AQA Mathematics

Syllabus 6361

Core 3
Syllabus
&
Past Paper questions

You may use a graphic calculator

in this module

Functions
A function is a rule that generates exactly one output for every
input. A many-to-one function is where two or more inputs
2
generate the same output (eg y x ). A one-to-one function is
where each output is generated by only one input.
Only one-to-one functions have an inverse.
If a function, y f( x) , is defined for a x b , then a x b is the
domain of the function. The range is the set of possible y-values.
e.g.

y x 5 12 has domain x 5 and range y 12 .

y ( x 4) 2 7 has domain all real values of x, and range y 7
y 3sin x has domain all real values of x, and range 3 y 3 .
y ln( x) has domain x 0 and range all real values of y.
y

1
has domain x 5 and range y 0
x5

The function gf(x) ('g of f of x') is called a composite function

and tells you to 'do f first and then g'. It does not mean multiply!
e.g.

f ( x) 4 x

g ( x) 2 x

gf ( x) 2 ( 4 x) = 2 x
fg( x) 4 (2 x) = 6 x

Inverse Functions
A function that 'undoes the effect of f is called the inverse
function of f. It is denoted by f-1.
x
eg f ( x) e

f -1 ( x) ln x

f 1 f ( x) x and f f 1 ( x) x

The graph of f-1(x) is a reflection of the graph of f(x) in the

line y x .
The domain of the inverse function is the range of the function and
the range of the inverse function is the domain of the function.

To find the inverse function write the function in the form y f ( x) ,

then rearrange to get x f ( y ) . Then replace y with x.
2x 1
e.g. f( x)
x3
2x 1
y ( x 3) 2 x 1
Write y
then rearrange
x3

yx 3 y 2 x 1

Interchange x and y

yx 2 x 3 y 1

x( y 2) 3 y 1

3 y 1
(3 y 1)
3y 1

y2
(2 y )
2 y

f 1 (x)

3x 1
2x

Functions
Basic Transformations

a
y f( x) y f( x a) translates the graph
0

0
y f( x) y f( x) b translates the graph
b

y f( x) y f( ax) gives the graph a one way stretch along the

x-axis, scale factor

1
,
a

y f( x) y b f( x) gives the graph a one way stretch along the

y-axis, scale factor b.

y f( x) y f( x) reflects the graph in the y-axis.

y f( x) y f( x) reflects the graph in the x-axis.

y f( x) x f( y ) reflects the graph in the line y = x.

Functions
The modulus function, y f ( x)
To sketch y f ( x) , sketch y f( x) , then reflect any part for which
y is negative in the x-axis.
When solving equations and inequalities that involve a modulus
function, sketch the graphs first to determine the number of
solutions.
3
To solve 2 x 3 1 , solve 2 x3 3 1 and 2 x3 3 1
3
To solve 2 x 3 x 1 identify the equations of the graphs where

the intersections occur.

1.

A sketch graph for the function of g(x) is shown below.

Draw carefully, indicating the intercepts with the axes in each case, separate sketch graphs for the
functions
(i)

2.

g(2x),

(ii)

g(-x),

The function f is given by f(x) =

(iii)

g-1(x).

(6 marks)

1
and is sketched below.
x 1
2

Write down an expression for f(x+3), and sketch the graph of y = f(x+3).
(3 marks)

3.

The entire graph of a function y = f(x) is illustrated above.

(a) Write down the domain of the function f(x).
-1
(b) Sketch the graph of the inverse function y f ( x), marking appropriate values on the axes.

(c) Write down the range of f 1 ( x)

(5 marks)

4.

The graph of y f ( x) is shown above.

(a) Describe the transformation which maps the graph of y x onto the graph of y f( x).
(b) Hence write down, in terms of a, an expression for f(x).
(4 marks)

5.

2
, is shown above.
3x 8
Find an expression for the inverse function, f 1 ( x), and state its domain.
A sketch of the graph y = f(x), where f ( x) 4

(4 marks)

6.

