Effective collision (Collision theory) collision that results in a chemical reaction where the

particles collide with the correct orientation and are able to achieve the activation energy.
Homologous series organic compounds (families) with similar formulae and properties.
Catalyst a chemical that alter the rate of reaction.
Positive catalyst increases the rate of reaction & lower the activation energy.
Negative catalyst decreases the rate of reaction & higher the activation energy
Organic compounds carbon-containing compound. Carbon atoms form covalent bonds.
Inorganic compounds compounds from non-living things which do not contain the element
carbon.
Saturated hydrocarbons hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between all carbon
atoms.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double or
triple bond.
Esterification esters are produced
Vulcanisation process which makes the natural rubber harder and increases its elasticity by
adding sulphur.
Redox reaction chemical reactions involving oxidation and reduction occurring
simultaneously.
Flavouring improve the taste or smell of food and restore taste loss due to food processing.
Stabilisers help to mix two liquids that usually do not mix together so that they form an
emulsion.
Thickeners substances that thicken food and give the food a firm, smooth and uniform texture.
Precipitation the heat change when one mole of a precipitate is formed from their ions in
aqueous solution.
Displacement the heat change when one mole of a metal is displaced from its salt solution by a
more electropositive metal.
Neutralisation the heat change when one mole of water is formed from the reaction between
an acid and an alkali.

Combustion the heat change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen
under standard conditions.
Rate of Reaction
- The change in quantity of the reactant or products per time unit
- Is a measure of how quickly a chemical reaction happens
Fast Reaction
- The conversion of reactant to products takes place in a short time
Slow Reaction
- The conversion of reactant to products takes more time to complete
Observable Change
- A change that can be observed by our senses
Average Rate of Reaction
- The rate of reaction over an interval of time
Instantaneous rate of reaction
- Rate of reaction at any given time
Catalyst
- A substance that changes the rate of reaction. It does not undergo any chemical change
Decomposition
- A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler substances
Effective Collision
- A collision between reactant particles that result in reaction between them
Activation Energy, EA
- The minimum energy the colliding particles must have before collision between them can
result in chemical reaction
Energy Profile Diagram
- A graph that represents the energy change that occurs in a chemical reaction
Collision Frequency
- The number of collisions per unit timeYvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Effective Collision Frequency
- The number of effective collisions per unit time
Collision Theory
- Theory used to explain chemical reactions in terms of collisions between particles, effective

collisions, and activation energy

Carbon Compound
- A compound that contains carbon, C combined with other elements
Organic Compound
- A carbon compound found in, produced by, or derived from living organisms
Hydrocarbon
- An organic compound that contains only carbon, C and hydrogen, H
Saturated Hydrocarbon
- A hydrocarbon that has only single covalent bonds
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
- A hydrocarbon that has double or triple covalent bonds
Alkane
- A group of saturated hydrocarbons
Structural Formula
- A formula that shows which atoms are bonded to each other in a molecule of the organic
compound
General Formula
- A formula that shows the general form of the molecular formula of a homologous series
Straight-chain Alkane
- An alkane in which the carbon, C atoms are joined in a continuous straight line
Substitution Reaction
- A reaction in which one atom replaces another atom within a molecule
Alkene
- A group of unsaturated hydrocarbonsYvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Addition Reaction
- A reaction in which a molecule adds to the two carbon, C atoms of a double bond
Homologous Series
- A group of organic compounds in which each member differs from the next one in the series
by a fixed unit of structure
Isomers
- Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae
Isomerism
- The phenomenon of organic compounds existing as isomers
Alkyl Group
- A side-chain containing only carbon, C and hydrogen, H atoms joined by single bonds
Alcohol
- A homologous series containing the hydroxyl group (-OH)
Functional Group
- An atom or a group of atoms that is responsible for the similar chemical properties of a
homologous series
Hydroxyl Group
- The functional group of alcohols
Hydration
- A reaction in which water is added to a compound

