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Science and
Technology
Learner Guide
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING
Learner Guide
212 - Science and Technology
Secondary Course
Course Coordinators
Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta
Dr. Rajeev Prasad
Dr. Sanghmitra Suryapani
Project Coordinator
Ms. Asheema Singh
Copies)
Published by the Secretary, National Institute of Open Schooling, A-24-25, Institutional Area, NH-24,
Sector-62, NOIDA-201309 (U.P) and Printed by
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Dr. Sitansu S. Jena
Chairman
NIOS, NOIDA (UP)
CURRICULUM COMMITTEE
CHAIRPERSON
Prof. R. D. Shukla
Professor & HEAD (Retd.)
DESM, NCERT, New Delhi
MEMBERS
Prof. T. R. Rao
Professor (Retd.)
Dept. of Environment Studies
Delhi University, Delhi
Prof. V. P. Srivastava
Professor
DESM, NCERT
New Delhi
Prof. A. K. Bhatnagar
Professor
Zakir Husain Delhi College
Delhi University, Delhi
Dr. M. K. Gandhi
Education Officer
CISCE Board
New Delhi
Dr. D. K. Rao
Deputy Director
DEC, IGNOU
New Delhi
Sri R. S. Dass
Vice Principal (Retd.)
BRMVB Sr. Sec. School
Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi
COURSE COORDINATORS
Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta
Academic Officer (Physics)
NIOS, NOIDA (U.P.)
Time Slots
2.30 PM 5.00 PM
Monday-Friday 10.30AM 12.30AM
Saturday and Sunday
DD 1
Gyandarshan
8.30 AM 9.00 AM
Every Friday, Saturday
and Sunday
Recorded 24X7
Contents
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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INTRODUCTION
Science not only prepares you for vocations, it also prepares you for life. It inculcates a habit of rational
and logical thinking, gives an insight in the things and happenings around you, develops a wisdom to
identify what is good and what is bad and provides a bent of mind for problem solving. By learning science
you not only understand the world around you better, you learn to work for its betterment. There is no
dearth of studies which tell us that there is a high position correlation because the development of a
country and the number of scientists it produces. So the intension of NIOS is to help you learn and
understand science in a better way, so that, you may score good marks in examinations and be motivated
to excel in the field of science by demonstrating your worth in this competitive world. The learner guide
will help you revise all major concepts of your science and technology curriculum in a short time. In
addition it will make you aware about the intricacies of some concepts and will create interest to motivate
you for further studies.
z
z
Learner Guide
6. Attention Learners
To know in detail please go through your social
science book-1 & 2.
By Learners to
study centres
TMA-I
5th December
15th December
TMA-II
5th January
15th January
TMA-III
5th February
15th February
VIII
By Learners to
study centres
TMA-I
5th June
15th June
TMA-II
5th July
15th July
TMA-III
5th August
15th August
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Learner Guide
Learner Guide
z
z
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
z
z
z
z
z
Learner Guide
2. Separation by evaporation
Concentration of a solution
Mass of Solute
100
Mass of Solution
Learner Guide
Suspensions
Materials of smaller particle size, insoluble in a
solvent but visible to naked eyes form suspension.
The size of particles in suspension is over 1000
nanometers.
Separation of mixtures
1. Separation by using separating funnel
The mixture of two immisible liquids like oil and
water can be separated by this method
Stretch Yourself
3. Separation by filtration
4. Separation by crystallization
Crystallization is a process of formation of solid
crystals from a solution. The process begins by
evaporating the liquid allowed to cool slowly to
form crystals which can be separated by filtration.
5. Separation by distillation
This method is used to separate a liquid from a
solution of a homogeneous mixture. In this process
the mixture is boiled in a distillation flask and the
vapours are condensed as liquid.
6. Separation based on Magnetic properties
This method is used to separate magnetic and
non-magnetic substances from their mixture by
using a magnet. For example, iron granules which
are magnetic can be separated from non-magnetic
substances like sand, sugar etc.
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
denoted as AZ X .
Atomic Mass
The masses of atoms are obtained by comparison
with C-12 isotope which has been arbitrarily
assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus is called
atomic number and is denoted by Z.
Total number of protons and neutrons is called
mass number and is denoted by A. An element X
Isotope
Atoms of an element that have the same atomic
number (Z) but different mass number (A). For
example: 168 O , 178 O and 188 O .
Molecule
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more than
two atoms of the same or different elements in a
definite arrangement. A molecule of a substance
shows all chemical properties of that substance.
Examples : H2O, NH3, C2H5OH.
5
Molecular formula
A molecule is represented in the form of a formula
known as molecular formula. For example CO2,
H2O, CH4 etc.
Molecular mass
It is the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms
present in that molecule.
Mole Concept
A mole is the amount of a substance that contains
as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules,
formula units or other fundamental particles) as
there are atoms in exactly 0.012 kg (12 grams) of
carbon-12 isotope.
The number of atoms in 12 gram of C-12 is 6.022
1023. This number is called Avogadros number.
Learner Guide
Molar Mass
Mass of one mole of a substance is called its molar
mass. It is expressed in the unit of
g mol1.
