Notes on Static and Dynamic Friction

Friction is a force between two surfaces that resists motion and the
force that creates motion

Friction is caused by mechanical contact between rough surfaces, the

surfaces locking together requiring the side force to lift the surfaces
apart. It is also caused by temporary chemical bonds.

In a situation of sliding, or skidding these bonds do not get a chance to

form and the surfaces are springing apart. This Dynamic friction is
lower and less powerful than the static.

A cars antilock braking system detects when the wheel has stopped
rolling and the wheels are using dynamic friction. The force is lower, so
the car looses it energy over a greater distance. To avoid this the cars
computer actually overrides the drive releasing the brake and
increasing the stopping force.

Wheels are machines that overcome the friction between surfaces.

The understanding of the wheel is only taught indirectly in the HSC
course, in the form of pulleys and cars that move around corners.

The wheels rotate with respect to the vehicle so that the point of
contact with the road is stationary, the axle is moving at the speed of
the car but the top is moving at twice the velocity. Friction is basically
eliminated by ball bearings that roll rather than slip. If they slipped they
would use energy

Energy = F x d

The ball bearings roll and have their surface stationary on the inner
and outer "race". Thus the modern wheel is infact a circular railway
track with the ball bearings acting at the train.

When a car comes to rest using its brakes it is applying a force over a
distance (doing work) to lower its Kinetic Energy. Newton developed both
these ideas from his second law.

Newton second law states that "a body that has an unbalanced external
force acting on it will accelerate in the direction of that force, and
accelerate inversely proportional to the mass"

A rigid body is a mathematical idea of an object that can not deform. It is

drawn in outline with a central point marked at its COM.

Mathematically N2 is

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Mathematically N2 is

(The net force is found by adding vectors the tail of the next vector is
placed at the head of the vector before )

If you multiply both sides of N2 by d you get

Fxd=mxaxd

Now F x d is defined by Newton as energy (10 N x 2 m = 20 J or 20 Nm)

Now this equals m x a x d

From velocity verses time diagrams a = (v-u) / t

Also vaverage = (v+u)/2 and therefore d = (v+u)/2xt

Therefore

M x a x d = m x (v-u)/t x (v+u)/2 x t The time cancels to give

= 1/2 m (v-u)x (v+u)

Newton then defined moving Energy or kinetic energy Ek = 1/2mv 2

Prac

You can measure friction force by working out the resultant force on an
Inclined plane

Friction = W sin (theta)

Friction is always parallel to the surface 90 deg

to N

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