The graph y = f(x) is shown above for f(x) =

1
, x 0.
x2

(a) Write down an expression for f(x + 3) and sketch the graph y = f(x + 3).
The function g(x) is defined by g(x) = x 2, x .
(b) Write down an expression for gf(x + 3) and on a new diagram sketch
the graph y = gf(x + 3).
(7 marks)

7.

Solve the inequality 3 x 1 > 4, giving your answer in an exact form.

(3 marks)

Exponentials and logarithms

f ( x) e x is a growth function.

At every point on the graph of y e x the gradient is equal to e x .

y ex

dy
ex
dx

y ln x is the inverse of y e x
y e x x ln y

e 2.718

eln x x

ln(e x ) x

ln x is defined only for positive values of x since e x is always

positive.

You need to be familiar with their graphs and domain and range.

The graph of y ln x is the reflection of y e x in the line y x .

To solve equations of the form e x f(x ) use ln on both sides. To
solve equations of the form ln x f ( x) use e on both sides.

Laws of logs

Laws of indices

ln m ln n ln mn

e x e y e x y

m
ln m ln n ln
n
p ln m ln m p

ex
e x y
y
e
(e x )2 e 2x

1.

1
e x
x
e

ln1 0

x 3

(e )

e 3x

(a) The diagram shows the graph of y = f(x), where

the function f is defined for all values of x by f ( x) 5e x
(i) Write down the coordinates of the point where

the graph intersects the y-axis.

(ii) State the range of the function f.
(iii) Find the value of f(ln6), giving your answer as a fraction.
(b) The function g is defined for all values of x by g( x) x 10
(i) Show that gf(x) = 5(e x 2)
(ii) State the range of the function gf
(iii) Sketch the graph of y = gf(x)
(iv) Show that gf(x) = 11 x = ln5
(c) A dish of water is left to cool in a room where the temperature is 10C.
At time t minutes, where t 0 , the temperature of the water is 5(e x 2)
(i) State the temperature of the water at time t = 0.
(ii) Calculate the time at which the temperature of the water reaches 11C.
2.

3.

A function is defined by f ( x) 1 3e x
(a) Sketch the graph of y = f(x).

(b) Solve the inequality f(x) < 2

The functions f and g are defined by

f ( x) ln

x 3 ,
2

x6

g( x) 4e2 x for all values of x

(a) Find an expression for f 1 ( x)
(b) Evaluate gf(8)
(c) Show that gf(x) = ( x 6) 2

Iteration

1.

To show that a root of the equation f( x) 0 lies between two given

values, x1 and x2 , calculate f( x1 ) and f( x2 ) . If they have opposite
signs and the function is continuous between the two values, there
must be a root.

Sequences can be generated by a simple recurrence relation of the

form xn1 g( xn ) , where the output from one calculation is used as
the input for the next.

The iterative process can be illustrated by staircase and cobweb

diagrams. Sketch the graphs of y x and y g( x) . From the initial
value of x go up to g( x) and across to y x .

If the sequence converges to a limit, then this is the solution of

the equation x g( x) .

An approximate solution to an equation can be obtained by

rearranging the equation into the form x g( x) .

xn1 g( xn ) is called an iterative formula.

This question is about two possible iterative formulae for finding a solution to the
equation: xe x x 2 1 0.
1
(a) (i) Show that xi 1 xi
is a possible iterative formula for this equation.
e xi
(ii)

(b)

Use x1 = 0.5 to find x2 and x3 giving your answers to 4 decimal places.

Continue the process to find the solution to the equation to 2 decimal places.
An alternative iterative formula is: xi 1

(6 marks)

1 xi e xi
.
xi

Copy the graph shown.

On your graph draw a cobweb diagram to
show the approximate positions of x1 , x2
and x3 for x1 0.5 .
(3 marks)

2 xn
7
2,
x1 3
3
3 xn
converges to . Find x2 , x3 and x4 giving your answers to three decimal places.
State and simplify an equation satisfied by and hence find in exact form.