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
35
17 Cl
and
37
17 Cl .
Learner Guide
Learner Guide
4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
5. Atomic Structure
z
Learner Guide
Symbol
Relative charge
Electron
1.672 623
1027
1019
1.674 928
1027
Proton
Neutron
10
1.602 177
0
Learner Guide
A
X
Z
Shell name
Maximum
capacity
1
2
3
4
K-Shell
L- Shell
M- Shell
N- Shell
2 12 = 2
2 22 =8
2 32 =18
2 42 =32
11
Valency
Stretch Yourself
Learner Guide
12
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
Defects
z
z
z
z
z
Learner Guide
Stretch Yourself
14
z
z
z
z
Test Yourself
7. Chemical Bonding
The basic cause of chemical bonding is to
attain noble gas configuration either by transfer
of electron from a metal to non- metal or by
sharing of electrons between two non-metal
atoms.
Learner Guide
Covalent bond
A bond which is formed by sharing of electron
between the atoms is called covalent bond
z
z
Learner Guide
16
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
(ii) CaCl2
(iv) O2
z
z
z
z
z
Learner Guide
Acids
taste sour
corrosive metals
change blue litmus
red
z
z
z
Bases
taste bitter
feel slippery or soapy
change red litmus
blue
Indicator
There are many substances that show one colour
in an acidic medium and another colour in a basic
medium. Such substances are called acid-base
indicators.
Learner Guide
The colour of these indicator in acidic, neutral and basic solutions are given below
Nature of
solution
Neutal
Acidic
Basic
pH Scale
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 on this scale.
18
concentration of H+ ion at
298 K
[H+] = 1.0 107 mol L1
[H+] > 1.0 107 mol L1
[H+] < 1.0 107 mol L1
pH
The pH is the logarithm of the reciprocal of the
hydorgen ion concentration. It is written as
pH = log
1
H+
or
pH = log [H+].
Because of the negative sign in the expression, if
[H+] increases, pH would decrease and if it
decreases, pH would increase.
z
z
Solveys process
or 2CaSO4.H2O
heat
CaCO3
CaO +
CO2
washing soda
Uses
z
Stretch Yourself
heat
CaSO4.1/2H2O
CaSO4.2H2O
100C( 373 K )
+ 3/2H2O
gypsum
plaster of paris
Uses
z For making toys and statues.
z Fire proof materials.
z Chalk, in medicine
z Homes (design)
Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2)
z Slaked lime, Ca(OH)2
z Chlorine gas, Cl2
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
CaOCl2 + H2O
Uses
1.
2.
3.
4.
Learner Guide
Important Compounds
Test Yourself
pH < pOH
Solution B
pH = pOH
Solution C
pH > pOH
19
Learner Guide
Distance
Time
Displacement
Time taken
20
11.93 1 1.5 2
ms ,
ms 1
1200
1200
Find distance, displacement and maximum
acceleration from the given graph.
(iii)
Sol:
(b) (i)
7
5
ms 1 ,
ms 1
720
720
Distance =
(ii)
5
5
ms 1 ,
ms 1
840
840
1
1
20 (15) + 20 (10) = 250 m
2
2
Maximum acceleration =
v1t1 + v2t2
t1 + t2
( x1 + x2 ) v1v2
x1v2 + x2v2
Learner Guide
Sol:
(a) (i) 7 m, 5 m (ii) 5 m, 5m
20 0
= 4 ms2
25 20
(iii)
21
Stretch Yourself
Learner Guide
Test Yourself
22
F = ma
dv
a =
dt
p2 p1
t
p2 p1
t
i.e. p1 = p2 i.e. no change in its momentum
Then
0=
Learner Guide
Learner Guide
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
24
11. Gravitation
From (i) and (ii)
GMm
r2
GM
g= 2
r
The value of g near the surface of the earth is
taken as 9.8 ms2
mg =
Learner Guide
A weighing machine measures the reaction R which is equal to the weight of the body.
Astronaut in space experiences weightlessness because normal reaciton R is zero. Therefore
astronaut appears to be floating weightlessly.
Mass
Weight
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Learner Guide
Stretch Yourself
26
Test Yourself
(b)
(c)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(i)
Learner Guide
(ii)
Classify the following as renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy. Sun, ocean,
wind, coal, natural gas, wood.
Learner Guide
Coal, natural gas and wood are the nonrenewable source of energy.
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
28
Stretch Yourself
Learner Guide
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
30
Displacement
mg
z
z
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
31
Learner Guide
32
(i)
0.5 cal
10C
0C
= 100 cal.
(ii) for converting 0C ice into 0C water
Q2 = mL = 20 80 = 1600 cal
(iii) for converting 0C water in 100C water
Q3 = mC = 20 1 100 = 200 cal
(iv) For converting 100C water in 100C
steam,
Q4 = mL = 20 540 = 10800 cal
Total heat required = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4
= 100 + 1600 + 2000 + 10800 cal
= 14500 Cal
1 Cal = 4.18 J
Q = 14500 4.18 J
= 60610 J
Stretch Yourself
Learner Guide
Heater
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
n12 =
z
34
360
360
1 , if
n=
is even integer
and
z
360
n=
, if
360
is odd integer
Real depth
.
