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ECTI TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ENG., ELECTRONICS, AND COMMUNICATIONS VOL.12, NO.2 August 2014
and
Mehdi Bigdeli
ABSTRACT
, Non-members
usually used for electromagnetic modeling of transformers with concentric windings, assumes the windings to be constructed of straight wires. This method
is fast and suitable for calculating the axial magnetic eld and leakage inductance between concentric
windings. However, in order to increase the accuracy
of leakage inductance calculations between pancake
windings, a semi-analytic method is proposed. It is
shown that this semi-analytic method has a better accuracy in comparison with the analytic method and
despite of the longer computing time, it is still a faster
method compared to nite element.
Keywords:
Analytic
Method,
How-
Semi-analytic
mended.
tion Transformer
gular cross section) is a fast method and it is suitable when the axial magnetic eld or leakage inductances of concentric windings are required. However,
1. INTRODUCTION
Along with the rapid development of subways and
traction networks, the converter systems have come
true and widely used in power systems.
The main
plosion, nowadays traction transformers are manufactured as dry-type transformers. This type of transformer is usually manufactured from four split windings in which the high voltage windings are in parallel. As it is known, calculating leakage inductances of
windings is an important factor in design procedure
of multi-winding traction transformers [1-4].
Leak-
it will be shown that the analytic method is not accurate enough when radial component of the magnetic
eld or leakage inductances of pancake windings is required. So, a semi-analytic method is introduced to
improve the accuracy of the electromagnetic modeling
and leakage inductance calculations. In the following
it is shown that the introduced semi-analytic method
is a powerful and accurate method that this is in addition of its small computation time (comparing to
the nite element method).
2. ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING OF
A MULTI-WINDING TRACTION TRANSFORMER
As shown in Fig. 1, three-winding traction transformers are usually manufactured with two general
types of winding geometries.
In the geometry 1
Fig.2:
29
2. 1 Analytic Method
(a)
A=
where,
0 J
4
a/2
b/2
ln
[(
)2 (
)2 ]
r r + z z
dr dz
b
(b)
(1)
a/2 b/2
r, z, a
is
and
Consequently, in the geometry 2 (Fig.1.a), high voltage winding is constructed of two separated sections
that are in parallel and low voltage windings are located axially (pancake type).
A(r, z)
z [
)
0 J [ ( 2
=
r ln r + z 2
4
( )]
]z =z+ 2b
r =r+ a
r
2
+ 2z tan1
z
r =r a
2 z =z b
(2)
A(r, z)
[r
)
0 J [ ( 2
z ln r + z 2
=
4
( )]
]z =z+ 2b
r =r+ a
z
2
1
+ 2r tan
r
r =r a
2 z =z b
(3)
Br (r, z) =
Bz (r, z) =
In this section, two-dimensional (2D) and threedimensional (3D) methods are introduced for electromagnetic eld modeling of these transformers.
The computed magnetic eld is used for the inductance calculations in the next section.
To obtain
2. 2 Semi-Analytic Method
Analytical
calculation
is
fast
and
suitable
introduced methods.
30
ECTI TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ENG., ELECTRONICS, AND COMMUNICATIONS VOL.12, NO.2 August 2014
(a)
Fig.4:
core.
(b)
Fig.3:
ring.
as follows:
n
nr
[
0 J
B=
F (k , rj , b/2)
4 j=1
k=1
]
F (k , rj , b/2) r
where,
rj ,
is the
j th
k th
(8)
conducting part in
conducting part in
0 J
dB =
4
2
(z z ) sin a
r + (r r. sin ) a
z
r (
)3/2 d (4)
2
r2 + r2 2r r sin + (z z )
0
2. 3 Magnetic Images
As the magnetic permeability of core is very high,
an innite value can be assumed for it.
Therefore,
r, z ,
is the angular
3a is
expressed as follows:
0 J
B=
4
in parallel
ri
+a/2
b/2 2
ri a/2 b/2 0
(z z ) sin a
r + (r r sin ) a
z
r (
)3/2 d dz dr
2
2
2
r + r 2r r sin + (z z )
(5)
where,
and
a
z
B=
0 J
4
ri
+a/22
]
F (, r , b/2) F (, r , b/2) ddr (6)
rimage =
ri a/2 0
where,
where,
and
Rr
2r R
(9)
F (, r , z ) = (
r sin a
r +
r (r r sin ) (zz )
r 2 +r 2 2r r sin
r2 + r2 2r r sin + (z z )2
a
z
)3/2
(7)
The ratio of
Iimage /I
1.5I for the main leg and 0.5I for the yokes (in 2D
formulation).
(a)
(b)
It is important to note that in analytic and semianalytic methods the impact of the core is not modeled properly; but in many cases, these methods are
Fig.6:
Table 1:
S = 4MVA/22MVA
Dd0/y11
VHV = 20 kV
IHV = 115.5 A
VLV 1 = 750 V
ILV 1 = 1540 A
VLV 2 = 750 V
ILV 2 = 1540 A
2 A
where,
2A
= J
t2
(10)
31
is the time.