2. The sequence given by:

xn 1

(6 marks)

3. The iterative sequence: xi 1 1.1xi ln xi , with xi = 1, converges to the number .

(a) Calculate x2 and x3 and find to 3 decimal places.

(3 marks)

(b) Show that is a root of the equation x10 = ex.

(2 marks)

Numerical integration to find the area under a graph

Mid-ordinate rule:

b
a

y d x hy1 hy2 hy3 ...... hyn

These are in the
formula book

Simpsons rule gives a more accurate value:

b
a

y d x 13 h y0 yn 4 y1 y3 ... yn 1 .... 2 y2 y4 ... yn 2

1
h (sum of end ordinates + 4sum of odd ordinates + 2 sum of
3
other even ordinates)

Simpson's rule needs an even number of strips.

To improve the estimate, increase the number of strips.

1. A table of values for the function f(x) is as shown.

Use the Simpsons rule, with four strips, to estimate the value of

2.

Use the mid-ordinate rule with 3 strips to estimate

giving your answer to 2 decimal places.

1.2

12
0

f ( x) dx.

(3 marks)

x
2

e dx

(4 marks)

3.

Use the trapezium rule, with 3 strips, to

estimate

x2
2

dx

Give your answer to 3 decimal places.

(5 marks)

4.

1
is illustrated
2e ( x 1)
and is used to model a cross-section
Part of the graph of y

of a skateboarding surface. The x-axis

represents ground-level.
The cross-sectional area between the skateboarding surface and the ground is given by:
1
1
dx.
x
0.5 2e ( x 1)

Use the mid-ordinate rule with three strips to find the approximate value of this area.

(5 marks)

5.

.
The diagram shows the area under part of the quadrant of a circle of radius 8 units.

Angle AOB is . The point B has coordinates (3.471, 7.208), to 3 decimal places.
7
(a) Find an exact expression for the area of sector AOB.

(2 marks)

(b) Hence, showing all your working and without using calculus, confirm that the shaded area
is 26.87 square units to 2 decimal places.
(c) The equation of the quadrant of the circle is y =

(5 marks)

(64 x 2 ).

Use Simpsons rule with 2 strips to estimate the shaded area, giving your answer to 2 decimal
places.
(4 marks)

CALCULUS - differentiation

Standard results:
dy
kx k 1
dx
dy
y ekx
kekx
dx
dy 1
y ln x

dx x
dy
y sin kx
k cos kx
dx
dy
y cos kx
k sin kx
dx
dy
y tan x
sec 2 x
dx
y xk

Differentiation using product and quotient rule:

dy
dv
du
y uv
u
v
dx
dx
dx

and

du
dv
u
u
dy
y

dx 2 dx
v
dx
v
v

Differentiation using chain rule:

dy
d y du

dx
du d x

dy
1

dx
dx
dy

If a tangent has gradient m then the normal has gradient

If

A graph has a stationary point when

1
m

dy
dy
is positive then the function is increasing; if
is negative
dx
dx
then the function is decreasing.
dy
0.
dx

d2y
To determine if it is a maximum or minimum find
.
dx 2
Negative maximum, positive minimum.

CALCULUS - integration

Integration by inspection using the standard integrals:

x k 1
k 1

c
x dx
1
x dx ln x c
1
e dx
e
c

k
1
sin kx dx cos kx c

k
1
cos kx dx
sin kx c

k
sec x dx tan x c
1
1
x
dx
tan
a x
a
a
1
x
d x sin
a x
a
k

kx

kx

c
c

These are in the

formula book

If you have a fraction and you can spot a derivative on top and its
function on the bottom, use
f ' ( x)
d x ln f( x) c
f( x)

Integration by parts:

dv
d x uv
dx

du
dx
dx

Integration by substitution:

f( x) d x

f( x)

dx
d u , changes the integration variable from
du
x to u.