Refractive index
Convex lens
> f < 2f
> 2f
=2f
2f
> 2f
< 2f > f
f
Convex mirror
Any value
Behind the mirror
<f
Concave lens
Any value
On same side
<f
Convex lens/
<f
On same side/
Concave miroor
Behind the mirror
nature
Highly enlarged, real, inverted
enlarged, real, inverted
same size, real, inverted
smaller, real, inverted
highly diminished, real, inverted.
Smaller, virtual and erect
Virtual, smaller and erect
Virtual, larger and erect
2F
2F
2F
2F
2F
2F
2F
Learner Guide
2F
2F
1 1
1
=
20 v 30
3 2 1
1 1
1
=
=
=
60
60
v 20 30
v = 60 cm.
or
or
Image will be enlarged, real and erect.
z
1
+1 2
1
=
=+
12
2u
2u
or,
1 1 1
= +
f v u
Learner Guide
I
v
=
O
u
v
=2
u
v = 2u
For real image v is negative
v = (2u) = 2u
applying mirror formula
1 1 1
= +
f v u
1
1 1
3
=
+ =
12 2u u 2u
u=
12 3
= 18 cm
2
C1 1
n= C =
2
2
z Refractive index of glass
t
n=
AI
t
Real depth
or the apparent depth, AI = =
n refractive index
36
1
1
1
=
+
12 2u u
Air
A
P
I
Glass
Mirror - 2
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
18 cm
24 cm
8 cm
......
......
......
......
......
......
Concave lens
of focal length
20 cm
40 cm
10 cm
......
......
......
......
Concave mirror
of focal length
20 cm
15 cm
40 cm
60 cm
......
......
......
......
......
......
Learner Guide
(i)
Learner Guide
V = B A =
38
1 Q Q
U
w
=+ =+
40 rB rA
q
q
V2
V1
l
R = , where is called resistivity of its
A
material, l = length and A = area of cross
section.
V
z
I
r1
r2
r3
r1
r2
r3
1 1 1 1
combination is given by R = r + r + r + ...
1
2
3
Q = W = qV = VIt =
V2
t = I 2 Rt = Pt.
R
Learner Guide
(ii)
C
1W
2W
3W
1W
A
2W
(i)
(iii)
A
4W
1W
2W
B
3W
3W
4W
B
39
Sol:
(i) The resistances are connected in series:
Req = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
(ii) As shown in the equivalent circuit the 3
resistors are connected in parallel
2W
E
1W
4W
C
3W
D
2W
2.
A
1W
R1= 4W
R3 = 10W
I1
A
3W
1
1 1 1 3 + 6 + 2 11
=
R = 2 +1+ 3 =
6
6
eq
Learner Guide
Req =
40
6 50
=
11 11
I2 R = 6 W
2
B
D
Sol:
VCD = I1R1 = 3 4 = 12 V
I2 =
11
Req = 4 +
VCD 12
=
= 2A
6
R2
I = I1 + I 2 = 3 + 2 = 5A
Total resistance R = R3 + R1R2
R1 + R2
= 10 +
46
= 10 + 2.4 = 12.4 V
4+6
V = IR = 5 12.4 = 62 V
Stretch Yourself
30
V (volt)
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
I (A)
41
Learner Guide
42
I0
t
I0
dc
ac
W
S
BH
Learner Guide
43
Learner Guide
44
Voutput
Vinput
Iinput
I output
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
v =
Also, v =
z
, T is time period
T
Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave which
travels in air with the speed of 333 ms1
at N.T.P. The velocity of sound in solids is
more than in liquids. In steel it travels with the
Learner Guide
45
Compression
Compression
Rarefaction
Rarefaction
E
Rarefaction
, AC = , CE =
2
2. Express the separation AB, BD and AE in
terms of wavelength () for the wave shown in
the figure.
Learner Guide
Sol: AB =
distance 50
=
= 12.5 ms 1
time
4
100
Frequency, v =
= 25 Hz
4
v 12.5
= 0.5 m.
wavelength, = =
25
4. A wave travels a distance of 20m in 5
oscillations. Find its wavelength.
Sol: speed, v =
20
=4m
5
5. The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is
1014 Hz. Find its wavelength in free space.
Sol: =
v 3 108
=
= 3 106 m
14
10
6. Write a function of microphone and speaker
each.
Sol: Microphone converts sound signals into
electrical signal.
Speaker converts electrical signals into sound
signals.
Sol: =
B
A
C
D E
, BD = , AE =
4
2
3. A wave sends 100 wavelengths in 4s and
travels a distance of 50 m. Find its speed,
Sol: AB =
46
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
47
Learner Guide
Domain
Animal
Pl Fungi
an
ts
Primitive Organisms
Stretch Yourself
1. The common name of rice is simpler than its
scientific name Oryza sativa. Why is the
scientific name then given?
2. Which out of the following categories are
used for naming an organism?
Phylum, Family, Genus, Species, Order, Class
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
49
Learner Guide
Fossils
Fossil Plant
Ammonite
Dinosaur
Archaeopteryx
Levels of evolution:
Micro evolutionEvolutionary changes in
the gene pool at the level of population.
Macro evolution also called adaptive
radiation, leads to formation of new species
and genera.
