MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Written by Brian Krans | Medically Reviewed by George Krucik, MD
Published on July 9, 2012

problems with your organs or blood vessels, or within your chest, abdomen, or pelvic
region

lumps in the breasts

tumors

problems with your reproductive system

heart problems

cysts in the urinary tract

birth defects

blockages or variations in the structure of blood vessels

Tujuan : diagnosing diseases of the central nervous system, including the brain and spine

detecting musculoskeletal disorders and injuries

identifying complications of infectious diseases, such as those associated with Lyme

disease or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

imaging the cardiovascular system

detecting congenital heart defects in neonates

determining the stage of certain types of cancer

evaluating bone marrow disease

assessing blood vessels in the brain for stroke and other abnormalities

assisting in the planning of surgery and cancer treatment

evaluating the urinary tract

Read more: http://www.healthofchildren.com/M/Magnetic-ResonanceImaging.html#ixzz2feqVQ34r / Jennifer Sisk, MA / Magnetic resonance

imaging
Procedure :

What you can expect

By Mayo Clinic staff
During the test
The MRI machine looks like a tube that has both ends open. You lie down on a movable table
that slides into the opening of the tube. A technologist monitors you from another room. You
can talk with the person by microphone.
The MRI machine creates a strong magnetic field around you, and radio waves are directed at
your body. The procedure is painless. You don't feel the magnetic field or radio waves, and
there are no moving parts around you.
During the MRI scan, the internal part of the magnet produces repetitive tapping, thumping
and other noises. Earplugs or music may be provided to help block the noise. If you are
worried about feeling claustrophobic inside the MRI machine, talk to your doctor beforehand.
You may receive a sedative before the scan.
In some cases, a contrast material, typically gadolinium, may be injected through an
intravenous (IV) line into a vein in your hand or arm. The contrast material enhances the
appearance of certain details. The material used for MRIs is less likely to cause an allergic
reaction than the material used for CT scans.
An MRI can last up to an hour or more. You must hold very still because movement can blur
the resulting images.
During a functional MRI, you may be asked to perform a number of small tasks such as
tapping your thumb against your fingers, rubbing a block of sandpaper or answering simple
questions. This helps pinpoint the portions of your brain that control these actions.
Atau

You will first be positioned on a bench so that the correct area of your body can be scanned.
You may be given a pillow or blanket if the bench in uncomfortable for you.
If your test requires contrast dye, it will be injected via an IV. You may have to wait for about
an hour for the dye to work its way through your bloodstream and reach the area being
examined.

A technician will control the movement of the bench using a remote control from another
room. He or she will be able to communicate with you through a microphone.
You will slide into the machine, and it will make loud noises as the images are taken. Many
hospitals offer earplugs, and others have televisions or headphones to help you pass the time.
As the pictures are being taken, the technician will ask you to hold your breath for a few
seconds. Remember, you will not feel anything during the test, since the magnets and radio
frequenciesthose similar to FM radioscannot be felt.
During some MRIs, you will have to perform small tasks or answer questions. These are
called functional MRIs, and they allow the technician to pinpoint the parts of your brain
responsible for these actions.
The whole MRI process typically takes about an hour.
EEG
http://www.healthline.com/Karla Blocka/Published on July 18, 2012
Purpose :

An EEG is used to detect problems in the electrical activity of the brain that may be
associated with certain brain disorders. The measurements given by an EEG are used to
confirm, rule out, or provide information about disorders such as:

seizure disorders, including epilepsy

head injury

encephalitis, or inflammation of the brain

brain tumor

encephalopathy, or brain dysfunction resulting from various causes

memory problems

stroke

sleep disorders

An EEG can be used to monitor activity during brain surgery. It is also performed to
determine the level of brain activity in someone who is in a coma.
An EEG cannot provide a measurement of intelligence and is not used to diagnose mental
illness.

Procedure :

How Is an EEG Done?

Electrical impulses in the brain are evaluated using an EEG. The test measures this electrical
activity through several electrodes placed on your scalp. An electrode is a conductor through
which an electric current can pass safely. The electrodes transfer information from your brain
through wires to an amplifier and a machine that measures and records the data.
The test is administered at a hospital, at your healthcare providers office, or at a laboratory
by a specialized technician. The test usually involves the following steps:

You will be asked to lie down on your back in a reclining chair or on a bed.

