc cts inbth ene he em)The ae ay al ace the atoriy fh clit hi cone cote toy te~ here ejected gu beens toe! ie same hay over him ikea Deroleowod eaten hin tha iinet di tl my cal ah he inter ed thetemal weld tht moment, the pole! agen maybe Sadowed—rather than simulated bythe pyehoaectne subject who as inhabits his bodily space. The colonize’: com stant seul tension may tam into hysteria igi li, 2 Fanon css hat th leit an xt” The ‘mujh may hea the double call of sien and bugle and yet be Crh neo cola pray and politically payed between the command fo "Ste where youare” andthe desire to"Get ready to dothe right hing”“"There (Gerd Unter Pes desc oe soley ol ac ies tinaf ae andra ftv,a rontvonn is every pony, ax Fanon writes, “thatthe colons keeps the culonized in a sate of rae, which he prevents from being over {and this] pericdalyerup ito bloody fighting between tebe, clans, ad individuals The apication to do the vght ‘hing might be felled by the agility ofthe individual, by tans ‘animosity, bythe ton hand a history, aby indecnon and ‘uncertainty, but these fallures do aot devalue the ethical and Fmaginative acto reaching out toward rights and freedoms. Fanon, the phantom offeror, might be only the mainte, ‘it ntimidating, poet ofthe viiitades of violence. But pede justice can be questionable even when it xenercned on behalf of the wretched of he exh. And if a have agued the lesan of Fenon lies in hisfine adjustment of the balance between the pai ‘ican and the yeh, hiss in allering the “scale” beeen the sci] dimension andthe psyehoaflective relation, then we Ihave to ai tht e iin danger ofaing his balance when, fo instance, he writes "Violence ean thus be understood to be the perfect mediation. The colonized man liberates himself n and through velence. The pra enlightens the militant because i shows him the means andthe end" Krowing hat we now know aboutthe doable destiny of violence, must we nt ask: Isvilence tera perfect mediation? fit no simp hetrcal bravura 3 fer thit any form of scolar, material mediation can provide a transparency of palitial seton (or ial udgrent) ha eeveas the means and he end? isthe clear iro of lence not some- thing of» mirage in which the dposseased sce dee refcetions but from whic they emnot dake thee hist? Fanon ha ich variety of radets wh donot come to his work to seek the “perfect mediation” of violence. They turn to The Wretched of the Earth, generation afer generation foramore ‘bseute reson, armed only with an imperfect mie of obligy- ‘Son tow the ideale they wart serve aed the rales they seek ronewone a to presen. The mesage he tle aay fom Fano’ ook isa Quiet, more contempt one "Each geen mu daroer ‘ey aby ay coring his end Faon some opaque in pe son. There wa a aad etn ir ab i at ined hsspechandwrtng ih-av eat qui hugh ty confined obscure, snub ponies sputter, Francis Jenson, cle ithe cy spect of hr net approach. Jean Dani the eto of Le Nowe! Obes tenernben thatthe bande he ng Fanon became tngent and ays sere ove a mesage The erper nes sags of poctpliin ae never a cay decipher fered pin hie names I fr theo that hee ed, this es tac the prophecies of Fann ing hand et rar asain a beckon engmately tard or own ies nh nw Deion The With of te Earth Each age hss peli puts nd is rg isons, The garb we ply in he design and ection of shal errs {ers arettadoed by the contngeny ose nh uly of aur chars Samcines we bak the oat hen ll isbroken Whatenabieertapir heptane oven de freedom the bl ht una beings are capable of imap ining what Fanon once described a2" [het long bed te mmestr tenet have bathe oe eke 1 would lik to thank Mark emg and David Mulroney er in elle aitance with hey, and La Bra fr er ea! lent avalaton,OTRILSHED BY GROVE POSS THE WRETCHED Black Skin, White Masks OF THE EARTH A Dying Colonialiom I Toward the Aftican Revolution Frantz Fanon | Translated from the French | by Richard Philcox with commentary by Jean Paul Sartre ‘and Homi K. Bhabha ¥ New YorkCah © 156 y Pe i td pg 8 yt a Contents Foreword: Framing Fanon, by Homi K, Bhabha vi Preface, by Jean Paul Sate sii 1. On Violence (On Vialence in te Intentional Context 82 1, Grandeur and Wesknes of Spontanety 6 UL, The Trial and Tribulations of National Consiousne a TV, On National Calare Ms Mutuel Foundations fr National Culture ‘nd Liberation Strats V. Colonial War and Mental Disorders Series A Series B Series © Series D From the North Afcan’s Criminal Ipuliveness tothe War of National Liberation Conclusion (On Retransating Fanon, Retieving a Lost Voice m1