Stages in Human evolution:
The two trends in human evolution are (i)
larger brain and (ii) bipedal gait (walking on
two legs)
Homo erectus
Neanderthal man
Modern man
Stretch Yourself
1. Arrange in the proper sequence, the stages of
human evolution mentioned below.
Homo
sapiens
neanderthalensis,
Australopithecus, Homo sapiens sapiens,
Homo erectus.
2. Differentiate between chemical and biological
evolution.
3. Natural selection is still considered as a valid
and reliable mechanism for evolution. How
does it operate? Also cite an example.
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
51
Learner Guide
52
Prokaryotic cell
(i) Well organised
nucleus absent
and genetic
material lies in
the cytoplasm.
(ii) Membrane
bound
organelles
absent.
(iii) Examples:
Bacteria, blue
green algae.
Eukaryotic cell
1. Genetic material
enclosed within a
nuclear membrane
forming the nucleus.
2. Organelles like
Mitochondria
chloroplasts, E.R.
etc are present.
3. Examples: Cells of
fungi, plants,
animals.
Pholem
Stem cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells in our body
which can divide by mitosis and differentiate into
specialised cell types and also produce more stem
cells. Stem cell therapy is useful in treating blood
cancer, in testing new drugs and providing cells
for gene therapy.
Cell Division
New cells are formed by cell division
Cell division replaces worn out cells, repairs
injuries, helps in growth and in reproduction.
There are two types of cell divisions:
mitosis and meiosis. Prior to all divisions the
chromosomes duplicate or replicate themselves
and then enter cell division.
During mitosis, the two chromatids of the
duplicated chromosome separate. Each
chromatid is now a chromosome. One each of
these two chromosomes moves into the two
daugher cells.
Meiosis involves two successive divisions:
Learner Guide
To revise the structure and functions of different parts of a cell, draw large enough diagrams of one
plant cell and an animal cell. Label their parts and write the functions against each part.
53
Cell organelles:
S.
No.
Key feature
Function
Cell membrane
Selectively permeable
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (E.R.)
present on E.R.
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Learner Guide
Golgi bodies/golgi
complex
Plastids
Chloroplast helps in
photosynthesis
Cell wall
Centrosome
Stretch Yourself
What would happen if meosis did not occur in
the reproductive organs?
Why do multicellular organisms develop
tissues performing different functions?
54
Test Yourself
(b)
3. Identify the stage of cell division in each of the diagrams shown below and mention one characteristic
feature of each stage.
Learner Guide
(a)
(a)
(c)
(b)
4. Draw a typical plant and an animal cell and label only the parts that are not common between the two.
55
Learner Guide
56
Plant Nutrition
Plants prepare their own food in the presence of sunlight hence they are autotrophs. Solar energy is
trapped by green plants to produce organic food such as sugar (glucose) with the help of atmospheric
carbondioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from soil. This process is called Photosynthesis in which water
is absorbed by roots and CO2 diffuses into leaves through stomata.
6CO2
(Atmospheric
carbondioxide)
6H2O
chlorophyll
Sunlight
C6H12O6
(soil water)
(glucose)
gets stored
as starch
O2
+ energy
(oxygen gas)
Leaves of plants are the organs which undertake photosynthesis as they have chloroplasts.
Animal Nutrition
Most animals feed on green plants and other small animals to get energy because animals are incapable
of preparing their own food. Animals are thus called Heterotrophs and such mode of nutrition is
heterotrophic nutrition.
Animal nutrition involves processes given below in the table:
Process
Absorption
Assimilation
Tissues of different organs use them to build parts and get energy
Egestion
RESPIRATION
Learner Guide
57
Learner Guide
58
EXCRETION
Excretion is the removal of harmful wastes like urea by kidneys, sweat from skin and CO2 by Lungs.
What it excretes
Sweat
Urine
Lungs
Functions of kidneys
The two kidneys remove urea from blood with
the help of tubular structures called nephrons.
Kidneys are made of nephrons.
In excretion, waste substances are filtered by
uriniferous tubules or nephrons.
The useful substances (like water, glucose,
etc.) are reabsorbed back into blood.
Kidneys also control the amount of water in
blood.
When water needs to be conserved,
concentrated urine is expelled out of the body.
NUTRITION
1. How does photosynthesis prove to be beneficial
to both plants and animmals, including humans?
Explain.
2. Explain how small intestine plays a very
important role in animal nutrition.
Stretch Yourself
NUTRITION
Only green plants have the capacity to utilise
solar energy to synthesise their own food. On
the other hand, animals are dependent on
plants and other animals for food. The
Purpose
Cools the body
Controls the water content of the body.
Removes harmful urea
These waste substances are produced by
respiring cells.
Such controlled removal of water in urine is
called osmoregulation.
In case of kidney failure, dialysis is done in
which blood is taken out and filtered in an
artificial kidney or dialysis fluid and then
pumped back into the body.
Urine is made in kidneys from waste like urea
present in blood. Blood reabsorbs all the useful
substances like glucose and amino acids from
the blood filtered in the kidneys.
Urinary bladder stores urine till it is removed
from the body.