The technician will measure your head and use a pencil to mark where
electrodes will be attached to your scalp. These spots are then scrubbed
with a special cream that helps the electrodes get a high-quality reading.

The technician will put a sticky gel adhesive on 16 to 25 electrodes and

will place these electrodes at various spots on your scalp. The electrodes
look like flat metal disks.

Once the test begins, the electrodes send electrical impulse data from
your brain to the recording machine. This machine converts the electrical
impulses into visual patterns that can be seen on a screen and are saved
to a computer. On the screen, the electrical impulses look like wavy lines
with peaks and valleys.

You may be directed by the technician to do certain things while the test is
in progress, such as lie still, close your eyes, breathe deeply or quickly, or
look at stimuli like a flashing light or a picture.

The EEG usually takes 30 to 60 minutes.

After the test is complete, the technician will remove the electrodes.

During the test, very little electricity is passed between the electrodes and your skin. The
electrodes do not send any sensations, and you will feel little to no discomfort.

CT Scan

What Is a CT Scan?
A computerized tomography scan (CT or CAT scan) is a series of cross-sectional X-ray
images of your body. CT scans are used to examine your bones and soft tissues for damage or
abnormalities. Often, these images can be combined to create a 3D picture of your body.
A CT scan can help your doctor:

diagnose infections and bone fractures

identify masses and tumors (including cancer)

study your blood vessels and other internal structures

The test is minimally invasive and can be conducted quickly.

How Is a CT Scan Performed?

Your doctor may give you a special dye called contrast to help structures such as blood
vessels and intestines show up more clearly on the X-ray images. You may need to drink a
liquid containing the contrast, or it may be injected into your arm or administered through
your rectum via an enema, depending on the part of your body scanned. You may be asked to
fast for four to six hours before the test if contrast is used.
When it comes time to have the CT scan, youll be asked to change into a hospital gown and
remove your jewelry. (Metal will interfere with the image results.) Your doctor will ask you
to lie on your back on a table that slides into the CT scanner. The machines X-ray beam will
then rotate around you to capture the images.
Its very important to lie still because movement can cause blurry images. If a small child
needs a CT scan, the doctor may recommend a sedative to keep the child from moving. The
technician who operates the scanner may ask you to hold your breath for a short time during
the test to keep your chest from moving up and down.

CT scans are used to image a wide variety of body structures and internal organs. Since the
1990s, CT equipment has become more affordable and available. In some diagnoses, CT
scans have become the first imaging exam of choice. Because the computerized image is so
sharp, focused, and three-dimensional, many tissues can be better differentiated than on
standard x rays. Common CT indications include:

Sinus studies. The CT scan can show details of sinusitis and bone fractures.
Physicians may order a CT scan of the sinuses to provide an accurate map for surgery.

Brain studies. Brain scans can detect tumors, strokes, and hematomas (collections of
blood that have escaped from the vessels). The introduction of CT scanning,
especially spiral CT, has helped reduce the need for more invasive procedures such as
cerebral angiography.

Body scans. CT scans of the body will often be used to observe abdominal organs,
such as the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, pancreas, biliary tree and lymph
nodes, and extremities.

Aorta scans. CT scans can focus on the thoracic or abdominal sections of the aorta to
locate aneurysms and other possible aortic diseases.

Chest scans. CT scans of the chest are useful in distinguishing tumors and in detailing
accumulation of fluid in chest infections.

Read more: http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/CT-Scans.html#ixzz2fewotn2z

CT procedure

The patient will feel the table move very slightly as the precise adjustments for each sectional
image are made. A technologist watches the procedure from a window and views the images
on a monitor.
It is essential that the patient lie very still during the procedure to prevent motion blurring. In
some studies, such as chest CTs, the patient will be asked to hold his or her breath during
image capture.
Following the procedure, films of the images are usually printed for the radiologist and
referring physician to review. A radiologist can also interpret CT exams on a special viewing
console. The procedure time will vary in length depending on the area being imaged. Average
study times are from 30 to 60 minutes. Some patients may be concerned about
claustrophobia, but the width of the gantry portion of the scanner is wide enough to preclude
problems with claustrophobia, in most instances.

Read more: http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/CTScans.html#ixzz2fewxIi9v

Stephen John Hage, AAAS, RT(R), FAHRA Lee Alan Shratter, MD

Read more: http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/CT-Scans.html#ixzz2fex0deiB