Use the substitution u g( x) with

dx
du
1 ,
du
dx

or

x g(u )

CALCULUS - integration
Evaluation of volume of revolution
The volume of a solid of revolution about the x-axis between x a

and x b is given by

and x b is given by

3
Given V 23 r and

Calculate

9.

b
a

x 2 dy .

dr
1.4 when r = 5,
dt

dV
when r = 5.
dt

dy
for each of the following cases
dx
y e 2 x sin 3 x
(a)

Find

(b)

10.

y 2 dx

The volume of a solid of revolution about the y-axis between x a

8.

(3 marks)

y (2 x 1)5

(a) Given that y

(2 marks)

1 sin x
dy
1

, show that
cos x
d x 1 sin x

(b) Use the substitution u 1 tan x , or otherwise, to find the exact value of

(4 marks)

4
0

sec 2 x
.d x
1 tan x
(6 marks)

11. (a)

Find

dy
2
if y e x 1
dx

(2 marks)

(b)

Find

x sin x d x

(3 marks)

12. The graph below shows the region R enclosed by the curve y x sin x , the x-axis and the line
x .

Find the exact value of the area of the region R.

13.

(4 marks)

(a)

Calculate the volume of the solid formed when the area between y

1
, the axes and
2x 3

the line x = 2 is rotated through an angle of 2 radians about the x-axis.

(b) Use the substitution u 2 x 3 to find

14.

(a)

Find

(b) Find

15. (a)

Find

(2 x 3)

dx .

2
dy
if y e x 3 x
dx

(6 marks)
(7 marks)

(2 marks)

x cos 2 x d x

(3 marks)

x 1nx dx

(3 marks)

(b) Use the substitution u = 3x 1 to find:

16. (a) Show that

x e

2 2x

9x

(3x 1)

dx.

(6 marks)

1
1 2 1
x x e 2x c
2
4
2

dx

(b) Find the exact value of the volume of the solid formed when the region between the curve with
equation y = xex and the lines y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1 is rotated completely about the x-axis.

17. Work out:

(a)

18. (a)

4
0

5
.d x
9 x2

(b)

1
2 x2

.d x

x cos x dx.

(3 marks)

(b) By using the substitution u 16 x 2 , or otherwise, find the exact value of

3
0

x
(16 x 2 )

dx.

(5 marks)

(c) Find the exact volume of the solid formed when the region bounded by the curve y = sec x,

the line x and the x- and y-axes is rotated through a complete revolution about the x-axis.
4
(3 marks)

19. (a) Given that y

1 sin x
dy
1
, show that

.
cos x
dx 1 sin x

(b) Find ln( 2 x) dx.

(4 marks)
(3 marks)

(c) Use the substitution u = 1 + tan x, or otherwise, to find the exact value of

4
0

sec 2 x
dx.
1 tan x

(5 marks)

Trig identities and graphs

1
,
sin x

sec x

1
,
cos x

cot x

1
tan x

cosec x

sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 . Dividing through by cos 2 x gives 1 tan 2 x sec2 x

and dividing through by sin 2 x gives 1 cot 2 x cosec 2 x

You need to be familiar with the graphs of sec x , cos ec 2 x and cot x ,
their domains, ranges and periods.

1
You need to be familiar with the inverse functions, y sin x ,
y cos 1 x and y tan 1 x as reflections of the graphs of sin x , cos x
and tan x in the line y x .

1
The domains of these functions are restricted to 2 sin x

0 cos 1 x

1
and 2 tan x

Solving equations
Check you are working in the correct mode, degrees or radians.
Use identities and rearrange the equation to get an equation involving
only one trig function, often a quadratic. Solve the quadratic to get
eg sin x 1 or 0.5 . Then work on each part separately.
Find the first solution, then sketch the appropriate basic graph
(eg y sin x ) and look for other solutions. Check the required range
for the final answers.
To solve equations like (sin x 1)(2sec x 1) 0 , find solutions to
(sin x 1) 0 and (2sec x 1) 0

20. Use a suitable trigonometric identity to solve the equation: tan 2 x 2sec x 2 ,
for 0 x 360 Give your answers to 1 decimal place.