Learner Guide
Excretory organ
Skin
Kidneys
RESPIRATION
Blood vessels carry oxygen from alveoli to
tissues. Cells of tissues take up the oxygen. In
the mitochondria of the cells, oxygen acts
upon glucose to yield energy and release carbon
dioxide. This is called cellular respiration.
Harms of smoking
Smoking causes lung cancer. The tar in it may
accumulate in the respiratory organs. Chronic
smokers feel difficulty in breathing and suffer
from emphysema.
59
EXCRETION
Learner Guide
Test Yourself
NUTRITION
1. Point out the odd one (mismatch) in the
statement.
Energy yielding food includes carbohydrates,
proteins, oils and fats.
2. Find out the missing step in animal nutrition
and write them all in the proper sequence
1. Ingestion
2. Egestion
3. Digestion
4. Assimilation
3. Mention whether true or false. Tick T or F for
your answer
(a) Milk, egg, beans, meat and fish are energy
yielding food.
(T)/(F)
(b) Vitamins and minerals are disease
protecting foods.
(T)/(F)
(c) Plants are capable of producing organic
food and release oxygen gas. (T)/(F)
(d) Most of the animals are heterotrophs with
regard to nutrition.
(T)/(F)
60
TRANSPORTATION (BLOOD
CIRCULATION)
10. Which chamber of the heart has the thickest
muscle and why?
11. Why is blood circulaiton in humans and other
mammals called double circulation?
EXCRETION
14. Name the two functions carried out by kidneys
15. What are the functions of ureter, urethra and
urinary aperture?
16. Name excretory organs other than kidney
17. Name the fluid tissue which brings waste
from all body parts and gets them removed
by kidneys.
Learner Guide
RESPIRATION
61
Learner Guide
Reflex action
Conditioned reflex
(a) Develop during the life time due to learning or
experience.
(b) Need reinforcement periodically, otherwise they
are unlearnt.
(c) E.g salivation on smelling a good flavoured
food or thinking of good food.
secretes growth hormone and gonad
stimulating hormones.
Undersecretion of thyroid causes cretinism
and goitre.
Insulin and glucagon are the two hormones
secreted by pancreas. These regulate glucose
metabolism in the body.
Learner Guide
Inborn reflex
(a) No previous experience required.
Stretch Yourself
1. What role do the two different parts of the
Central Nervous System play? Explain.
2. Why is a neuro transmitter needed for
transmission of nerve impulse across a synapse?
Test Yourself
63
Column I
Meninges
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Cerebrum
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Learner Guide
64
Column II
Maintain the balance of the body.
Controls breathing and heart beat.
Protective membrane over the brain and spinal cord.
Is a small central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Seat of intelligence, will power & consciousness.
7. Why is intake of iodised salt recommended?
8. Why is insulin given to patients of diabetes
mellitus? Explain.
Sexual Reproduction
In Plants
Flower is the reproductive organ of plants.
The male gamete is the pollen grain which
develops in anther of the stamen.
The female gamete is the ovule that develops
in the ovary of the pistil.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the
stigma of same flower (self pollination) or
another flower of same species (cross
pollination). Pollination occurs by means of
wind, water or insects
Fertilisation takes place when nucleus of
pollen grain fuses with that of ovule.
Ovules develop into seeds and flower into
fruit.
Seeds germinate into a new plant.
In Animals
Mostly, the animals reproduce by sexual
reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs only
in primitive animals like sponges and hydra. They
also have sexual reproduction.
Human reproduction
Male and Female reproductive organs are found
in separate individuals
Learner Guide
Learner Guide
66
Stretch Yourself
1. What is micropropagation?
Micropropagation or tissue culture helps to
grow many plants from single cell extricated
from any part of plant. Every cell has all the
genes and equal potential for development
(totipotent) into a new plant. The cell or few
cells from an undifferentiated mass of cells
(callus) can differentiate into different parts
and form a whole plant.
2. Cloning
An exact copy of the parent, having identical
genes is a clone. A clone can be produced by
removing nucleus from a body cell and
introducing it into the egg whose nucleus is
removed. It is then allowed to develop.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
(i)
(ii)
Test Yourself
Female
Male
X
X
X
XX
XX
Y
XY
XY
(i) What does this table depict?
(ii) Who is responsible for sex of the childmother or father? Give reasons.
Wheat plant may be multiplied by
micropropagation for its desired characters.
How can this be possible? State an advantage
and disadvantage of this method.
Dolly, the cloned sheep was created from the
mothers udder cell and Snuppy the dog,
cloned from his fathers skin cell. What is a
clone and how can a cloned organism be
created?
Embryo, foetus, gametes, zygote, new born
infant are stages in human reproduction. Place
these stages in the correct sequence in which
they occur.
The table given below shows structures
involved in reproduciton
Plants
Animals
+
1. Sperm eggs
2. ovules sperm
3. eggs pollen
4. pollen ovules
pollen
eggs
ovules
sperms
ovules
pollen
sperm
egg
Learner Guide
67
25. Heredity
Features passed down from one generation to
the other is Heredity or Inheritance. Genes
control heredity.
Differences in features of individuals of the
same species is variation.
Learner Guide
68
DNA Replication
For genes to be inherited, DNA needs copies
of itself. This is called DNA replication. The
steps are aided by enzymes, DNA unwinds
into its two strands.