Geometry 1 (Concentric Winding): Designed for the Typical Transformer Given in Table 1.
Table 2:
Winding
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Connection
Layer Number
Axial Channel
Disk Number
Radial Channel
Between Disks
Height
Internal Diameter
External Diameter
Conductor
Length of
core window
Height of
core window
Diameter of core
HV
4 MVA
20 kV
115.5 A
D
1
11
912 mm
126 mm
1230 mm
654 mm
799 mm
LV1
2 MVA
750V
1.54 kA
Y
3
310 mm
1
LV2
2 MVA
750 V
1.54 kA
d
3
112 mm
1
1240 mm
1240 mm
332 mm
929 mm
454 mm
982 mm
Aluminum foil
1015 mm
1410 mm
320 mm
3. LEAKAGE
TIONS
INDUCTANCE
CALCULA-
Llij
1
=
0 Ij2
B 2 dv
(11)
vol
Llij =
Lrlij
)2
(
)2
+ Lzlij
(12)
32
ECTI TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ENG., ELECTRONICS, AND COMMUNICATIONS VOL.12, NO.2 August 2014
Table 3:
Geometry 2 (Pancake Windings): Designed for the Typical Transformer Given in Table 1.
Winding
HV1
HV2
LV1
LV2
Rated Power
2 MVA
2 MVA
2 MVA
2 MVA
Rated Voltage
20 kV
20 kV
750 V
750 V
Rated Current
57.7 A
57.7 A
1.54 kA
1.54 kA
Connection
Layer Number
Axial Channel
314 mm
Disk Number
11
11
Radial Channel
512 mm
512 mm
414 mm
126 mm
126 mm
934 m
934 mm
950 mm
650 mm
632 mm
632 mm
375 mm
374 mm
764 mm
764 mm
498 mm
498 mm
412 mm
Between Disks
Height
Internal
Diameter
External
Diameter
Conductor
820 mm
core window
Height of
2160 mm
core window
Diameter of core
320 mm
Axial Distance
110 mm
between LVs
Method in
[12]
5.89
17.02
6.02
112 mm
Aluminum foil
Length of
LV1 -HV
LV1 -LV2
LV2 -HV
4
214 mm
FE
Analytic
5.89
17.1
6.01
5.85
16.8
5.97
SemiAnalytic
5.88
16.85
5.97
Lrlij
where
and
Lzlij
Lrlij
20 N02 Dij
=
(bi + bj )/Krogr
Lzlij
20 N02 Dij
=
(hi + hj )/Kroga
where
j , bi
Dij
hj
hi
+
+ hij
3
3
bj
bi
+
+ bij
3
3
between windings
and
j , hi
i, bij
i = 1, 2
,
j = 3, 4
(13)
show the computational errors related to the dierent methods. Note that the method presented in [12]
is a simple and very fast method (consumes less than
)
,
i = 1, 3
j = 2, 4
Tables 4 and 5 show the calculated leakage inductances of the mentioned transformers and verify
(14)
and
and
j,
and
a second).
4. COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT GEIOMErequired to compute the radial magnetic eld (or inTRIES IN THREE-WINDING TRACductance between pancake windings), and therefore
TION TRANSFORMER
semi-analytic method must be used. However, if the
Table 5:
Measured
LV1 -HV1
5.8
LV1 -LV2
73
LV2 -HV1
Method in
Semi-
FE
Analytic
5.90
5.80
5.79
5.80
56
77
62
80
72
72
76
60
78
LV1 -HV2
74
73
77
60
79
HV1 -HV2
72
88
77
61
80
LV2 -HV2
5.94
6.0
5.97
6.02
5.9
[12]
Analytic
Computational errors (in comparison with FE) in Transformer with Concentric Windings.
Table 6:
Method in
[12]
Table 7:
33
Analytic
SemiAnalytic
LV1 -HV
0%
0.68%
LV1 -LV2
0.47%
1.75%
0.17%
1.5%
LV2 -HV
0.17%
0.67%
0.67%
Computational errors (in comparison with measured) in Transformer with Pancake Windings.
Windings
Measured
LV1 -HV1
5.8
LV1 -LV2
73
LV2 -HV1
LV1 -HV2
Method in
Semi-
FE
Analytic
1.7%
0%
0.17%
0%
23%
5%
15%
9.6%
72
0%
5.5%
16.6%
8.3%
74
1.35%
4%
18.9%
6.8%
HV1 -HV2
72
22%
6.9%
15.3%
11%
LV2 -HV2
5.94
1%
0.5%
1.35%
0.67%
[12]
Analytic
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper analytic and semi-analytic methods
were introduced for electromagnetic modeling of traction transformers with dierent types of geometries.
Using the presented methods, the leakage inductances
were estimated and the results had been compared to
FE method and experimental results.
Analytical calculation is a very fast and accurate
method if axial magnetic eld is required. However,
assuming the windings as straight wires with innite
lengths causes a considerable error in estimating the
radial eld and its related inductances.
In order to
The semi-
tion process.
In the split-
34
ECTI TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ENG., ELECTRONICS, AND COMMUNICATIONS VOL.12, NO.2 August 2014
The eect of
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