Fermentation
- The reaction in which yeast converts glucose, C6H12O6, into ethanol, C2H5OH
Distillation
- The process of extracting a substance by vaporizing it then condensing the vapour
Carboxylic Acid
- A homologous series containing the carboxyl group (-COOH)
Carboxyl Group
- The functional group of carboxylic acidsYvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Esterification
- The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester and water. The
reaction is catalyzed by hydrogen ion, H+
Ester
- A homologous series containing the carboxylate functional group
Extraction of Ester
- To take out the ester from its natural sources (fragrant plants)
Oils and Fats
- Natural Esters
Fatty Acid
- A carboxylic acid that has a long chain of about 10 to 20 carbon, C atoms. It has only one
carboxyl group
1,2,3-propanetriol/ glycerol
- An alcohol that has three hydroxyl groups
Saturated Fat
- Has a higher proportion of saturated fat molecules than unsaturated fat molecules
Unsaturated Fat
- Has a higher proportion of unsaturated fat molecules than saturated fat molecules
Hydrogenation
- The addition of hydrogen, H2 to the double bond between two carbon, C atoms
Natural Rubber
- Polymer obtained from the latex of the rubber tree
Elasticity
- The ability to return to the original shape after being stretched, compressed, or bent
Latex
- A milk- like colloid obtained from the rubber tree
Coagulation of Latex
- The separation of rubber particles from the water in the latexYvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Redox Reaction
- A reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur at the same time
Oxidizing Agent
- Oxidizes a substance. It is reduced in the redox reaction
Reducing Agent
- Reduces a substance. It is oxidized in the redox reaction
Oxidation Number/ Oxidation State
- The imaginary charge of an atom if it exists as an ion
Oxidation
- A chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen, O; loses hydrogen, H; loses

electrons; or undergoes an increase in oxidation number

Reduction
- A chemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen, O; gains hydrogen, H; gains
electrons; or undergoes a decrease in oxidation number
Corrosion of a Metal
- The oxidation of the metal through the action of water, air, and/or electrolytes
Rusting of Iron, Fe
- The corrosion of iron, Fe. It is a redox reaction in which iron, Fe is oxidized to form hydrated
iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3.3H2O or rust
Reactivity Series of Metals
- An arrangement of metals in the order of their reactivity towards oxygen, O2
Vigour of a Chemical Reaction
- Shows how reactive the reaction is
The Extraction of Metal
- The process of obtaining a metal from its ore
Electrolytic Cell
- An electrochemical cell that uses electricity to produce a chemical changeYvonne Choo Shuen
Lann
Chemical/ Voltaic Cell
- An electrochemical cell that produces electricity from a chemical change
Exothermic Reaction
- A chemical reaction that releases energy (in the form of heat) to the surroundings
Endothermic Reaction
- A chemical reaction that absorbs energy (in the form of heat) to the surroundings
Energy Level Diagram
- A graph that shows the energy change of a chemical reaction
Heat of Reaction, H
- The energy change of a chemical reaction. It is the difference between the energy of the
reactants and the energy of the products
Thermochemical Equation
- A chemical equation with the heat of reaction, H written at the end of the equation
Heat of Precipitation
- The energy change when one mole of precipitate is formed from its ions
Heat of Displacement
- The energy change when one mole of metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more
electropositive metal
Heat of Neutralization
- The energy change when one mole of water is formed from the neutralization between one
mole of hydrogen ions, H+
from an acid and one mole of hydroxide ions, OHfrom
an alkali
Heat of Combustion
- The heat given off when one mole of substance is burnt completely in excess oxygen, O2
Fuel Value/ Heat Value
- The amount of energy (measured in kilojoules) that can be obtained when 1g of fuel is burnt
Soap

- The salt formed when a fatty acid is neutralized by an alkaliYvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Detergent
- The salt formed when an alkyl hydrogen sulphate is neutralized by an alkali
Additives
- Substances added to a detergent to increase its effectiveness
Biological Enzyme
- An organic catalyst
Whitening Agent
- An additive that makes clothes whiter and cleaner
Saponification
- The hydrolysis of an ester. The catalyst is an alkali
Hydrolysis
- A reaction of a compound with water
Surface Tension
- The attractive force between water molecules. This force prevents water from wetting the
surface
Food Additive
- Any substance that is added to food to preserve it or improve its flavour and appearance
Preservative
- Food additives that prevent or slow down spoilage of food
Antioxidant
- Food Additives that prevent oxidation of food
Flavouring Agent
- Food additives that give flavour to food or enhance its natural flavour
Stabilizers and Thickening Agents
- Food additives that improve the texture and consistency of food
Dyes
- Food additives that colour food or replace lost coloursYvonne Choo Shuen Lann
Drug
- Any natural or artificial made chemical that is ue=sed as a medicine
Traditional Medicines
- Medicines that are derived from plants and animals
Modern Medicines
- Medicines that are manufactured on a large-scale for consumers
Analgesic
- Modern medicines that relieve pain
Antibiotics
- Modern medicines that kill bacteria
Psychotherapeutic Medicine
- Modern medicines used to treat mental illness
Side Effects of a Drug
- The undesirable effects that the drug produces in addition to that intended