New daughter strands are formed such that
their base pairing is correct with the two
parental DNA strands.
So upon DNA replication, two identical
molecules of DNA are formed. These are
termed chromatids and remain joined by a
centromere.
Blood Groups
Every human belongs to one of the four blood
groups A, B, AB, O controlled by genes IA, IB, or
i and Rh+ or Rh
IAIA or IAi
Blood group A
IBIB or IBi
Blood group B
IAIB
Blood group AB
Universal Recipient
IAIB
Blood group O
Universal donor
Learner Guide
DNA Replication
69
?
1.
2.
3.
Learner Guide
4.
Stretch Yourself
1. How does variation arise?
Variation arises at gamete formation or through
mutation.
2. How is it that normal couple may have a child
with a genetic disorder?
When a gene in a gamete mutates either
naturally or due to exposure to radiation or
other causes, it may lose its normal function.
The expression of a defective gene is usually
masked by the normal gene with which it pairs.
But if both parents possess the defective gene,
then the child may inherit both the defective
genes and is likely have the disorder.
70
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
71
Air Pollution
Air pollution is caused by harmful chemicals,
biological wastes and particulate matter
introduced in the atmosphere through human
activities. Air pollution has harmful effects on all
living organisms.
Air pollutants
Primary pollutants
CO, CO2
Volatile organic compounds
CFCs
Secondary pollutants
Photochemical smog
Ground level ozone
Learner Guide
Particulate matter
Hard Water
1. Does not produce lather
with soap
2. contain salts of calcium
and magnisium.
Stretch Yourself
Terrestrial animals take O2 directly from the air,
O2 dissolved in water is the source of oxygen for
aquatic animals. However, Dolphin, Whales etc
breathe in air. Can you explain how?
Test Yourself
Metals
Non-Metals
Malleability and
Ductilily
Metallic Lusture
Hardness
Physical state
Sonorous
Density
Electrical conductivity
Good conductor
Bad conductor
Learner Guide
Learner Guide
74
Stretch Yourself
Uses of Metals
z To make utensils (iron, aluminium)
z To make electrical wire (copper, aluminium)
z to make machines
z uses in cells and batteries
z to make Jewellery
z To make sheets Al and iron are used to make
sheet due to malleable nature (Malleability)
Uses of Non-metals
z
z
z
z
Test Yourself
z
z
z
z
Carbon atom
(electron 2, 4)
H
H
Allotrops of carbon
Tetravalency of carbon
P=6
N=6
Learner Guide
H
H
OR H C H
H
H
Carbon atom can form
four single covalent
bonds e.g. CH4 (Methane)
Diamond
Graphite
Fullerens
Diamond
z
M.P. 3500C
Uses
z
z
z
75
IUPAC Nomenclature
Graphite
z
z
z
Graphite Diamond
Uses
z
z
z
Fullerens
Fullerens have closed structure like foodball so it
is also known as Buckminister fullerens C60
Learner Guide
Condensed
Vapourized carbon
Fullerences
Hydrocarbons
Contain carbon and hydrogen only
Word root
1
2
3
4
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
Rules
1. Alkane (CH4)
Word root + ane meth + ane
Methane
2. Alkene (C2H4)
Word root + ene eth + ene ethene
3. Alkyne (C2H2)
Word root + yne eth + yne ethyne
CH3OH Methane replace e by ol
Methanol
C2H5OH Ethane replace e by ol
Ethanol
Alcohols: Synthesis of acetic acid, additive
petrol, spirit
Aldehyde and ketones: As solvent, polish
removes
Carboxylic acid: Ascorbic acid vitamin C citrus
fruits.
4. Ketone
For example
O
||
CH3 C CH3
Propane replace e by one propanone
5. Carboxylic Acid.
For example CH3COOH
Ethane replace e by oic acid ethanoic acid
Functional groups
Functional groups is an atom or a group of atoms
which is responsible for characteristic properties
of a compound.
Functional
group
Class
General formula
Example
IUPAC Name
C=C
alkene
CnH2n
H2C
alkyne
CnH2n2
HC
alcohols
R OH
CH3OH
Methanol
CH3CHO
Ethanal
OH
O
H
aldehydes
ketones
O
CH3 C
C R
CH3
Propanone
O
OH
carboxylic acids
Ethyne
CH
Ethene
OH
CH3COOH
Ethanoic Acid
OR
CH3COOC2H5
Ethyl ethanoate
O
O
esters
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
CH2
CH3 CH = CH2
(ii)
CH3
|
CH3 CH CH3
O
||
(iii) CH3 C CH3
(iv) HCHO
(v) CH3 C
C H
77
Learner Guide
Non-living +
Living
Component
Component
(Abiotic)
(Biotic)
e.g. sunlight, air (List the biotic
(write two more components
abiotic components yourself)
All components of a biotic community are
connected through food (see figure), and
energy available. They also form a web of
inter-relationships
Stretch Yourself
1. Difference between acclimatisation and
adaptation?
2. Acclimatisation is a process of becoming
accustomed to different environments over
short periods. The changes which take place
during acclimatisation are temporary and can
be reversed.
3. Adaptation is the adjustment or change in
behaviour, physiology and structure of an
organism to become more suited to an
environment. The changes that take place are
permanent and cannot be reversed.