(7 marks)

21. A piston moves up and down a vertical tube. The height h centimetres of the end of the piston after
t seconds is given by the formula
h = 10 + 2.5sin 2t.
(a) By solving an appropriate equation, find the times in the first 2 seconds when the height of the
piston is 12cm. Give your answers to 2 decimal places.
(5 marks)

(b) Find the speed at which the end of the piston is moving when t = 2 seconds,giving your answer
to 3 significant figures. State whether the piston is moving upwards or downwards at this time.
(5 marks)

Solutions
Functions

1. Straight line passing thriugh: (i) ((,0)

and (0,2) (ii) (-1,0) and (0,2) (iii) (2,0) and (01)
5 10 15 20
2

2.

4 3

; graph translated

6
x 3 1
0

(c) range 4 y 2

3. (a) domain 4 x 2 (b)

a
4. (a) translation
3a

(b) y x a 3a

x
5

5.

1
2
y 8
domain: all real values of x where x 4
3
4 x

6. (a)

7.

x 3

(b)

x 3

asymptotes at x = -3
and y = -2

either 3 x 1 4 x 1 23 or 3 x 1 4 x 1

Exponentials and logarithms

1. (a) (i) (0, 5) (ii) f(x) > 0 (iii)
(ii) gf(x) > 10

5
6

(b) (i) gf ( x) g(5e x ) 5e x 10 5(e x 2)

(iii)

10

(c) (i) 15C (ii) 1.6 minutes

(0, 15)

2. (b) x > ln3

1
x

3. (a) 2(e 3) (b) 4

x

(c) gf ( x) 4e

2 ln( 1 x 3)
2

10 4e

ln( 1 x 3) 2
2

2
1
2
= 4( x 3) ( x 6) 2
2
1

Iteration
1. (a) (i) (ii) x2 0.4654 x3 0.4859 x 0.48 (2 dp)

2. x2 259; x3 1.963; x4 1.914

3. (a) x2 1.1;

x3 1.115

2
7
2
3 3

37

10
x
(b) x 1.1x ln x ... x e

Numerical integration
1.

1
3

3 (3 4 4 3) 13 3 (3 4 4 1) 42

2. I = 1.64 (2 dp)
3. I = 1.247 (3 dp)
4. I = 0.651 (3 dp)
5. (a) 32/7 (b) 32/7 + 3.4717.208 = 26.87091
3.471
8 4 64 1.73152 64 3.4712 27.738340...
(c)
6

Calculus - differentiation and integration

8.

dV dV d r

50 1.4 70
dt dr dt

9. (a)

10. (a) -

11. (a)

(b)

2
1

1
d u ln u
u

2
1

ln 2

2
dy
2 xe x 1 (b) x cos x sin x c
dx

x2

cos x
12.
2

2
2

13. (a)

2
21

14. (a)

2
dy
2 x 3 e x 3 x
dx

15. (a)

dy
dy
2e 2 x sin 3x 3e 2 x cos 3 x (b)
20 x 2 x 2 1
dx
dx

(b)

1
4

uu

d x .... 14 ln 2 x 3

(b) I 12 x sin 2 x 41 cos 2 x c

I 12 x 2 ln x 14 x 2 c

(b)

1 1
1
2 d u ln 3x 1 3 x 1 c
u u

2
(b) V 4 e 1

16. (a) by parts twice

5
x
17. (a) I tan 1
3
3

3
c
4 2 x 3

1.5455...

(b) I sin

18. (a) I x sin x cos x c

(b)

16 12 u

12

d x u 2

-1
7
16

4 7

(c) V tan x
19. (a) -

(b) by parts with

dv
1 and u = ln(x) I x ln 2 x x c
dx

Trig Identities
2
20. 3cos 2 cos x 1 0 cos x 13 or 1 x 70.5, 180, 289.5

21. (a) sin 2t 0.8 2t 0.927, 2.214, 7.2104, etc... t 0.46 and 1.11 (2 dp)
(b)

dh
dh
5cos 2t ,
3.2682...
dt
dt

i.e. 3.27 cm.s-1 (3 sf) moving downwards