4. Draw arrows to connect the blocks and explain
the two concepts you understand from this
figure.
Autotrophs
Herbivores
Primary
Carnivorous
Secondary
Carnivorous
10,000 k cal
1000 k cal
100 k cal
10 k cal
Learner Guide
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
d. Neither a nor b
80
Environmental Problems
Natural Disaster
Human-made Disaster
Floods
1. Deforestation and Loss of
Ecosystem
Cyclone
2. Air, Water, Soil and Noise
Pollution
Earthquake
3. Depletion of Fossil Fuel
Forest Fire
4. Biomagnification
Tsunami
5. Depletion of Ozone Layer
Landslide
6. Global Warming
Cloud Burst
7. Waste Generation
8. Eutrophication
3. Land
Learner Guide
Effects
Pollutants in the air make it hard for
poeple breathe causing long diseases.
When it rains the chemicals in the air
cause acid rain killing aquatic the
animals and plants, and momument.
Decreasing the quantity of available
drinking water
Toxic waste and Oil spills cause
many animals and plants to die
lead to poor growth and reduce crop
yields, loss of wildlife habitats, soil
erosion
81
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
Stretch Yourself
82
a. ....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
c. ....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
Learner Guide
b. ....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
83
Learner Guide
84
Stretch Yourself
Test Yourself
Learner Guide
85
Learner Guide
86
Communicable diseases are caused by entry of pathogens into the body and are contagious. Can be spread
directly or indirectly.
Direct method
Contact with diseased person e.g. measles
Droplet infections e.g. tuberulosis
From infected mother to the new born e.g. HIV
Indirect method
fomites, food, water
vectors eg mosquito
carriers like housefly
contaminated body fluids
Symptoms
Learner Guide
87
Learner Guide
Viral diseases like common cold, measles, flu etc are spread very fast as they get transmitted both
directly or through indirect means.
Why are diseases like goitre, diabetes, anemia classified as non communicale diseases?
Mothers milk provides essential antibodies that provided immediate immunity to the new borns which
type of immunity does it provide?
Table below gives examples of certain commonly abused drugs
Name of Drug
Narcotics opium, morphine
Cocaine and Amphetamines
Barbiturates
Hallucinogens like LSD, cannabinoids etc
Tobacco
Drugs are chemicals most of which are for medical
use. Certain chemicals however, are addictive
and harmful for mental and physical health upon
prolonged use. Hence their consuumption is
termed Drug abuse rather than drug use.
Continuous abuse of drug leads to addiction,
then tolerance of the drug by the body and
ultimately dependence on it. It becomes difficult
to give up the drug due to withdrawal symptoms
88
Purpose
Kills pain
Provides sense of euphoria and energy
Acts as a Depressantchange perception
Send into a make-believe world
Used for pleasure that becomes a habit.
which become unbearable. The drug abuser begins
to steal, indulge in criminal acts to procure money
to buy drugs. Physical health deteriorates. Students
abusing drugs give up studies. Drug abuse is
triggered by unhealthy and unhappy domestic
environment, peer pressure and experimentation.
Prevention is possible when there is awareness or
availability of guidance and counselling. Cure is
possible if medical and professional help is sought.
Stretch Yourself
1. Try to identify any two communicable and two non communicable diseases in your own locality and
find out what causes them. Also, suggest remedial measures.
Test Yourself
II
Bacteria
Virus
Protistan
Influenza
Protozoa
Worms
Protozoa
III
Fever
Watering of eyes
Shivered followed
by sweating
Sore throat
Abdominal pain with
mucus in stool
Cough with blood in
sputum
IV
Oral vaccine
B.C.G.
Gambusia fish
Use of door nets
Not sharing used
towels
Antibiotics
Learner Guide
1. Tuberculosis
2. Typhoid
3. Cholera
4. Amoebiasis
5. Dipheria
6. Leprosy
7. Malaria
6. Differentiate between Pathogens and Vectors.
7. How does the polio virus enter the human
body and paralyse organs.
89
(212)
Roll No.
............................................................
1. ............................................................
2. ............................................................
1.
Candidate must write his/her Roll Number on the first page of the Question Paper.
2.
Please check the Question Paper to verify that the total pages and total number of questions contained
in the Question Paper are the same as those printed on the top of the first page. Also check to see that
the questions are in sequential order.
3.
For the objective type of questions, you have to choose any one of the four alternatives given in the
question i.e. (A), (B), (C) or (D) and indicate your correct answer in the answer-book given to you.
4.
All the questions including objective type questions are to be answered within the allotted time and no
separate time limit is fixed for answering objective type questions.
5.
Making any identification mark in the answer-book or writing roll number anywhere other than the
specified places will lead to disqualification of the candidate.
6.
(a) The Question Paper is in English Hindi medium only. However, if you wish, you can answer in any
one of the languages listed below :
Learner Guide
General Instructions
English, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi. Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Telugh, Marathi, Oriya,
Gujarati, Konkani, Manipuri, Assamese, Nepali, Kashmiri, Sanskrit and Sindhi. You are required to
indicate the language you have chosen to answer in the box provided in the answer-book.
(b) If you choose to write the answer in the language other than Hindi and English, the responsibility
for any errors/mistakes in understanding the question will be yours only.
91
Time 2 Hours]
[Maximum Marks 85
1.
2.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Which of the following graphs represents the motion of a body falling freely under gravity ?
4.
Learner Guide
3.
5.
6.
92
(A)
Sun
(B)
Biomass
(C)
Wind
(D)
Coal
Light
(B)
Sound
(C)
Heat
(D)
Nuclear energy
108 106 C1
(B) 54 106 C1
(C)
18 106 C1
(D) 36 106 C1
7.
8.
9.
Person having which blood group can donate blood to any blood group person ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
AB
(D)
(A)
Ants
(B)
Rancid batter
(C)
Citrons fruits
(D)
Vitamin C
(A)
Benzene
(B)
Butane
(C)
Butene
(D)
Butyne
10. Name the physical quantities which have been assigned the following derived2 SI units and write the
special names given to them
(i)
(ii) kg m2s3
Write each of the following quantities with proper prefix with symbol of units and also express it in terms
of power of ten
2
(i)
(ii)
12. Oil got mixed with water. Draw a labelled diagram to show the method of separation of water and oil
from the mixture.
2
13. Calculate the molecular mass of calcium chloride.
Learner Guide
11.
kg ms2
17. Write a balanced chemical equation for the chemical reaction between sodium sulphate and barium
chlorides solutions. Make it as informative as you can. Identify the type of reaction and define it. 4
18. A body of mass 40 kg placed on the surface of the earth is attracted by it with a force of 400 N. Find
4
the values of G and g [radius of earth = 6.4 106 m mass of the earth = 6 1024 kg]
19. Calculate the time in which a 1.5 kw electric water heater may raise the temperature of 100 litre of water
from 30C to 60C.
4
[Given mass of 1 L of water = 1 kg, specific heat of water = 4200 J/kg C]
93
20. (a)
(b)
What is an electric fuse ? What material is used for it? How does it work ?
21. Name four organs that remove wastes from our body. Describe the function of any two of these in brief
4
22. (Explain what is meant by the following terms
(i)
Viviparous
(ii)
Oviparous
(a)
Write (i) two general, (ii) two medical and (iii) two industrial uses of oxygen.
(b)
24. What is meant by activity series of metals ? Arrange Cu, Al and Fe in decreasing order of their activity.
Justify the arrangement with the help of experiments giving chemical equations involved.
4
Learner Guide
25. Draw a labelled block diagram showing energy flow in different trophic levels. Also explain the
phenomenon of biomagnification and what are its adverse effects?
4
26. Classify the following diseases as communicable and non-communicable diseases AIDS, Diabetes,
Influenza, Polio. Describe one cause and one symptom of any two of these.
4
27. Name four global environmental problems. Discuss the causes and essential measures to be taken to
check any one of these.
4
28. (a)
35
X.
17
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
What type of bond will it form with (i) Carbon and (ii) Hydrogen ?
29. What are (i) Representative elements (ii) Transition elements and (iii) Rare earth elements. Give two
examples of each.
6
30. Differentiate between the following
94
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
CODE : 46/AS/3
Secondary
April/May - 2013
Science & Technology (new Syllabus) (212)
Set
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
A
B
D
D
D
B
D
A
A
Name of Physical quantity (i) Force (ii) Power
Special Name to the unit (i) newton (ii) watt
(i) Q = 4 Giga Coulomb
= 4 109 C
(ii)
= 4 GC
C = 100 Pico farad
Distribution of
marks
Total
marks
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
= 100 1012 F
= 100 pF
12
Labelling
Learner Guide
Marking Scheme
1
95
13
14
Correct Labeling
(i) RADAR Radio Detection And Ranging
(ii) SONAR Sound Navigation And Ranging
Uses : (any two)
(i) Observation of atmospheric objects
(ii) Air Traffic control
(iii) Ship navigation
(iv) In military use (early warning and fighter control radar)
Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
Learner Guide
15
17
F 500
=
= 1 ms 2
m 500
16
1
1
18
Given
m1 = 40 kg
m 2 = 6 1024 kg
R = 6.4 106 m
F = 400 N
m1m 2
According to Newtons law of gravitation F = G
R2
F R2
G=
m1m2
G=
24
409.6
1012 Nm 2 kg 2
6
= 6.83 1011 Nm 2 kg 2
F 400
=
= 10 m s 2
m1 40
g=
19
Learner Guide
2
10 6.4 6.4
12 Nm
=
10
6
kg 2
t=
12.6
106 s
15
= 8.84 104 s
= 8400 s
97
Learner Guide
20
21
22
23
98
(i)
4=2
1
1
+
1
+
2=1
24
25
Sun light
Autotroph
NU
Herbivores
NU
Primary
Carnivores
2=1
2=1
2 =1
1
1
Learner Guide
(ii) (1)
NU
Secondary
Carnivores
NU
Decomposers
Heat
10,000 kcal
1000 kcal
100 kcal
NU = Energy not utilized
10 kcal
99
26
Learner Guide
27
28
29
100
K
2
L M
8 7
3 =1
12=2
4 =2
1
1
1
1
1
+
1+1
1
1
Learner Guide
30
101